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1. Previous Usutu Virus Exposure Partially Protects Magpies (Pica pica) against West Nile Virus Disease But Does Not Prevent Horizontal Transmission

Author

Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (España), Escribano-Romero, E [0000-0002-5036-7607], de Oya, NJ [0000-0003-3129-813X], Blazquez, AB [0000-0002-0847-0977], Martín-Acebes, Miguel Ángel [0000-0001-6015-3613], Risalde, MA [0000-0001-6751-1305], Muriel, L [0000-0002-5513-0190], Saiz, JC [0000-0001-8269-5544], Hofle, U [0000-0002-6868-079X], Escribano-Romero, E, de Oya, NJ, Camacho, María-Cruz, Blázquez, AB, Martín-Acebes, Miguel Ángel, Risalde, MA, Muriel, L, Saiz, JC, Höfle, U, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (España), Escribano-Romero, E [0000-0002-5036-7607], de Oya, NJ [0000-0003-3129-813X], Blazquez, AB [0000-0002-0847-0977], Martín-Acebes, Miguel Ángel [0000-0001-6015-3613], Risalde, MA [0000-0001-6751-1305], Muriel, L [0000-0002-5513-0190], Saiz, JC [0000-0001-8269-5544], Hofle, U [0000-0002-6868-079X], Escribano-Romero, E, de Oya, NJ, Camacho, María-Cruz, Blázquez, AB, Martín-Acebes, Miguel Ángel, Risalde, MA, Muriel, L, Saiz, JC, and Höfle, U

Abstract

The mosquito-borne flaviviruses USUV and WNV are known to co-circulate in large parts of Europe. Both are a public health concern, and USUV has been the cause of epizootics in both wild and domestic birds, and neurological cases in humans in Europe. Here, we explore the susceptibility of magpies to experimental USUV infection, and how previous exposure to USUV would affect infection with WNV. None of the magpies exposed to USUV showed clinical signs, viremia, or detectable neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a neurovirulent WNV strain, neither viremia, viral titer of WNV in vascular feathers, nor neutralizing antibody titers of previously USUV-exposed magpies differed significantly with respect to magpies that had not previously been exposed to USUV. However, 75% (6/8) of the USUV-exposed birds survived, while only 22.2% (2/9) of those not previously exposed to USUV survived. WNV antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry in tissues was less evident and more restricted in magpies exposed to USUV prior to challenge with WNV. Our data indicate that previous exposure to USUV partially protects magpies against a lethal challenge with WNV, while it does not prevent viremia and direct transmission, although the mechanism is unclear. These results are relevant for flavivirus ecology and contention.

Published
2021

2. Previous Usutu virus exposure partially protects magpies (Pica pica) against west Nile virus disease but does not prevent horizontal transmission

Author

María-Cruz Camacho, María Ángeles Risalde, Laura Muriel, Nereida Jiménez de Oya, Ana-Belén Blázquez, Miguel A. Martín-Acebes, Estela Escribano-Romero, Juan-Carlos Saiz, Ursula Höfle, CSIC - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), [Escribano-Romero,E, Jiménez de Oya,N, Blázquez,AB, Martín-Acebes,MA, Saiz,JC] Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain. [Camacho,MC, Höfle,U] Health and Biotechnology Research Group SaBio, National Institute for Game Rearch IREC (University of Castilla—La Mancha UCLM-National Research Council CSIC-Regional Government of Castilla—La Mancha JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain. [Risalde,MA, Muriel,L] Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain. [Risalde,MA] Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain., This work was supported by grants RTA2015-009 and E-RTA2017-003-C02 from Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (España), Escribano-Romero, E [0000-0002-5036-7607], de Oya, NJ [0000-0003-3129-813X], Blazquez, AB [0000-0002-0847-0977], Martín-Acebes, Miguel Ángel [0000-0001-6015-3613], Risalde, MA [0000-0001-6751-1305], Muriel, L [0000-0002-5513-0190], Saiz, JC [0000-0001-8269-5544], and Hofle, U [0000-0002-6868-079X]

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Diseases::Virus Diseases::RNA Virus Infections::Flaviviridae Infections::Flavivirus Infections [Medical Subject Headings], cross-protection, Cross Protection, viruses, Flaviviruses, Health Care::Environment and Public Health::Public Health::Disease Transmission, Infectious [Medical Subject Headings], Antibodies, Viral, Phenomena and Processes::Immune System Phenomena::Immunity::Cross Protection [Medical Subject Headings], Protección cruzada, Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals [Medical Subject Headings], Organisms::Viruses::RNA Viruses::Flaviviridae::Flavivirus [Medical Subject Headings], Passeriformes, Usutu virus, Neutralizing antibody, Diseases::Animal Diseases::Bird Diseases [Medical Subject Headings], Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Blood Proteins::Immunoproteins::Immunoglobulins::Antibodies::Antibodies, Viral [Medical Subject Headings], biology, Transmission (medicine), virus diseases, avian host, QR1-502, Co-infection, Flavivirus, Titer, Infectious Diseases, Organisms::Viruses::RNA Viruses::Flaviviridae::Flavivirus::Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese::West Nile virus [Medical Subject Headings], Varroa destructor, Antibody, Avian host, West Nile virus, Cross-protection, Horizontal transmission, Magpie, 030106 microbiology, Viremia, Microbiology, Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Birds::Passeriformes [Medical Subject Headings], Article, Flavivirus Infections, 03 medical and health sciences, co-infection, Virology, Diseases::Virus Diseases::Arbovirus Infections::Encephalitis, Arbovirus::West Nile Fever [Medical Subject Headings], medicine, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Animals, Adaptación al huésped, Geographical Locations::Geographic Locations::Europe::Spain [Medical Subject Headings], Bird Diseases, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Spain, biology.protein, Coinfección, magpie, West Nile Fever
Abstract

This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Shedding and Transmission in Zoonotic Diseases., The mosquito-borne flaviviruses USUV and WNV are known to co-circulate in large parts of Europe. Both are a public health concern, and USUV has been the cause of epizootics in both wild and domestic birds, and neurological cases in humans in Europe. Here, we explore the susceptibility of magpies to experimental USUV infection, and how previous exposure to USUV would affect infection with WNV. None of the magpies exposed to USUV showed clinical signs, viremia, or detectable neutralizing antibodies. After challenge with a neurovirulent WNV strain, neither viremia, viral titer of WNV in vascular feathers, nor neutralizing antibody titers of previously USUV-exposed magpies differed significantly with respect to magpies that had not previously been exposed to USUV. However, 75% (6/8) of the USUV-exposed birds survived, while only 22.2% (2/9) of those not previously exposed to USUV survived. WNV antigen labeling by immunohistochemistry in tissues was less evident and more restricted in magpies exposed to USUV prior to challenge with WNV. Our data indicate that previous exposure to USUV partially protects magpies against a lethal challenge with WNV, while it does not prevent viremia and direct transmission, although the mechanism is unclear. These results are relevant for flavivirus ecology and contention., This work was supported by grants RTA2015-009 and E-RTA2017-003-C02 from Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA).

Published
2021

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