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Risk factors of unsuccess retreatment among tuberculosis patients in YogyakartaPurposeThe purpose of this study was to identify risk factors related to unsuccessful retreatment of tuberculosis cases in Yogyakarta. MethodsA case-control study was conducted at the health offices of five districts from the tuberculosis registry (TB 03 and TB 01) since 2008-2014. Case group criterion was defined as unsuccessful retreatment of tuberculosis patients, whereas the control group consisted of successful retreatment of tuberculosis patients (cure or complete treatment). A total of 142 cases and 142 controls were analysed with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. Chi-square tests were conducted with p, Latar Belakang: Prevalensi HIV pada pasien TB di Indonesia sebesar 2,8%, TB MDR diantara kasus TB baru sebesar 2%, dan TB MDR diantara kasus TB ulang sebesar 12%. Prevalensi TB di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) rendah dan keberhasilan pengobatan terus meningkat setiap tahun. Namun jumlah kasus TB ulang cenderung naik dengan angka keberhasilan pengobatan yang rendah sehingga berpotensi meningkatkan jumlah kasus TB MDR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko kegagalan pengobatan ulang pasien TB di DIY.Metode: Studi kasus kontrol berdasarkan pada register pasien TB (TB 03) di 5 Kabupaten/Kota se-DIY dan kartu pengobatan (TB 01) di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan tahun 2008-2014. Kasus adalah pasien TB pengobatan ulang yang mengalami kegagalan pengobatan, sedangkan kontrol adalah pasien TB pengobatan ulang yang sembuh atau pengobatan lengkap. Sampel berjumlah 142 kasus dan 142 kontrol. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji chi square dan uji regresi logistik berganda pada tingkat signifikansi p

Tuberculosis is still an important public health problem, especially in the developing countries. Efforts have been made to overcome the problem. However, tuberculosis control program has not yet been satisfactory. This is due to various factors which might affect the development of the disease, including poverty, lack of understanding about the disease, relatively long period of time needed for treatment as well as increasing number of resistant strain against antimycobacterial drugs. One of the most important ways in controlling tuberculosis is case finding. An acurate and reliable diagnostic kit is also needed to establish the diagnosis. In this study we evaluated sensitivity and specificity of lipoarabinomannan as antigen for serological examination (Mycodot) in patients suspected of having tuberculosis. Using culture of sputum as gold standard, we observed that the sensitivity and specificity of Mycodot were 50% and 70.59%, respectively. This sensitivity was much lower than that of previous study. Interestingly, we found that 47,55% of suspected cases were negative for all three different examinations (acid fast, culture and Mycodot). With respect to this finding it is suggested that better and proper microbiological examination is required to diagnose patient with suspected tuberculosisKey words: Tuberculosis - Lipoarabinomannan - Mycodot - Acid fast - Mycobacterial Culture

Background: Antifungal agents are routinely used for the treatment of fungal infections. It is very likely however, that resistance of fungi to antifungal agents will emerge in the near future and the development new antifungal agent is very slow. To cope with the problem, it is important to search new antifungal agent from natural resources for yhe treatment of various diseases. It was also reported that bee honey has antibacterial property.Objective: To know the in vitro and in vivo effect of crude honey, aether-extracted honey and its residual part on Candida albicansMethods: Samples used in this experiment were crude honey, aether-extracted honey and residual part of extracted honey. Each sample was tested for its anticandidal activity with macrobroth dilution method using casein-yeast extract-glucose medium. Minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration were determined for each sample.Result: The result showed that extracted honey anticandidal effect in vitro at minimal inhibitory concentration was 0.3125% v/v and its residual was 25%, whereas crude honey has no inhibitory in vitro effect on Candida albicans. Minimal fungicidal concentration of extracted honey and its residual were 0.31255 and 50% v/v respectively. In vivo study showed that treatment group recovered faster than control group.Conclusion: Aether extracted honey and its residual have anticandidal activity in vitro. The extract have effect on recovery of candidal infected mice.Key words: Candida albicans - bee honey - antifungal-minimal inhibitory concentration - candidal infection recovery

Background: The choice of antibiotics in the treatment of infections, including urinary tract infection has been mainly based on previous clinical and empirical experiences. No antibiotic guideline is available for use in daily practice so that failure in the treatment of infections will inevitably happen. Since it is quite complicated work to prepare the guideline we start with a simple preliminary study on antibiotic susceptibility of bacteria causing urinary tract infections.Objectives: The aim of this study is to know the recent status of various antibiotics agent in relation to their efficacy in the treatment of urinary tractus infection, especially in Yogyakarta.Methods: Isolation, identification and antibiotic susceptibility test of bacteria from urine specimens were performed by available standard methods. Subject: Urine specimens sent to Microbiology Department for isolation, identification, and antibiotics susceptibility test.Results: The results showed that 184 isolates were obtained during the period of July 1997 to June 1998. Susceptibility rate of the isolates to ampicillin was very low, whereas the rates were much higher for ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, gentamicin, and amikacin.Conclusions: It is concluded that ciprofloxacin could be the first choice and norfloxacin, gentamicin or amikacin serve as alternatives in the treatment of urinary tract infections.Key words: bacteria - urinary tract infection - antibiotics suceptibility - sensitivity rates

Introduction: Microscopic examination of sputum is a key component of the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The accuracy of this method is influenced by quality of laboratory and human resources. Indonesia is one of endemic country for pulmonary tuberculosis. Efforts to improve the quality of microscopic examination are needed, including training of human resources.Objectives: To determine impact of microscopic examination training to smear quality and slide positivity rate.Methods: This work is an analytic quasi experimental research. The research was involved 18 laboratory technician. Subjects were divided in to experimental and control group, which was consisting 9 technicians in each group. The differences of smear quality and slide positivity rate were analyzed by using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test with 95% of Confident Interval.Results: Training increased the knowledge of laboratory technician (40.7 points) and the smear quality. Specimen quality was increased 90 points, staining 84.4, cleanness 85.6, thickness 91.1, smear size 88.9, evenness 87.8 and increase the average of smear readings score test 22 points. The mean of smear quality and slide positivity rate of the experimental group were higher than control group. Statistical test of smear quality between eksperimental group with contol group were: specimen quality p=0.03, staining quality p=0.03, cleanness p=0.02, thickness p