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Background: Laser therapy is a treatment for infantile haemangiomas. The efficacy of laser therapy for red lesions is determined by visual evaluation; however, this assessment is inaccurate and lacks objectivity., Objective: To scientifically validate the consistency between pre- and post-treatment visual assessment grades for infantile haemangioma treated with pulsed dye laser (PDL) and the values calculated from images obtained with Antera 3D™., Methods: This study involved 81 cases of infantile haemangiomas treated with PDL alone from 2012 to 2015 and with Antera 3D™ images of the lesions. Using images obtained before treatment and 4-6 weeks after the last treatment, the lesions were rated using a visual four-step scale. Ratings were categorised as Poor/Fair/Good/Excellent by the degree of improvement in the red colour tone. The red colour ratio was calculated using the haemoglobin distribution in the lesion and surrounding skin, and the improvement difference and improvement rate were then obtained. The correlation between the improvement difference and improvement rate, and visual evaluation was statistically analysed., Results: No serious adverse effects were observed, with an average of 4.3 treatments per patient; 60.1% of the patients achieved Good/Excellent results. There were statistically significant differences in the post-treatment red colour ratio and improvement ratio in each category after visual evaluation classification. The improvement rate and the four visual grades were statistically correlated., Conclusion: This study confirmed the scientific validity of visual evaluation and the evaluation criteria calculated from Antera 3D™. This method could objectively determine treatment effectiveness., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Focused ion beamed (FIB) SEM has a higher spatial resolution than other volume-imaging methods owing to the use of ion beams. However, in this method, it is challenging to analyse entire biological structures buried deep in the resin block. We developed a novel volume-imaging method by combining array tomography and FIB-SEM tomography and investigated the chondrocyte ultrastructure. Our method imparts certainty in determining the analysis area such that cracks or areas with poor staining within the block are avoided. The chondrocyte surface showed fine dendritic processes that were thinner than ultrathin sections. Upon combination with immunostaining, this method holds promise for analysing mesoscopic architectures., (© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Society of Microscopy.)

Abstract: Following a tracheostomy or tracheal fenestration procedure, neck concave deformity, and contracture after spontaneous closure are common problems. Since the neck is an exposed part of the body, its concave deformity can cause cosmetic problems and functional problems such as difficulty in neck extension and swallowing due to contracture. We report the case of a 63-year-old man who underwent tracheal fenestration for worsening respiratory status due to sepsis after aspiration pneumonia. After spontaneous closure of the tracheal fenestration, the patient developed a deformity of the neck, impaired neck extension, and dysphagia due to contracture. In this case, the submental sagging skin was used as a subcutaneous pedicle flap to correct the problem, and the result was both functionally and cosmetically satisfactory. We found that the submandibular skin could be used as a random pattern flap for reconstruction of the lower half of the neck. Therefore, this procedure can be an effective method for reconstruction around the tracheal stoma in the future., Competing Interests: The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 by Mutaz B. Habal, MD.)

