Search

In East Java, forest degradation on the slopes resulted landslides during rainy seasons, because of a farming change toward mountainous terrain. Government encouraged community to build agroforestry systems using Hibiscus macrophyllus, therefore this study examined the H. macrophyllus growth on slopes from 15° to 75° in two trials from 6 months to three years, using a variety of eight seed sources. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth responses of H. macrophyllus of various ages on various land slopes in two locations (Mount Kawi and Mount Willis). The trials in two locations were established by Incomplete Block Design (IBD) comprising of 4-6 replications with 50 open pollinated families from 8 seed sources. In both trials, this plant was grown alongside agricultural crops. The General Linear Model (GLM) was used to analyse the growth data from two trials to identify variations in plant age, location, slopes and seed sources. The results showed that growth was significantly different between locations, slopes, seed source and ages. It was found that there was an interaction between site and slope. Height varies, with three times more in Willis (72.6 cm) than in Kawi (26.05 cm). Dramatic changes in slopes, induce more than doubled the height between 75° and 30° slope, which influence considerable wood biomass volume at the end. Increasing growth occurred from 6 months to 3 years i.e.: >7.5 times for height and >6.5 times for diameter. This fast growth at 3 years immediately benefits in ameliorating the mountainside ecosystem. Seed sources perform differently, and considerable variances also occur between families. Comparison between the lowest and greatest seed sources were 40% greater in height and 9% in diameter, indicating that seed sources, as well as family selection, should be considered. The best growth response of H. macrophyllus was found at Willis after 3 years at 30° slope.

Falcataria moluccana is a widespread species that grows rapidly in Indonesia and produces timber used for carpentry. Nonetheless, this species is especially susceptible to gall rust disease. To find plants that can handle rust, a mix of breeding with progeny experiments and forest management methods, like arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM), were used. The point of this study is to find out if adding AM changes how F. moluccana seedlings grow and how they react to gall rust disease, both those that have been improved and those that have not. We will also look at the response by calculating the area under disease progress curves (AUDPC) value for rust disease to grow in F. moluccana seedlings. The experimental design comprised four different treatments, including varying quantities of mycorrhizae, as well as four different seed sources. For the mycorrhizal inoculation experiments, there was a control group and three treatment groups. The treatment groups got 5, 10, and 15 g of mycorrhiza per polybag, respectively. The seeds used in this study were sourced from two unimproved families, namely Java and Solomon, as well as two genetically improved families, F63 and F77. This study revealed that mycorrhizal application affects the growth of F. moluccana seedlings and significantly reduces both disease incidence and severity. The application of mycorrhiza reduces the disease incidence and severity; the AUPDC value of seedlings with mycorrhiza added is four times lower than that of seedlings without mycorrhiza. The disease severity was highest for the unimproved Solomon seedlings, despite the fact that the source of seeds had little impact on the disease incidence. Meanwhile, the genetically improved seedlings demonstrated lower disease incidence and severity rates than seedlings without improvement, with an AUPDC value nearly half that of the unimproved seedling. In terms of diameter and height, F. mollucana seedlings derived from various seed sources were remarkably diverse, and seedlings with improvements grew much better than seedlings without improvements. This study shows how arbuscular mycorrhiza affects how well improved and unimproved F. moluccana seedlings deal with gall rust disease.

Karst areas in Indonesia are arid landscapes with water-use limitations because of dissolved carbonates. Long-term water scarcity stunts plant growth and often kills them. For tropical karst forestry-greening, the three best legume and three best non-legume species from a previous trial comprising 20 species were compared. Since October 2011, seedlings of the top three non-legume, species Aleurites mollucana, Sterculia foetida, and Alstonia scholaris, and three legume species, Acacia auriculiformis, Cassea seamea, and Acacia mangium, have been grown for four months. In January 2012, field trials were established at two dry karst locations, i.e., Pracimantoro, Central Java, and Bunder, Gunung Kidul Yogyakarta. A randomized block design was used to raise 1.764 seedlings at the two sites with 7×7 plots, 3×3 spacing between trees, and three blocks. After 10 months, legumes and non-legumes differed greatly in all growth parameters. These disparities lasted up to 30 months, when trees should have adapted to their new surroundings. After seven years of planting, legume trees raised the soil's organic matter concentration from low to medium, making it more fertile, similar to soil from intensive agricultural regions. Thus, early or mixed legume plantings on tropical karst sites may aid in better re-greening than the establishment of non-legumes.

AbstractGenetic relationships among teak (Tectona grandis) seed sources have been found to be low, thus genetic materials from other sources are required to maintain broad genetic diversity. This study here is therefore aimed to assess the potency of teak genetic structure in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Leaf materials were sampled from six populations: the villages of Angondara, Anduna (Konawe), Napabalano, Matakidi, Wakuru (Muna) and Wakonti (Buton). One population from Java Island (Kepek) was used as an outgroup. Genetic structures were assessed by using six microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity within populations was moderate (mean expected heterozygosity = 0.544; mean allelic richness = 3.752) as well as the genetic differentiation among the populations (mean FST = 0.085). Dendrogram analysis revealed that the populations were separated into two clusters; the first is Kepek-Angondara, Anduna-Napabalano-Matakidi, Wakuru, and the second is Wakonti. AMOVA showed that the genetic variation was insignificant between regions, but significant among populations. The structural analysis demonstrates the division of populations into two lineages (Java and Southeast Sulawesi populations). Differences in genetic structures indicated that the teak from Southeast Sulawesi may have originated from other sources. Thus, those populations are promising for broadening the genetic base of commercial teak in Java.

