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Of the 5 human malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most prevalent species globally, while Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are less prevalent and typically occur as mixed-infections. Plasmodium knowlesi, previously considered a non-human primate (NHP) infecting species, is now a cause of human malaria in Malaysia. The other NHP Plasmodium species, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium simium, Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi cause malaria in primates, which are mainly reported in southeast Asia and South America. The non-knowlesi NHP Plasmodium species also emerged and were found to cross-transmit from their natural hosts (NHP) – to human hosts in natural settings. Here we have reviewed and collated data from the literature on the NHPs-to-human-transmitting non-knowlesi Plasmodium species. It was observed that the natural transmission of these NHP parasites to humans had been reported from 2010 onwards. This study shows that: (1) the majority of the non-knowlesi NHP Plasmodium mixed species infecting human cases were from Yala province of Thailand; (2) mono/mixed P. cynomolgi infections with other human-infecting Plasmodium species were prevalent in Malaysia and Thailand and (3) P. brasilianum and P. simium were found in Central and South America.

Over the past two decades, many countries have reported a steady decline in reported cases of malaria, and a few countries, like China, have been declared malaria-free by the World Health Organization. In 2020 the number of deaths from malaria has declined since 2000. The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected overall public health efforts and thus it is feasible that there might be a resurgence of malaria. COVID-19 and malaria share some similarities in the immune responses of the patient and these two diseases also share overlapping early symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, and muscle pain/fatigue. In the absence of early diagnostics, there can be a misdiagnosis of the infection(s) that can pose additional challenges due to delayed treatment. In both SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium infections, there is a rapid release of cytokines/chemokines that play a key role in disease pathophysiology. In this review, we have discussed the cytokine/chemokine storm observed during COVID-19 and malaria. We observed that: (1) the severity in malaria and COVID-19 is likely a consequence primarily of an uncontrolled ‘cytokine storm’; (2) five pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, type I IFN, and IFN-γ) are significantly increased in severe/critically ill patients in both diseases; (3) Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 share some similar clinical manifestations and thus may result in fatal consequences if misdiagnosed during onset.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009492.].

A study was conducted to explore the possibility of solid state fermentation technique for mass production of Trichoderma viride using sterilized rice powder. Sterilized rice powder was supplemented with dextrose (3%) and the population reached 123x1015 cfu g-1 at 10th day and the inoculum could be stored upto 180 days with a population of 10x109 cfu g-1 under room temperature. The viability increased (28x1012 cfu g-1) when it was stored at refrigerated condition. The spore biomass produced could be either used directly for seed treatment, seed biopriming, soil/root treatment, wound dressing etc., or for formulation. Talc with rice powder+dextrose based inoculum @2% along with 8% sterile water sustained the viability of 6x108 cfu g-1 at 180 days and could be a feasible method for large scale inoculum production of fungal biocontrol agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 4G LTE network has been launched in many countries including Indonesia, and all telecommunications operators are competing to expand their service coverage. Due to various reasons, there are a lot of areas that remains uncovered by the 4G LTE network. With the increase in cellular traffic, operators must continue to improve their service coverage. One of the scenarios to expand the service coverage is by offloading the traffic to a more cost-effective 802.11ah network in which one 802.11ah access point can serve thousands of mobile devices and support the Machine-to-Machine (M2M)/Internet of Things (IoT) communication. This study simulates the effect of the number of nodes on MCS performance evaluation of the 802.11ah protocol. The simulation is conducted by utilizing NS3 software to evaluate the throughput, delay, packet delivery ratio and energy consumption. This study also simulates 802.11ah coverage prediction to expand the LTE networks by utilizing Atoll Radio Planning Software. The results show that the performance obtained by varying the number of nodes/users from 100 to 1000 nodes is technically acceptable. In addition, the service coverage of 802.11ah network can solve the problem of blank spot area.

Data panel merupakan gabungan antara data cross section dengan data time series. Model regresi data panel terbaik pada penelitian ini adalah Random Effect Model (REM). Faktor penentu laba neto perusahaan asuransi umum syariah di Indonesia menunjukkan bahwa biaya klaim, hasil underwriting, dan pendapatan premi neto mempengaruhi laba neto perusahaan asuransi umum syariah di Indonesia selama periode pengamatan tahun 2014-2017.

