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This article examines imperial politics surrounding rinderpest epidemics along the south-western Tanganyikan border, made urgent by the appearance of the virus in migrating wildlife in 1939. Between 1938 and 1945, the British Colonial Office and governments of eastern and southern Africa undertook vaccination campaigns along the Tanganyika–Nyasaland–Northern Rhodesian border with the goal of protecting the cattle of southern Africa. Since the First World War the Tanganyikan veterinary department had the principal task of ensuring that rinderpest did not reach southern Africa, where settler-dominated herds were susceptible because they had been free of the virus since the turn of the century. While vaccine breakthroughs promised to eradicate rinderpest in cattle, the appearance of the virus in wildlife near the south-western border undermined rinderpest eradication efforts at a time when the world war demanded large quantities of beef for Allied forces and to feed African workers. The inter-territorial veterinary departments therefore constructed a wildlife fence between Lakes Nyasa and Tanganyika and undertook game slaughter to stop the virus. Using the concept of fence ecology, which examines the politics of fence construction and its effects on human–nature relationships, this article explores southern African interventions in the Tanganyikan rinderpest campaigns during and after the war, when the Colonial Office worried about its inability to eradicate the virus within its own colonies. The failure of the Nyasa–Tanganyika fence had implications for post-war rinderpest campaigns, which shifted focus to the Serengeti plains of northern Tanganyika, conflicting with the development of national parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rinderpest is one of the oldest animal diseases in history, which mostly affects cattle and buffaloes, and has a very high contagious and mortality rate. It was one of the leading diseases threatening animal existence and health in the Ottoman Empire. Against this, rinderpest has been overshadowed by human diseases along with other animal diseases in the academic literature. Yet, in agriculture-oriented economies where the household economy is based on double animals, epidemic animal diseases, especially rinderpest, are experiences not only related to the existence and welfare of animals, but also to the whole socio-economic life. Human well-being and the peace and security of cities cannot be thought independent of this traumatic experience. The study focuses on a major rinderpest epidemic that occurred in the capital, which was the heart of the empire, at a time when animal mobility increased relatively, posing a significant threat to the stability of Ottoman socio-economic life. The epidemic in question, which caused the greatest destruction between 1886-1890 and 1891, was tried to be evaluated in the context of its spread geography, chronology and fight disease practices. In this context, the concepts of source, transmission, protection/prevention have been the focal points of the study. The main material of the study is the Ottoman archive documents, which are primary sources. The article was also supported by other direct or indirect literature dealing with the period and the disease.

For early twentieth-century Koreans, one of the most feared invaders to breach the country's northern border with China was the tiny viral pathogen Rinderpest morbillivirus (rinderpest, or cattle plague). This study examines the social consequences of rinderpest outbreaks along the colonial Sino-Korean border and the methods undertaken by the Japanese Government-General of Korea to control viral "invasions" from Manchuria. Rinderpest prevention primarily functioned as an extension of the colonial police. Despite universal fears of rinderpest's ravages, which devastated a rural economy dependent on animal labor, colonized Koreans exhibited wide-ranging reactions to the heavy-handed methods adopted by imperial officials to fight the disease. Korean responses included outright resistance such as cross-border cattle smuggling, attacking veterinary officials, or protests against livestock travel bans, as well as varying degrees of cooperation. Moving chronologically from before the beginning of formal colonial rule in 1910 until the 1930s, this article strives to explain how a modern veterinary regime was implemented and negotiated in the northern colonial Korean borderland. Such a view is essential for understanding not only Korea's colonial past but also Korean responses to infectious disease "invasions" in the present day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the course of human history, numerous diseases have been caused by the transmission of viruses from an animal reservoir into the human population. The viruses of the genus Morbillivirus are human and animal pathogens that emerged from a primordial ancestor a millennia ago and have been transmitting to new hosts, adapting, and evolving ever since. Through interaction with susceptible individuals, as yet undiscovered morbilliviruses or existing morbilliviruses in animal hosts could cause future zoonotic diseases in humans.

Based mainly on the regulations of the central, provincial and local authorities, as well as on a few memoirs, essays and medical reports, this contribution proposes to address the management of the rinderpest in the cities of the Netherlands and the Principality of Liège in the eighteenth century. The aim is to show how the animal body became both an administrative and a sanitary issue in this crisis context, and to observe the way in which it influenced the organisation and supply of urban space, a territory less often dealt with in studies devoted to this theme. By focusing on the establishment of a sanitary cordon and the strengthening of the food surveillance policy, this study shows the city's capacity to organise itself during an epizootic period to ensure both the preservation of public health and the smooth running of the economy. This study shows the ability of the city to organise itself during an epizootic to ensure both the preservation of public health and the smooth running of the economy. The attention that the disease aroused in society was considerable, as evidenced by the development of veterinary medicine, the writings of several European doctors on the subject, and the creation of a joint venture in certain provinces of the Netherlands.

