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1. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author

Marcuzzi, D., Toigo, V., Boldrin, M., Chitarin, G., Bello, S. Dal, Grando, L., Luchetta, A., Pasqualotto, R., Pavei, M., Serianni, G., Zanotto, L., Agnello, R., Agostinetti, P., Agostini, M., Aprile, D., Barbisan, M., Battistella, M., Berton, G., Bigi, M., Brombin, M., Candela, V., Candeloro, V., Canton, A., Casagrande, R., Cavallini, C., Cavazzana, R., Cordaro, L., Cruz, N., Palma, M. Dalla, Dan, M., De Lorenzi, A., Delogu, R., De Muri, M., De Nardi, M., Denizeau, S., Fadone, M., Fellin, F., Ferro, A., Gaio, E., Gasparrini, C., Gnesotto, F., Jain, P., La Rosa, A., Lopez-Bruna, D., Lorenzini, R., Maistrello, A., Manduchi, G., Manfrin, S., Marconato, N., Mario, I., Martini, G., Milazzo, R., Patton, T., Peruzzo, S., Pilan, N., Pimazzoni, A., Poggi, C., Pomaro, N., Pouradier-Duteil, B., Recchia, M., Rigoni-Garola, A., Rizzetto, D., Rizzolo, A., Santoro, F., Sartori, E., Segalini, B., Shepherd, A., Siragusa, M., Sonato, P., Sottocornola, A., Spada, E., Spagnolo, S., Spolaore, M., Taliercio, C., Tinti, P., Tomsič, P., Trevisan, L., Ugoletti, M., Valente, M., Valisa, M., Veronese, F., Vignando, M., Zaccaria, P., Zagorski, R., Zaniol, B., Zaupa, M., Zuin, M., Cavenago, M., Boilson, D., Rotti, C., Decamps, H., Geli, F., Sharma, A., Veltri, P., Zacks, J., Simon, M., Paolucci, F., Garbuglia, A., Gutierrez, D., Masiello, A., Mico, G., Labate, C., Readman, P., Bragulat, E., Bailly-Maitre, L., Gomez, G., Kouzmenko, G., Albajar, F., Kashiwagi, M., Tobari, H., Kojima, A., Murayama, M., Hatakeyama, S., Oshita, E., Maejima, T., Shibata, N., Yamashita, Y., Watanabe, K., Singh, N. P., Singh, M. J., Dhola, H., Fantz, U., Heinemann, B., Wimmer, C., Wünderlich, D., Tsumori, K., Croci, G., Gorini, G., Muraro, A., Rebai, M., Tardocchi, M., Giacomelli, L., Rigamonti, D., Taccogna, F., Bruno, D., Rutigliano, M., Longo, S., Deambrosis, S., Miorin, E., Montagner, F., Tonti, A., and Panin, F.

Subjects
Physics - Plasma Physics, Physics - Accelerator Physics
Abstract

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities. A Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated to developing and characterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accelerator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full performances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign. Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER NBI featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of in-vessel components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants are already under final testing and commissioning. Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. The integrated test to confirm 1MV output by combining invertor systems, DC generators and transmission lines extracted errors/accidents in some components. To realize a concrete system for ITER, solutions for the repair and the improvement of the system were developed. Hence, NBTF is emerging as a necessary facility, due to the large gap with existing injectors, effectively dedicated to identify issues and find solutions to enable successful ITER NBI operations in a time bound fashion.

Published
2023
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4. RFX-mod2 diagnostic capability enhancements for the exploration of multi-magnetic-configurations