Abstract Motor vehicle insurance is one of the general insurance types that provide coverage for loss, damages, and disappearance of a motor vehicle due to risks experienced by the covered object. The product illustration of motor vehicle insurance is generally presented in a condensed form, containing few pages and limited information. Based on a product illustration of motor vehicle sharia insurance issued by PT. Asuransi Tri Pakarta (TRIPA) treated as a case study, an alternative version of product illustration in form of a table of integration model was designed to not only provided general information but also vehicle prices, values of premiums, tabarru, ujrah, investment, insurance costs, and surplus (if any). The partitions also performed on the additional protection offered by TRIPA so that the benefits that would be received by the insured would be greater. The generated table of integration model presents richer information regarding the insurance products, better scheme, and transparency in the management of total premiums. Keywords: general insurance; product illustration; management of total premiums; integration model; benefits. Abstrak Asuransi kendaraan bermotor merupakan salah satu jenis asuransi umum yang memberikan jaminan terhadap kerugian, kerusakan dan kehilangan kendaraan bermotor akibat terjadinya risiko yang menimpa obyek pertanggungan. Umumnya ilustrasi produk asuransi kendaraan bermotor disajikan dalam bentuk ringkasan yang beragam dalam beberapa halaman dan hanya menjelaskan informasi secara umum saja. Mengambil studi kasus berupa ilustrasi produk asuransi syariah kendaraan bermotor dari PT. Asuransi Tri Pakarta (TRIPA), dirancang bentuk alternatif penyajian berupa tabel model integrasi yang memberikan informasi tidak hanya harga kendaraan dan besaran premi, tetapi juga informasi tentang tabarru, ujrah, investasi, biaya asuransi, surplus (jika ada). Selanjutnya, dilakukan partisi terhadap perlindungan tambahan sehingga manfaat yang diperoleh tertanggung lebih luas. Melalui tabel model integrasi ini, informasi yang tertulis tentang produk asuransi lebih lengkap dan skema pengelolaan premi total asuransi syariah kendaraan bermotor juga lebih jelas. Kata Kunci: asuransi umum; ilustrasi produk; pengelolaan premi total; model integrase; manfaat.

# Background We investigated the global threat of co-infection of severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to patients living with another prevalent viral infection HIV. We have analyzed symptom status, treatment, and outcome of co-infected individuals. # Methods An extensive literature search of PubMed, preprint databases (bioRxiv, medRxiv, and preprints), and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted from 1 December 2019 to 28 February 2021. Ninety-two potential studies involving 39,461 HIV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infected patients were analyzed with details of severity, their treatment, and the outcomes. # Results A total of 39,461 cases of people living with HIV have reported co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Of these coinfected individuals, the symptom status for 3,213 patients (~8%) was available, out of which 44% were severely/critically ill. The collated data show the fatality rate for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and SARS-CoV-2 coinfection to be 2.4% and a large proportion was found to have several comorbidities. The most commonly administered antiretroviral therapy to the people living with HIV was tenofovir/emtricitabine; these drugs are already in phase 3 clinical trials for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We observed that majority of co-infected patients who survived were those on tenofovir/emtricitabine combination drug therapy for HIV. # Conclusions The current study demonstrates that patients with HIV may have worse outcomes due to COVID-19 than the general population. However, the HIV/SARS-CoV-2 coinfection needs to be analyzed across multiple countries with a high burden of HIV, and with a much larger cohort to gain a better understanding of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on people living with HIV.

In most countries, during the initial months of the COVID-19 outbreak resources were directed to mitigation measures that prevented severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission from symptomatic individuals. The coverage of the pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals’ testing required intensive clinical sampling along with rigorous symptom-based screening. Based on the SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the disease outbreak across nations was divided into four distinct stages: (i) epidemic, (ii) community transmission, (iii) local transmission, and (iv) imported cases. Here we discuss the COVID-19 community transmission stage for the top ten COVID-19 affected nations. Epidemic dynamics and policies implemented to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection varied globally. Further, the mitigation strategies and related health policies for dealing with the pandemic were based on the stages of transmission of the disease. We suggest that correctly identifying the transmission stage during a pandemic ensures the implementation of mitigation strategies. Thus prompt analysis of the status of COVID-19 transmission stage(s) in any nation seems crucial to direct health policies accordingly.

Berdasarkan cara pengelolaan dananya, asuransi syari’ah dibedakan menjadi dua, asuransi dengan unsur tabungan dan asuransi tanpa unsur tabungan. Didalam asuransi tanpa unsur tabungan, dana yang diberikan oleh peserta asuransi akan dimasukkan ke dalam satu rekening saja, yaitu rekening tabarru’. Sehingga adanya ketidakjelasan dalam presentase dana tabarru’. Cost of Insurance merupakan metode yang digunakan dalam perhitungan dana tabarru’ yang terdiri dari beberapa komponen yaitu: tabel mortalita yang digunakan, asumsi hasil investasi (i) dan asumsi biaya pengelolaan ( ). Didalam penelitian ini dilakukan perhitungan tabel mortalita dengan Hukum Gompertz yang memperhitungan risiko karena faktor usia, didalam perhitungannya dibutuhkan data acak usia yang berdistribusi Gompertz. Tabel mortalita dengan Hukum Gompertz ini yang akan digunakan untuk perhitungan dana tabarru’. Penulis menggunakan ilustrasi dengan usia peserta 41 tahun, tingkat investasi sebesar 5%, dan biaya pengelolaan sebesar 30%. Didapatkan dana tabarru’ dengan menggunakan metode Cost of Insurance sebesar Rp. 156.762/bulan.