Clonal teak plantation has been extensively developed in Java and providing a purposeful contribution to improve the productivity of the state forests. It also plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation and serves as a primary source of renewable energy. However, information about its stand dynamics has been rarely documented. This study investigated the growth, biomass, carbon stock, and energy storage along an age series of clonal teak plantation. The study site was located in the Kendal Forest Management Unit. Data were collected from 14 different compartments as the priority sites of clonal teak establishment. Every compartment had similar site quality but different in age stand. Results demonstrated that the incremental rate of diameter and height was higher during the initial period between 1 and 3 years. The mean volume increased along with age and reached its maximum value at 14 years (164.54 m3 ha−1). Biomass distribution in each tree component varied from 8.75 to 66.72%. More than 80% biomass production was accumulated above ground. Total carbon stock improved from 2.68 Mg ha−1 at 1 year to 54.01 Mg ha−1 at 14 years. Our study noted that the total energy storage in clonal teak plantation increased progressively from 22.71 × 106 MJ ha−1 at 1 year to 377.74 × 106 MJ ha−1 at 14 years. Overall, this study concluded the growth, biomass, carbon, and energy in clonal teak increased progressively with age. Further investigations are still required to understand the stand dynamics of clonal teak at different sites.

Leucaena leucocephala is a potential species for wood-energy production in Indonesia. A study of genetic improvement was initiated with a progeny test of 80 lines from 10 seed sources. Plant height and stem diameter were measured at 6 and 18 months, growth index (GI) calculated at 18 months and wood biomass production measured at 30 months. Differences between seed sources for height and diameter were observed at 6 months but not at 18 months. Significant differences between lines within seed source were observed for height and diameter at 6 months and these differences remained at 18 months. Differences between lines for GI and biomass were significant at 18 and 30 months respectively. At 18 months, line mean heritability for height, diameter and GI were estimated to be moderate, namely 0.62, 0.61 and 0.62 respectively. At 30 months line mean heritability for biomass was moderately low (0.39). Genetic correlations between height and diameter were moderately high at 6 months (0.74) and increased at 18 months (0.82), while correlation between diameters at 6 and 18 months was high (0.93). The expected genetic gain from selecting the 25 and 10 best lines with a high line value for GI was 33.7% and 48.8% respectively, with lines from the Indonesian local seed sources found to be the best performers. Three lines from the newly introduced Tarramba cultivar also had good performance. These results are discussed in relation to the future improvement program of this species for wood energy production.

Poster presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

The native tropical pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. and de Vriese) has been genetically improved in Indonesia since 1977; nevertheless, minor evaluations of aphid resistance have been conducted since 2004. As a result, a progeny test for aphid resistance was established in 2010 in Lawu, Central Java, Indonesia. Subjects in the trial were attacked significantly at the rate of 30.7% after 4 years, but surprisingly, some individuals were found to be healthy without any aphid attack. The observed a 7-year progeny trial comprised 34 families with 4 trees per unitary plot and replicated in 10 blocks. At 7 years, observations during 9 months (April–December) showed that there were differences in the range of resistance across families. The stem diameter, oleoresin production, and resistance to aphid attack were evaluated, and all traits were distinct among families except for oleoresin exudation from the western side of the stem. Five families performed above average for all three traits, while three other families had high diameter and maintained good oleoresin production. These eight families can be included in a forward selection strategy. Cluster analysis revealed that the eight best families were grouped into two of the eight clusters. Phenotypic correlations revealed that all pairs of traits were significantly related, with the highest correlation registered between stem diameter and resistance to aphid attack (0.99). Forward selection ensures the simultaneous improvement of the three traits.

To be viable, fast-growing energy plantations must be large in volume, harvested at early age, and maximized calorific value which linked to heartwood proportion. This study examines 38 families in the second generation (F2) progeny trial of Acacia auriculiformis for energy. Heartwood proportion, calorific value and lignin content were assessed at ages 22, 30, 35, and 40 months. Wood samples from around 300 selected individuals of observed ages from all families were examined. Quality was based on heartwood and sapwood development until reaching the commercial requirement of >33% for lignin content and >4,500 cal g-1 for calorific value. When required quality has been obtained at particular age, assessment of biomass was carried out from all final individuals in the progeny test. Heartwood proportion varies among families. Heartwood possesses higher values than sapwood in lignin content and calorific value. Individuals with higher heartwood proportion are preferred. Both wood types only reached the required quality for solid wood energy after 3.5 years, however lignin content at much early age are appropriate for wood pellet and briquette. Selection improves heartwood proportion and quality from the first generation (F1) into F2 with an increase of 52% at three years. Mean annual increments at 3.5 years is 43 m3ha-1yr-1.