Author

Carraro, L, Zuin, M, Abate, D, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Belpane, A, Berton, G, Bonotto, M, Brombin, M, Cavazzana, R, Cinnirella, L, Ciufo, S, Croci, G, Cordaro, L, D'Isa, F, Dal Bello, S, Dal Molin, A, De Masi, G, Emma, G, Fadone, M, Fassina, A, Fiorucci, D, Franz, P, Grando, L, Guiotto, F, La Matina, M, Marchiori, G, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Marrelli, L, Milazzo, R, Molisani, S, Moresco, M, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Peruzzo, S, Porcu, P, Pomaro, N, Puiatti, M, Putignano, O, Rigamonti, D, Rigoni Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Ruffini, F, Scarin, P, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Ugoletti, M, Valisa, M, Vianello, N, Zaniol, B, Carraro L., Zuin M., Abate D., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Belpane A., Berton G., Bonotto M., Brombin M., Cavazzana R., Cinnirella L., Ciufo S., Croci G., Cordaro L., D'Isa F., Dal Bello S., Dal Molin A., De Masi G., Emma G., Fadone M., Fassina A., Fiorucci D., Franz P., Grando L., Guiotto F., La Matina M., Marchiori G., Marconato N., Mario I., Marrelli L., Milazzo R., Molisani S., Moresco M., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Peruzzo S., Porcu P., Pomaro N., Puiatti M. E., Putignano O., Rigamonti D., Rigoni Garola A., Rizzolo A., Ruffini F., Scarin P., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tardocchi M., Terranova D., Ugoletti M., Valisa M., Vianello N., Zaniol B., Carraro, L, Zuin, M, Abate, D, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Belpane, A, Berton, G, Bonotto, M, Brombin, M, Cavazzana, R, Cinnirella, L, Ciufo, S, Croci, G, Cordaro, L, D'Isa, F, Dal Bello, S, Dal Molin, A, De Masi, G, Emma, G, Fadone, M, Fassina, A, Fiorucci, D, Franz, P, Grando, L, Guiotto, F, La Matina, M, Marchiori, G, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Marrelli, L, Milazzo, R, Molisani, S, Moresco, M, Muraro, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Peruzzo, S, Porcu, P, Pomaro, N, Puiatti, M, Putignano, O, Rigamonti, D, Rigoni Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Ruffini, F, Scarin, P, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tardocchi, M, Terranova, D, Ugoletti, M, Valisa, M, Vianello, N, Zaniol, B, Carraro L., Zuin M., Abate D., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Belpane A., Berton G., Bonotto M., Brombin M., Cavazzana R., Cinnirella L., Ciufo S., Croci G., Cordaro L., D'Isa F., Dal Bello S., Dal Molin A., De Masi G., Emma G., Fadone M., Fassina A., Fiorucci D., Franz P., Grando L., Guiotto F., La Matina M., Marchiori G., Marconato N., Mario I., Marrelli L., Milazzo R., Molisani S., Moresco M., Muraro A., Perelli Cippo E., Peruzzo S., Porcu P., Pomaro N., Puiatti M. E., Putignano O., Rigamonti D., Rigoni Garola A., Rizzolo A., Ruffini F., Scarin P., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tardocchi M., Terranova D., Ugoletti M., Valisa M., Vianello N., and Zaniol B.

Abstract

The RFX-mod2 device, the upgraded version of the previous RFX-mod with a modified magnetic boundary, is presently under realization and will start to be operated in 2025. Significant upgrades of the diagnostic capabilities have been proposed and are under development. These include a largely increased number of in-vessel magnetic and electrostatic sensors, a new fast reciprocating manipulator for the exploration of the edge plasma in a wide range of experimental conditions, the improved Thomson scattering and soft x-ray diagnostics system for a detailed determination of the behavior of the electron temperature profile, new dedicated systems for the space and time resolved analysis of x-ray spectra and neutron rate, a reflectometric diagnostic for real-time determination of plasma position, two diagnostics devoted to the imaging of light impurities and influxes behavior along with arrays of halo current sensors. These diagnostic upgrades will be accompanied by a significant effort to improve the control of the electron density and of the impurity influxes by means of proper treatment of plasma facing components with in-vessel fixed electrodes distributed over the first wall. The described advancements will allow a deeper understanding of physics phenomena in the wide variety of magnetic configurations, including the tokamak, the reversed-field pinch and the Ultra-low q, which can be produced in RFX-mod2 thanks to its flexibility and unique MHD control capabilities.