We describe the epidemiological characteristics and associated risk factors of those presenting at a large testing centre for SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is a retrospective record review of individuals who underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) at a high-throughput national-level government facility located in the north of India. Samples collected from 6 April to 31 December 2020 are included in this work and represent four highly populous regions. Additionally, there was a prospective follow-up of 1729 cases through telephone interviews from 25 May 2020 to 20 June 2020. Descriptive analysis has been performed for profiling clinic-epidemiological aspects of suspect cases. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was undertaken to determine risk factors that are associated with SARS-CoV-2 test positivity and symptom status. A total of 125 600 participants' details have been included in this report. The mean (s.d.) age of the participants was 33.1 (±15.3) years and 66% were male. Among these tested, 9515 (7.6%) were positive for COVID-19. A large proportion of positive cases were asymptomatic. In symptomatic positive cases, the commonest symptoms were cough and fever. Increasing age (groups 20–59 and ≥60 years compared to age group less than 5 years), male sex, history of international travel, symptoms for SARS-CoV-2, and participants from Delhi and Madhya Pradesh were positively associated with SARS-CoV-2 test positivity. Having co-morbidity, risk behaviours and intra-familial positivity were associated with a positive odds ratio for exhibiting SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. Intensified testing and isolation of cases, identification of both asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals and additional care of those with co-morbidities and risk behaviours will all be collectively important for disease containment in India. Reasons for differentials in testing between men and women remain an important area for in-depth study. The increased deployment of vaccines is likely to impact the trajectory of COVID-19 in the coming time, and therefore our data will serve as a comparative resource as India experiences the second wave of infection in light of newer variants that are likely to accelerate disease spread.

Purpose: The IMPACT trial evaluated a theory-based mobile physical activity (PA) intervention on total PA (primary) and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) at 6 months in a nationwide sample of young adult cancer survivors (YACS). Methods: YACS (N=280) were randomized to either an intervention group or a self-help (control) group. All participants received digital tools (activity tracker, smart scale, Facebook group) and an individual videochat session. Intervention participants also received a 6-month mHealth program with components to promote increased PA (behavioral lessons, adaptive goal-setting, tailored feedback, tailored text messages, Facebook group prompts). PA was assessed via accelerometry and online questionnaire (Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire) at baseline and 6 months. Using linear mixed models and an intention-to-treat approach, we tested for group differences in changes from baseline to 6 months, adjusting for education, time since diagnosis, age, and accelerometer wear time. Results: Of 280 YACS (M=33.4 (SD 4.8) yrs, 81.8% women, 23.2% racial/ethnic minority individuals), 92.9% completed 6-month measures. Device-measured total PA min/wk (i.e., sum of light, moderate, and vigorous PA) increased from a mean of 1974.3 (SD=673.9) to 2024.3 (686.7) at 6 months in the intervention group (p=.26) and from 1814.9 (704.5) to 1877.7 (758.2) in the control group (p=.43), with no difference between groups (p=.84). Both groups increased MVPA min/wk over 6 months; increases were 24.7 min/wk (95% CI: 14.8, 34.6; p<.0001) in the intervention versus 11.4 min/wk (95% CI: 1.4, 21.4; p=.02) in the control (p=.07 between groups). Increases in MVPA were 99.7% and 41.6% over baseline in the intervention and control groups, respectively. Increases in self-reported total PA were significant; 123.3 min/wk (95 CI%: 94.5, 152.1; p<.0001) in the intervention versus 83.40 (95% CI: 49.30, 117.50; p<.0001) in the control (p=.08 between groups). Conclusions: While both groups increased total PA over 6 months, the intervention doubled the increase in MVPA min/wk relative to the control group, which is associated with important health benefits. Future research should examine moderators of effects to identify for whom, and under what conditions, the effectiveness varied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Efforts for malaria elimination in India focus solely on the more prevalent human malaria parasites of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and Plasmodium vivax (Pv). The three non-Pf/Pv species - Plasmodium malariae (Pm), Plasmodium ovale (Po) and Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk) are seldom studied though they are often present as mixed infections with Pf/Pv and thus may be misdiagnosed. This study provides a comprehensive landscape of Pm, Po, and Pk infections from 1930 to 2020. Methodology: We systematically searched for published literature on Pm, Po, and Pk in India from PubMed database and collated data from 35 studies. The data, starting from 1930, were mapped decade-wise across India. The prevalence of the three neglected Plasmodium species and their proportional contribution to reported Plasmodium mixed-infection were also calculated and analysed. Principal findings: Amongst the three non-Pf/Pv species, Pm infections have been reported in greater numbers across India and were mostly mono-infections till 1980. From 1983 onwards, reports of Pm mixed infections with Pf/Pv started to emerge. In contrast, reports on occurrence of Po are still rare barring few mixed infection studies. Further, Pk mono- and mixed cases were first reported in 2004 in India and Pk now has been found reported from four Indian states. Conclusion: This is the first account of country-wide assimilation of reported malaria parasite species data that covers Pm, Po, and Pk infection profiles from 1930 to 2020. This study illustrates the need to survey all 5 human malaria parasite species in India and to target them collectively during the malaria elimination phase.