Copyright of Belgi Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Rinderpest is recognized as the most contagious and fatal animal disease in the historical process. The disease, which maintained its effectiveness until the 20th century, has been the subject of socio-economic grievances since the earliest times for the Ottomans, who had a deep-rooted husbandry culture. However, the increase in human and animal mobility with the development of technology greatly increased the number and frequency of attacks in the 19th century. In this contex, it should be noted that the great wars experienced are also important reinforcements. In the face of the epidemics, the Ottoman central authority, albeit belatedly, attempted to establish the civil veterinary medicine organization with the example of its European contemporaries, who represented the modern world. The study focuses on Şehremaneti Veterinary Inspector Mehmet Haydar, who was a very important figure in the establishment of modern civil veterinary medicine culture in the Ottomans. M.Haydar, who was originally a soldier, carried out the civil duty in question for many years due to the very low number of experts in the field, and in this context, he played a key role in the test of the capital against the rinderpest. The study focused on determining his place in the Turkish veterinary medicine organization and revealing his role in the eradication of rinderpest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for rinderpest (RP), the only animal disease to have been globally eradicated. In this opinion, the AHAW Panel reviewed the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. The transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which control measures had to be assessed were agreed prior to the assessment. Considering that RP has been eradicated globally, a re‐emergence that is not stopped in its early phases could have a devastating impact on animal health and the economy. The panel concludes that no suitable strategies are available to entirely mitigate the risk associated with granting derogations from killing of animals in an affected establishment or for animal movements. Therefore, the panel recommends to not grant any derogations. The monitoring period of 21 days was assessed as effective, except for the hypothetical first re‐emergence of RP, when lack of awareness and diagnostic capability may extend the time to detection. It was concluded that the protection and the surveillance zones would contain 90% and > 99%, respectively, of the infections from an affected establishment. Enlarging the protection zone to 4 km would contain the disease spread with 95% probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid Phase Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to detect and measure anti-rinderpest immunoglobulins in field animals sera, within two hours. Rinderpest virus adapted on Vero cell line culture and antigen purified by treatment with Triton-Gentron 13 Butanol, and, labeled with I isotope, using chloramin T iodination method. Comparative studies for detecting anti-rinderpest immunoglobulin in 80 calves sera samples, using the developed assay in parallel with virus neutralization test (VNT). The study showed 58.75 % agreement between the two methods. However, 71 % of seven months old, non-vaccinated calves showed anti rinderpest antibodies in their sera, also 81 % of 10 months old vaccinated calves were developed antibodies in their blood. These results demonstrate the development of sensitive, specific and rapid quantitative / qualitative radioimmunoassay, necessary for screening the development of immunity against rinderpest in cattle.

Abstract EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law’). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for rinderpest (RP), the only animal disease to have been globally eradicated. In this opinion, the AHAW Panel reviewed the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zone, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere. The transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which control measures had to be assessed were agreed prior to the assessment. Considering that RP has been eradicated globally, a re‐emergence that is not stopped in its early phases could have a devastating impact on animal health and the economy. The panel concludes that no suitable strategies are available to entirely mitigate the risk associated with granting derogations from killing of animals in an affected establishment or for animal movements. Therefore, the panel recommends to not grant any derogations. The monitoring period of 21 days was assessed as effective, except for the hypothetical first re‐emergence of RP, when lack of awareness and diagnostic capability may extend the time to detection. It was concluded that the protection and the surveillance zones would contain 90% and > 99%, respectively, of the infections from an affected establishment. Enlarging the protection zone to 4 km would contain the disease spread with 95% probability.