Published
2024

5. RFX-mod2 diagnostic capability enhancements for the exploration of multi-magnetic-configurations

Author

L. Carraro, M. Zuin, D. Abate, P. Agostinetti, M. Agostini, D. Aprile, M. Barbisan, A. Belpane, G. Berton, M. Bonotto, M. Brombin, R. Cavazzana, L. Cinnirella, S. Ciufo, G. Croci, L. Cordaro, F. D’Isa, S. Dal Bello, A. Dal Molin, G. De Masi, G. Emma, M. Fadone, A. Fassina, D. Fiorucci, P. Franz, L. Grando, F. Guiotto, M. La Matina, G. Marchiori, N. Marconato, I. Mario, L. Marrelli, R. Milazzo, S. Molisani, M. Moresco, A. Muraro, E. Perelli Cippo, S. Peruzzo, P. Porcu, N. Pomaro, M.E. Puiatti, O. Putignano, D. Rigamonti, A. Rigoni Garola, A. Rizzolo, F. Ruffini, P. Scarin, S. Spagnolo, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, M. Tardocchi, D. Terranova, M. Ugoletti, M. Valisa, N. Vianello, and B. Zaniol

Subjects
reversed-field pinch, diagnostic, tokamak, helical equilibrium, H-mode, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract

The RFX-mod2 device, the upgraded version of the previous RFX-mod with a modified magnetic boundary, is presently under realization and will start to be operated in 2025. Significant upgrades of the diagnostic capabilities have been proposed and are under development. These include a largely increased number of in-vessel magnetic and electrostatic sensors, a new fast reciprocating manipulator for the exploration of the edge plasma in a wide range of experimental conditions, the improved Thomson scattering and soft x-ray diagnostics system for a detailed determination of the behavior of the electron temperature profile, new dedicated systems for the space and time resolved analysis of x-ray spectra and neutron rate, a reflectometric diagnostic for real-time determination of plasma position, two diagnostics devoted to the imaging of light impurities and influxes behavior along with arrays of halo current sensors. These diagnostic upgrades will be accompanied by a significant effort to improve the control of the electron density and of the impurity influxes by means of proper treatment of plasma facing components with in-vessel fixed electrodes distributed over the first wall. The described advancements will allow a deeper understanding of physics phenomena in the wide variety of magnetic configurations, including the tokamak, the reversed-field pinch and the Ultra-low q, which can be produced in RFX-mod2 thanks to its flexibility and unique MHD control capabilities.

Published
2024
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6. On the road to ITER NBIs: SPIDER improvement after first operation and MITICA construction progress

Author

Toigo, V., Marcuzzi, D., Serianni, G., Boldrin, M., Chitarin, G., Bello, S. Dal, Grando, L., Luchetta, A., Pasqualotto, R., Zaccaria, P., Zanotto, L., Agnello, R., Agostinetti, P., Agostini, M., Antoni, V., Aprile, D., Barbisan, M., Battistella, M., Berton, G., Bigi, M., Brombin, M., Candeloro, V., Canton, A., Casagrande, R., Cavallini, C., Cavazzana, R., Cordaro, L., Cruz, N., Palma, M. Dalla, Dan, M., De Lorenzi, A., Delogu, R., De Muri, M., Denizeau, S., Fadone, M., Fellin, F., Ferro, A., Gaio, E., Gasparini, F., Gasparrini, C., Gnesotto, F., Jain, P., Krastev, P., Lopez-Bruna, D., Lorenzini, R., Maistrello, A., Manduchi, G., Manfrin, S., Marconato, N., Martines, E., Martini, G., Martini, S., Milazzo, R., Patton, T., Pavei, M., Peruzzo, S., Pilan, N., Pimazzoni, A., Poggi, C., Pomaro, N., Pouradier-Duteil, B., Recchia, M., Rigoni-Garola, A., Rizzolo, A., Sartori, E., Shepherd, A., Siragusa, M., Sonato, P., Sottocornola, A., Spada, E., Spagnolo, S., Spolaore, M., Taliercio, C., Terranova, D., Tinti, P., Tomsič, P., Trevisan, L., Ugoletti, M., Valente, M., Vignando, M., Zagorski, R., Zamengo, A., Zaniol, B., Zaupa, M., Zuin, M., Cavenago, M., Boilson, D., Rotti, C., Veltri, P., Decamps, H., Dremel, M., Graceffa, J., Geli, F., Urbani, M., Zacks, J., Bonicelli, T., Paolucci, F., Garbuglia, A., Agarici, G., Gomez, G., Gutierrez, D., