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The world's largest country with an archipelago is Indonesia. It covers 3,977 miles from Sabang to Merauke and is made up of 17,499 large and small islands, covering an area of roughly 7,810,000 km2. Geographically, Indonesia is situated on the equator, where solar energy can be acquired all year long and where the potential for solar energy reaches 4.8 kWh/m2. As a result, the usage of photovoltaic (PV) technology will increase quickly in the future to address issues with energy shortages. However, PV is intermittent, only produces electricity during the day, and is affected by environmental factors such as temperature and solar radiation. In this paper, research will be conducted on site reviews at several points in Indonesia that require a cooling system on PV panels which aims to increase the efficiency of PV power output. The results showed that the surface temperature of the PV module at all sample points was higher than the normal operating cell temperature of 47.5 °C. Range delta temperature in the territory of Indonesia ranges from 3.52 to 5.87 °C. The cooling system A (CSA) technique is a simple PV module cooling system that can only cover the ternate area, while CSC, CSD and CSE can cover all selected areas in Indonesia. The PV efficiency is due to the increase in the surface temperature of the PV module of 51.23 °C but in a decrease in efficiency of up to 12.72%. While the surface temperature of 51.02 °C in a decrease in efficiency of 12.62%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signal conditioning is needed in inverter current and voltage measurements to conform the ADC (analog to digital converter) level of microcontroller or FPGA (field programmable gate array). The signal conditioning consists of three stages, i.e. filtering, level shifting and gain stages. As a result, usually a signal conditioning uses at least three op amps. In this paper, signal conditioning circuits that use only one op amp are proposed. The filtering effect on current measurement has already known from literatures. So, this paper will focus on the gain and level shifting stages. In the gain stage, inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are presented. In the level shifting stage, for low cost implementation, resistor based voltage divider is used. Several designs have been presented for several sensors available from market. An experimental set up has been built by using LM741 op amp for LV 25-P voltage sensor. The experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed circuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sterilizer box functioned to sterilize inanimate objects that were often used daily, such as cellphones, wallets, money, parcel, etc. by using UV-C light. This function is considered vitas especially in the Covid-19 pandemic in this recent time. The pattern on installing UV-C lamps on the sterilizer box needs to fulfill the standard on decontaminating Covid-19 virus and should be considered effective and efficient at energy consumption. This study aims to determine the pattern of installing UV-C lamps on the sterilizer box, which is effective and efficient. Four patterns have been tested to determine the light intensity (µW/cm2). These patterns are distinguished by the activation of the UV-C lamp that has been installed in the chamber. In pattern 1, 3 lamps were activated with a total power of 24 W. In patterns 2 and 3, 2 lamps were activated with a total power of 16 W. For pattern 4, 1 lamp is active with a lamp power of 8 W. Intensity experiments showed that the optimum energy consumption had been achieved by activating two UV-C lamps at the bottom and top of the room rather than activating three lights at the top and bottom of the room. This optimal pattern has known to consume 2.11 Wh, which is much more efficient than activating three lamps font. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]