Pinus merkusii, a natural tropical pine species of Indonesia, is cultivated as the second most important artificial forest for the industry in Java, after teak, to produce oleoresin. Its genetic improvement began in 1977 because of its critical role in raising community incomes. Meanwhile, the effort for genetic improvement in aphid (Pineus boerneri) resistance has just recently started since its spread was only found broadly in Java by 2004. The second-generation progeny trial for this purpose was established in 2010, with materials from the best growing 34 families of the first generation. This study aimed to obtain the best pine genotypes through screening the existing natural variations found on important characters. The reported incidence of the trigger was when the experiment was attacked significantly at 30.7% after four years, while some 67 individuals were unexpectedly still performing well after six years. The results show that blocks affect differences for all traits of diameter, aphid resistance, and oleoresin productions, and all families differ except for the west-side yield of oleoresin production. Furthermore, heritability values at individual and family levels were moderate for the diameter (h2i = 0.16; h2f = 0.53) and eastern oleoresin (h2i = 0.14; h2f = 0.42). The gain is 4.3% when 30% of families with the best diameters are retained, while the genetic gain reaches 11% for oleoresin production. As one of the important traits in the breeding program, aphid resistance has a weakly inherited trait (h2i =0.07; h2f =0.29). Interestingly, this trait shows positive moderate genetic correlations with the two essential economic values of diameter (rg = 0.66) and oleoresin production (rg = 0.40). Therefore, the selection of the diameter and oleoresin production will not substantially affect the resistance.

Renewable energy from fast-growing woody species needs to be initiated rapidly in Indonesia, facilitated with conducive climate for continuous growth. Selecting suitable species and exploring its populations to capture as wide variation as possible for successful screening, is required. Leucaena leucochepala, which is the wood has long been used for wood-energy, has been grown widely in Indonesia. Growing for more than 50 generations since its introduction, it should have been very well adapted. This study is to evaluate early performances of its seedlings as genetic materials ready for its breeding. Seeds of ten populations from different regions and habitats have been collected as materials for energy-wood breeding, included var. Tarramba, the best world performer grown in Indonesia. Further, 80 families were selected as genetic materials for progeny test. L. leucochepala produce flowers in 4 ̶ 6 months, therefore evaluation of early growth at 3 months should be appropriate. Results show high variations among populations and families as well as among habitat promising for breeding success. Some Indonesian populations and families grow promisingly due to performing similarly against var. Tarramba, even some families are better. By using 5 best families of 3 different habitats and compared to var. Tarramba, it shows that plants from Bali, collected from saline area, are as good as var. Tarramba’s, the world best performers.

Kementerian Kehutanan, melalui Badan Litbang Kehutanan yang dituangkan dalam Roadmap 2010-2025 telah mencanangkan kegiatan untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya perubahan iklim global. Berbagai Rencana Penelitian Integratif (RPI) telah ditetapkan termasuk RPI Adaptasi Bioekologi dan Sosial Ekonomi Budaya terhadap Perubahan Iklim yang diinisiasi pada tahun 2010. Dalam RPI ini salah satu penelitian dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi berbagai spesies pohon dari berbagai provenans yang potensial untuk mengantisipasi perubahan iklim dengan penekanan untuk tujuan pengujian pada daerah kering. Pada makalah ini, hasil identifikasi dan seleksi yang dilakukan tahun 2010 didiskusikan. Identifikasi dari daerah bercurah hujan rendah (

The global energy crisis has raises demand for biofuel prices. It has driven the world to enhance environmentally-friendly renewable-energy (biofuel) production. Oil from the seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung) which can be harvested up to 50 years, is one of such potential biofuel source. Methods for biofuel production from nyamplung seeds have been developed at an industrial scale by cooperative in Cilacap (Java) and Energy Self-Sufficient Villages (Desa Mandiri Energi) in Banyuwangi, Purworejo, Kebumen, Ujung Kulon (Java) and Selayar (South Sulawesi). However, there is only a limited-information available on biofuel potential, in term of productivity and quality, from nyamplung populations. This paper reports the variations in biofuel potential among 12 populations in Indonesia (6 from Java, 6 outside Java). The oil was extracted using a combination of vertical hot press (VHP) and screw press expeller (SPE) methods, followed by degumming to make refined oil, and esterification-transesterification to turn it into biodiesel. The result show great variation of biofuel content among the population. Oil production percentage varies from 37-48.5% (VHP) and 50-58% (SPE) crude oil, 36-48% (VHP) and 40-53% (SPE) refined oil, and 1733% (SPE) for biodiesel. Seed resin content is responsible for most of the variation after degumming. DNA analysis shows genetic variation among populations ranges from intermediate within Java to high ouside Java and is intermediate within populations. Information about biofuel content and potential of populations and genetic variation between and within population are important factors for establishment of geneticallyimproved seed-sources for biofuel production from nyamplung.