Senile lentigo or age spots are hyperpigmented macules of skin that commonly develop following long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This condition is caused by accumulation of large numbers of melanosomes (melanin granules) produced by melanocytes within neighboring keratinocytes. However, there is still no consensus regarding the melanosome transfer mechanism in senile lentigo. To date, most pathohistological studies of skin have been two-dimensional and do not provide detailed data on the complex interactions of the melanocyte-keratinocyte network involved in melanosome transfer. We performed a three-dimensional reconstruction of the epidermal microstructure in senile lentigo using three different microscopic modalities to visualize the topological melanocyte-keratinocyte relationship and melanosome distribution. Confocal laser microscopy images showed that melanocyte dendritic processes are more frequently branched and elongated in senile lentigo skin than in normal skin. Serial transmission electron micrographs showed that dendritic processes extend into intercellular spaces between keratinocytes. Focused ion beam-scanning electron micrographs showed that dendritic processes in senile lentigo encircle adjacent keratinocytes and accumulate large numbers of melanosomes. Moreover, melanosomes transferred to keratinocytes are present not only in the supranuclear area but throughout the perinuclear area except on the basal side. The use of these different microscopic methods helped to elucidate the three-dimensional morphology and topology of melanocytes and keratinocytes in senile lentigo. We show that the localization of melanosomes in dendritic processes to the region encircling recipient keratinocytes contributes to efficient melanosome transfer in senile lentigo., (© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Society of Microscopy. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Rigid reconstruction for frontal bone defects not only improves function, but also approximates more normal appearance. However, in cases involving dural scar contractures, a concave deformation remains when rigid reconstruction is performed without compensating for dead space created by swelling of the brain. This study involved 4 cases in which a 2-stage reconstruction procedure was used to first eliminate dead space by grafting dermal fat, and subsequently carry out rigid reconstruction to achieve a natural forehead configuration. This method is advantageous and considered to be effective in allowing dead space to be easily filled with minimal invasiveness for concave deformations of the dura mater with bone defects. Furthermore, the risk of artificial bone exposure is reduced by adding the dermal component of dermal fat, which is grafted to thinned frontal skin.

In recent years, a variety of resorbable plates have been used for craniofacial fractures. The authors report a case of plate infection that occurred more than 1 year after surgery and was difficult to distinguish from a foreign body reaction. A 19-year-old male suffered fractures of the right zygomatic bone, orbital floor, and left maxilla in a motorcycle accident. Reduction was performed using resorbable plates at 7 days after injury. The postoperative course was good. However, the patient presented 396 days after surgery with redness/swelling of the right upper eyelid and right cheek pain. There were no systemic signs of infection such as fever. A foreign body reaction to the plate was suspected. After 1 week, swelling of the patient's upper eyelid was worse, and the remaining resorbable plate was removed via a skin incision. Swelling subsequently extended to the right cheek and upper gingiva, and all plates were removed under general anesthesia on the 418th day after the first operation. The swelling subsided after removal of the plates. Pathological examination revealed neutrophil infiltration and Staphylococcus hominis was detected by bacterial culture, leading to a diagnosis of late-onset plate infection. This coagulase-negative staphylococcus usually causes infection in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. Postoperative complications of resorbable plates include foreign body reaction and infection, which are difficult to differentiate clinically. Removing the foreign body is the principal technique for obvious wound infection. A foreign body reaction with subcutaneous fluid retention is slow to heal. Therefore, early plate removal is also recommended.

Background: Histological differentiation between hypertrophic scars (HSs) and keloids has been considered difficult. In this study, we analyzed differences in the 3-dimensional tissue architecture between HSs and keloids using focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM)., Methods: Five specimens each of normal skin, normotrophic scars (NSs), HSs, and keloids were investigated. Three sites in each specimen were observed by FIB/SEM tomography, resulting in an observation of 15 sites per tissue type. We identified fibroblasts and macrophages and assessed the contact ratio and the mode of intercellular contact (planar contact or point contact). The significance of differences among the 4 tissue types was determined by Fisher exact test., Results: In normal skin, contact between fibroblasts and macrophages was observed at all 15 sites, and the mode of contact was always planar. There was contact at 87% of the NS sites (planar: point = 80%: 7%). In HSs, contact was seen at 80% of the sites (planar: point = 20%: 60%). In keloids, contact was found at only 15% of the sites (planar: point = 7.5%: 7.5%). The intercellular contact ratio showed no significant differences among normal skin, NSs, and HSs; however, a significant difference was noted between these tissues and keloids. The intercellular contact mode also showed no significant difference between normal skin and NSs, but a significant difference between these tissues and HSs., Conclusions: These histopathologic findings suggest that FIB/SEM tomography is useful for distinguishing between HSs and keloids and can provide important knowledge for understanding the pathogenesis of keloids.

