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Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVSs) represent the newest tool in the treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Conversely to the previous metal stents and thanks to the polylactate-based backbone, BVSs could be visualized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without artifacts. These properties allow a potential non-invasive assessment of coronary artery patency after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), avoiding cardiac catheterization included iodine contrast and radiation exposure, and potentially more sophisticated imaging tool as the optical coherence tomography (OCT). We reviewed the available medical literature on the coronary MRI evaluation of BVS after PCI, also discussing its potential diagnostic role in the long-term follow-up of these patients., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

A young man underwent Tc-tetrofosmin cardiac SPECT/CT for the evaluation of the 8-month history of exertional dyspnea without chest pain. Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT demonstrated absence of perfusion defects and a mildly decreased uptake in post-stress images, consistent with artifact, in the inferior myocardium. Cardiac catheterization showed a large right and a small left coronary artery opacified retrogradely by right collateral vessels without connections between the left main and the left coronary artery. In patients with anomalous coronary arteries, Tc SPECT can shows absence of perfusion defects, in the presence of a collateral circulation.

Objective: The usefulness of stress myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) for cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification in patients at moderate and high CV risk remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that different clinical risk profiles influence the test and the likelihood of obtaining a positive coronary angiography (CA) in the following 12 months., Methods: We assessed the prognostic value of MPS in 230 patients classified according to the European Society of Cardiology guidelines., Results: Patients at high and very-high CV risk had a higher prevalence of positive MPS (25.5 vs. 36.7%, P=0.014 and 9.8 vs. 19.5%, P=0.011, respectively), whereas patients at moderate risk had a higher prevalence of negative MPS (45.1 vs. 38.3, P=NS). Multivariate regression analysis showed that positive MPS was an independent predictor of 12-month positive CA only in patients at high CV risk [odds ratio (OR) 8.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.53-42.03, P=0.014] independent of age>60 and coexistence of obesity and previous percutaneous coronary intervention (OR 3.78, 95% CI 1.18-12.78, P=0.032; OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.03-3.26, P=0.039). The C-statistic showed a good discriminatory power of positive MPS in predicting 12-month positive CA (0.68, 95% CI 0.55-0.80, P=0.015). Mantel-Cox analysis showed that after 12 months of follow-up, in patients at high risk, there was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of patients with positive than those without negative CA (log rank P=0.04)., Conclusion: CV risk stratification on the basis of MPS is useful only in patients at high and very-high CV risk. In these groups, MPS can aid stratification for the risk of CV events.

Diabetes presents a higher risk of both symptomatic and asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). Myocardial perfusion SPECT, particularly associated with Gated acquisition, makes it possible to diagnose CAD on the basis of the presence and extent of perfusion defects, and to carry out the stratification of the cardiological risk (infarction or cardiac death) by analyzing the results of perfusion and of the functional data (ejection fraction, EF, and wall movement). Gated myocardial SPECT in the diagnosis and stratification of risk has proved superior to clinical evaluation or the exercise test alone, and it is also superior to echostress/dobutamine in the evaluation of monovasal disease. These data have been confirmed not only in the population at large but also in the diabetic population, making the technique important also in such patients also affected by coronary disease which is earlier and more advanced in diagnosis. Scintigraphic data make it possible to classify patients into various risk categories (low, intermediate and high) on the basis of which a specific therapeutic approach can be established. The present review develops the above concepts, taking into consideration the consolidated studies present in the literature, for the purpose of pinpointing the diagnostic approach in which exercise or SPECT myocardium-scintigraphy can be assigned.

Background: Early and accurate diagnosis of peripheral atherosclerosis is of paramount importance for global ma agement of patients with known coronary artery disease (CAD)., Hypothesis: We sought to evaluate retrospectively the prevalence and clinical relevance of significant abdominal vessel stenosis or aneurysm (AVA) in patients undergoing coronary angiography., Methods: Medical records of consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography at two public institutions over a 12-month period were evaluated. Angiographic results of patients who underwent diagnostic abdominal aorta angiography, based on clinical criteria, to evaluate abdominal vessels the same time as coronary angiography were analyzed., Results: During the study period, AVA was reported in 180 (35.7%) of 504 consecutive patients (335 men, mean age 68 +/- 13.8 years): renal artery stenosis was found in 13.1% of cases (66 patients), aortoiliac artery disease in 13.7% (69 patients and aortic aneurysmal disease in 8.9% (45 patients). Logistic regression analyses revealed > or = 3-vessel CAD (odds ratio [OR] 9.917, p = 0.002), age >65 years (OR 3.817, p = 0.036), > or =3 risk factors (OR 2.8, p = 0.048) as independent predictors of AVA., Conclusion: Multiple vascular atherosclerotic distributions are frequent in elderly patients who have multivessel CAD and a high-risk profile, suggesting the usefulness of a more global and comprehensive cardiovascular approach.