Rinderpest is a highly contagious viral disease that affects ungulates such as cattle, buffalo, yak, and various wildlife species, leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The global eradication of rinderpest was successfully accomplished in 2011 through extensive vaccination efforts. Today, safeguarding against the re-emergence of rinderpest in animal populations is paramount. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Organization for Animal Health are entrusted through a series of resolutions with the responsibility to prevent the re-emergence of rinderpest in animals., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Transboundary animal diseases are defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nation's Emergency Prevention System as those diseases that are of significant economic, trade and/or food security importance, which can easily spread to other countries and reach epidemic proportions, and where control/management including exclusion requires cooperation among several countries. The Global Framework for the Progressive Control of Transboundary Animal Diseases represents a platform of the FAO and World Organisation for Animal Health to engage regional sub-regional organizations and national veterinary authorities in developing and monitoring progress in animal disease management efforts., Competing Interests: Disclosure The author declares that he has no relevant or material financial interests that relate to the work or prespectives described in this paper. The opinion and views are his alone and should not be considered authoratative FAO views., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cryopreservation of bovine spermatozoa represents a powerful technology for the distribution of livestock and improvement of the availability and quality of the genetic material in numerous ruminant species. Nevertheless, a significant amount of sperm cells shows typical features of cryodamage, which may affect the quality and fertility potential of thawed samples used for artificial insemination. Low temperatures during the freezing process could cause several issues, which may lead to irreversible cell damage. Most common contraindications related to cryopreservation include the presence of ice crystals, oxidative stress, microbial contamination, cryocapacitation or a possible toxicity of cryoprotectants. However, cryobiology plays an important role in the reproduction of domestic animals and this is the reason why it is necessary to study sperm fertility markers and the effect of cryopreservation on the sperm viability. A more detailed research could improve new protocols and advanced technologies to improve the quality of cryopreserved samples in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the findings of a study showing that rinderpest and anthrax were rife among cattle in eighteenth century Sweden and Finland. These diseases, which caused a widespread loss of animals, were the scourge of owners, medical practitioners and the authorities alike. The study also shows that the epizootic legislation and disease control that evolved at government level was influenced by the particular characteristics of rinderpest and anthrax. Previous research has identified the endemic nature of rinderpest and its far-reaching consequences for society. Yet major outbreaks of anthrax, and the degree to which the disease influenced the development of State epizootic control, were previously unknown. The study uses the perspectives of cultural history and the history of veterinary medicine, a wide range of historical sources, and a method of text analysis for making retrospective diagnoses. In this article the findings are compared with the results of studies of eighteenth century cattle disease and epizootic control in other European countries. Similarities and differences in theoretical perspectives and research methods are identified. Here the use of retrospective diagnosis in the history of veterinary medicine is discussed in particular.

The cattle disease rinderpest devastated Europe throughout the eighteenth century. The practice of preventative slaughter, or stamping out, has been seen as the most effective method of containing the disease. Historians frame this strategy as a measure of the effectiveness of centralized bureaucracy in handling epidemic outbreaks. The Austrian Netherlands, which enacted a stamping out policy during the rinderpest epidemic of 1769-1785, is often cast opposite the decentralized Dutch Republic, which did not. That mortality was more severe in Holland than in Flanders is interpreted as a consequence of this difference. This article compares the disease management of Flanders and South Holland as well as the differential mortality of cattle in the initial years of the outbreak. We argue that stamping out should not be used as the standard for evaluating effective management. Both South Holland and Flanders relied on a high degree of state intervention. No strategies were universally effective. Explanations must be sought in regional socio-ecological structures. Rather than a consequence of state action or inaction, rinderpest mortality responded to the movement of cattle for pasturing and trade, structural differences in land use, and the resultant divergences in agricultural practices and herd management. Rather than state intervention, extensive commercial cattleholding explains the highly variable mortality.

Copyright of La Medicina del Lavoro is the property of Mattioli 1885 SpA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Non-academically trained practitioners of early modern veterinary medicine are still commonly described in decidedly unflattering terms; their practices often conceived of as folkloristic or otherwise static and unchanging. This article examines a group of such veterinary practitioners in the county of Flanders, known as cow masters. It argues that the medicine they practised was theoretically sophisticated and in line with contemporary mainstream medicine, while they made use of a variety of newly available chemical and exotic remedies. It is postulated that these newer remedies augmented the market for specialised practitioners, which has important implications for the history of medicine as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the African trypanosomes are among the best-studied parasites, almost everything we know about them is based on the brucei group, which includes the human-infective sleeping sickness parasites and the causative agent of the cattle plague nagana. The past decades have seen an ever-more detailed molecular dissection of Trypanosoma brucei , which today is an accepted cell biological model system. Therefore, recent work on some fundamental aspects of trypanosome biology surprises, as we realise that our knowledge about parasite motility and tropism in the changing host microenvironments is far from definitive. In this review, we highlight a few examples of neglected parasitological questions, which may open (or reopen) a new chapter of trypanosome research. Highlights The bloodstream may not be the primary habitat for bloodstream trypanosomes. The interstitial system may serve as a systemic and well-connected trypanosome niche. The motion pattern of the diverse trypanosome life cycle stages represent adaptations to changing microenvironments. Little is known about life cycle stages in the brain. The tsetse fly is a tractable model system for studies on the mechanobiology of host–parasite interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A versatile, interactive model to predict geographically resolved epidemic progression after pathogen introduction into a population is presented. Deterministic simulations incorporating a compartmental disease model run rapidly, facilitating the analysis of mitigations such as vaccination and transmission reduction on epidemic spread and progression. We demonstrate the simulation model using rinderpest infection of cattle, a devastating livestock disease. Rinderpest has been extinguished in the wild, but it is still a threat due to stored virus in some laboratories. Comparison of simulations to historical outbreaks provides some validation of the model. Simulations of potential outbreaks demonstrate potential consequences of rinderpest virus release for a variety of possible disease parameters and mitigations. Our results indicate that a rinderpest outbreak could result in severe social and economic consequences.