The treatment of Gustilo type IIIB and IIIC open fractures remains a challenging problem, because the infection rate is 15-45%. Infection can lead to serious complications such as osteomyelitis or amputation. The intra-wound continuous negative pressure and irrigation treatment (IW-CONPIT) was developed for infected wounds and intractable ulcers, and is very effective in suppressing infection and accelerating wound healing. Here the IW-CONPIT was applied to severe open fractures for the purpose of preventing infection. After thorough debridement and lavage of the wound, bony stabilization is performed by external fixation. Dermal matrix is grafted onto any areas where the bone or tendon is exposed. A sponge containing two tubes is placed over the entire surface of the wound including the dermal matrix. Then it is covered with a film dressing to make the wound completely airtight. A bottle of physiologic saline solution is attached to one tube, and a continuous aspirator is attached to the other. This system maintains negative pressure on the wound surface, which is continuously irrigated. Thirty-five patients were treated with this method. A superficial infection developed in two cases but was resolved by additional debridement and continued application of IW-CONPIT. Complete wound healing was obtained with split thickness skin graft in all cases. There were no complications such as osteomyelitis, delayed bone union or amputation. IW-CONPIT was able to definitively prevent wound infection in Gustilo type ⅢB open fractures. We believe this method will become a standard treatment option for this condition.

Background: When auriculoplasty is performed for microtia, wire often becomes exposed during the long postoperative period. We have investigated other materials for fixing cartilage. We previously reported that absorbable sutures are more appropriate than wire. The present animal experiments investigated the reasons why fixation of transplanted cartilage is maintained when using absorbable sutures., Methods: The costal cartilages of Sprague-Dawley rats were harvested, and three cartilage transplant models were prepared. After bending a costal cartilage into a U-shape, it was fixed by using only absorbable sutures as the control or was fixed by suturing one or two cross struts of cartilage to the U-shaped graft. Then the cartilages were subcutaneously transplanted into the backs of the rats. They were removed 8 weeks later, and the return rate of the bent cartilages was assessed., Results: The return rate was 74.0%, in the suture-only group (control), 27.9% in the one-strut group, and 8.3% in the two-strut group. When the sites of contact between the U-shaped graft and the cartilage struts were observed by light microscopy, adhesion of the two cartilages by fibrous connective tissue was observed., Conclusion: U-shaped cartilage grafts demonstrated a smaller return rate when there was a larger contact area with the cartilage struts. Each strut was fixed by fibrous connective tissue at the contact site, thereby maintaining the shape of the graft. Thus, when creating a cartilage framework, it is important to fix the bent cartilage to the cartilage struts with a sufficiently large contact area., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Limited information is available on the biological status of transplanted cartilage from which the perichondrium has been removed. This article describes the histological and three-dimensional structural picture of cartilage, using green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats and normal wild rats., Methods: Three sections of costal cartilage were harvested from 10-week-old wild rats. One section was used as a specimen while two were subcutaneously collected from the dorsal region of 10-week-old GFP rats at 4 and 8 weeks post-transplant. The experiment was performed in two randomized groups. The perichondrium was removed from transplanted cartilage in the first group and perichondrium of transplanted cartilage remained intact in the second group. Histology and focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM) tomography were used to evaluate the transplanted cartilage., Results: All 40 transplanted sections were harvested and no infections, exposure or qualitative change of cartilage matrix were seen following transplant. Histological analyses showed that the surface layer of the GFP-negative transplanted cartilage was replaced with GFP-positive chondrocytes 8 weeks post-transplant in the first group. A three-dimensional layer of perichondrium-like tissue reconstructed around the cartilage at 8 weeks was confirmed, resembling normal perichondrium. However, the GFP-positive chondrocytes were not replaced in the second group., Conclusions: The cell renewal of chondrocytes is necessary for subcutaneously transplanted cartilage to maintain its tissue composition over a long period of time. The histological and ultrastructural analyses revealed that cells from recipient tissue generated new chondrocytes even when cartilage was implanted after removing the perichondrium.