Background/aim: The angiographic characteristics of renal artery stenoses (RAS) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) have not been yet fully investigated. We sought to evaluate the angiographic characteristics of RAS in patients with CAD., Methods: The medical records of consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography in a single public institution over a 12-month period were evaluated. The patients who underwent coincident diagnostic renal angiography to evaluate renal vessels on the basis of clinical criteria and who had at least one-vessel CAD were analyzed. Moderate (50-70%) to severe (70-100%) arterial stenoses were noted as significant angiographic findings. The types of stenosis (ostial, true renal, mixed) and presence and location of calcium were recorded., Results: Angiographically significant RAS were reported in 40 (19.5%) of 205 consecutive patients (mean age 67.1 +/- 12.8 years, mean serum creatinine concentration 2.1 +/- 0.5 mg/dl, mean glomerular filtration rate 52 +/- 13 ml/min) for a total of 55 lesions. The RAS severity was moderate in 30.9% (17/55), severe in 69.1% (38/55), ostial in 27.2% (15/55), true renal in 10.9% (6/55), and mixed in 61.8% (34/55) of the patients. The mean lesion length was 16 +/- 1.8 mm. Patients with > or = 3-vessel CAD had a statistically significantly higher prevalence of mixed calcified RAS (18/24, 75%). Logistic regression analyses revealed > or = 3-vessel CAD (odds ratio 9.917, p = 0.002), age > 65 years (odds ratio 3.817, p = 0.036), and > or = 3 risk factors (odds ratio 2.8, p = 0.048) as independent predictors of RAS., Conclusion: RAS in multivessel CAD patients seems to have a peculiar angiographic pattern, such as a higher prevalence of mixed calcified lesions and poststenotic enlargement, that should be taken in account when dealing with RAS., (2005 S. Karger AG, Basel)

Few data are available on the quantitative assessment of complexity (C), especially in relation to a patient's exposure to radiation. The relationship between several clinical (CFs), anatomic (AFs), and technical factors (TFs) versus fluoroscopy time (FT) was evaluated in 402 random percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedures. CFs were age, sex, single or multivessel disease, ejection fraction, and previous coronary artery bypass graft. AFs were assessed based on the American Heart Association / American College of Cardiology classification. TFs were multivessel PTCA, use of the double wire or double balloon technique, stenting, ostial stenting, bifurcation stenting, and intravascular ultrasonography. No CFs significantly influenced FT, whereas all AFs and TFs (except multivessel PTCA) did significantly influence FT. A scoring system was developed, and two complexity indexes (CI) were conceived, based on which the procedures were divided into three groups: simple, medium, and complex. The mean FTs were 471+/-289, 805+/-532, and 1,190+/-641 (P <0.0001), respectively. Total cine frame recordings were 1,119+/-572, 1,265+/-644 (P = 0.0355), and 1,418+/-785 (P<0.0001 vs. simple; P = NS vs. medium). The dose/area product measurement was 65.8+/-41.4, 93 +/-58.5 (P<0.0001), and 116.7+/-72.8 (P<0.0001 vs. simple; P = 0.00159 vs. medium), respectively. In our series, CI was directly related to AF and TF, but not to CF. Comparison of PTCA procedures and definition of appropriate FT should consider CIs.

Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of cineangiography were evaluated by multivariate logistic discriminant analysis in 32 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy, 27 patients with biventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, 28 patients with atrial septal defect and 18 normal subjects. In patients with arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy and biventricular dilated cardiomyopathy, the diagnosis was confirmed by endomyocardial biopsy. All RV values overlapped for the diagnosis of atrial septal defect and arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy; overlapping extended to dilated cardiomyopathy for end-diastolic volume and infundibular dimensions. RV ejection fraction appeared reduced in all the diseases; in particular, mean values in dilated cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy were 38 and 53%, respectively (p less than 0.05). Left ventricular quantitative studies showed a significant difference between dilated and arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy, both in terms of pumping indexes (mean end-diastolic volumes 180 vs 91 ml/m2 and mean ejection fraction 33 vs 60%), and indexes of contractility (stress/end-diastolic volume 3.7 vs 6.7). Multivariate analysis disclosed that transversally arranged hypertrophic trabeculae, separated by deep fissures, were associated with the highest probability of arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy (p less than 0.001). Posterior subtricuspid and anterior infundibular wall bulgings were the only other independently significant variables. Coexistence of these signs was associated with 96% specificity and 87.5% sensitivity. Thus, arrhythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy presents quantitative volumetric and hemodynamic as well as qualitative features that clearly distinguish it from dilated cardiomyopathy and confirm its nosographic autonomy among the primary diseases of the myocardium.