Research on morbillivirus infections has led to exciting developments in recent years. Global measles vaccination coverage has increased, resulting in a significant reduction in measles mortality. In 2011 rinderpest virus was declared globally eradicated – only the second virus to be eradicated by targeted vaccination. Identification of new cellular receptors and implementation of recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent proteins in a range of model systems have provided fundamental new insights into the pathogenesis of morbilliviruses, and their interactions with the host immune system. Nevertheless, both new and well-studied morbilliviruses are associated with significant disease in wildlife and domestic animals. This illustrates the need for robust surveillance and a strategic focus on barriers that restrict cross-species transmission. Recent and ongoing measles outbreaks also demonstrate that maintenance of high vaccination coverage for these highly infectious agents is critical. This introduction briefly summarizes the most important current research topics in this field.

Since February 1 st 2011, rinderpest (RP) has been officially declared eradicated worldwide. National authorities have been requested to destroy all their RP related materials. Nonetheless, their national reference laboratories performing real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays (PCR diagnostics) need RP positive control samples, since some countries still prefer to maintain diagnostic capability for RP for several reasons. In the future, a similar situation will arise for peste des petits ruminants (PPR) as the ambition has been expressed to eradicate PPR. Anticipating on this, we intended to perform qualified PCR diagnostics without use of infectious RPV or PPRV. Therefore, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with small RNA inserts based on RPV or PPRV sequences were generated and used as positive control material. Recombinant NDVs (recNDVs) were differentially detected by previously established PCR diagnostics for RPV or PPRV. Both recNDVs contain a second PCR target showing that additional targets in NDV are feasible and would increase the diagnostic sensitivity by use of two PCR assays. RecNDV with small PCR targets is not classified as RPV or PPRV containing material, and can be used to mimic RPV or PPRV. Using these recNDVs as virus positive material contributes to the ambition of worldwide eradication, while qualified PCR diagnostics for these OIE-listed diseases remains operational. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to Rinderpest disease (cattle plague) in Poland, over 40,000 cattle died within the three months of the first half of 1920. Stopping the epizooty of rinderpest (pestis bovum; cattle plague; Typhus bovum contagiosus) spreading from Russia should be considered one of the greatest scientific, organizational and economic achievements of the reviving Polish statehood. Rinderpest is a highly contagious, viral disease caused by the Rinderpest virus, which leads to the death of over 90% of infected animals. Rinderpest virus damages lymphoid cells and the epithelial cell layer of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, genital tract and external- -secretory glands (lacrimal glands, mucous glands, salivary glands). Within a few days after infection, animals begin presenting symptoms of sepsis and dehydration caused by necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract.///In order to stop the epizooty of bovine disease, the Ministry of Agriculture and State Goods ordered Dr. Feliks Jaroszyński to organize a rinderpest field station. The station was established in the forester's lodge, in Michałówka near Puławy. The station produced anti-rinderpest serum and a rinderpest vaccine. In the peak period of operation, 2000 L of vaccine was produced each month. Vaccination of cattle carried out in the area endangered by rinderpest prevented the epidemic in 1922 and protected Poland and Europe from enormous losses. Knowledge about this unprecedented scientific, organizational and economic enterprise is not widely known, which neglects Poland's pioneering contribution to preventing the epidemic of rinderpest. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) announced in 2010 that the world is free of the disease caused by the Rinderpest virus belonging to the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microarrays can be a useful tool for pathogen detection as it allow for simultaneous interrogation of the presence of a large number of genetic sequences in a sample. However, conventional microarrays require extensive manual handling and multiple pieces of equipment for printing probes, hybridization, washing and signal detection. In this study, a reverse transcription ( RT)- PCR with an accompanying novel automated microarray for simultaneous detection of eight viruses that affect cattle [vesicular stomatitis virus ( VSV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 1 and type 2, bovine herpesvirus 1, bluetongue virus, malignant catarrhal fever virus, rinderpest virus ( RPV) and parapox viruses] is described. The assay accurately identified a panel of 37 strains of the target viruses and identified a mixed infection. No non-specific reactions were observed with a panel of 23 non-target viruses associated with livestock. Vesicular stomatitis virus was detected as early as 2 days post-inoculation in oral swabs from experimentally infected animals. The limit of detection of the microarray assay was as low as 1 TCID50/ml for RPV. The novel microarray platform automates the entire post- PCR steps of the assay and integrates electrophoretic-driven capture probe printing in a single user-friendly instrument that allows array layout and assay configuration to be user-customized on-site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the Italian occupation of Massawa and the supposed origin of the African rinderpest panzootic. It mentions contemporary accounts of the Italian landing and occupation. It also discusses quantity of pack animals transported from Italy; and veterinarians pass rigorous examinations and prohibit the landing of infected animals.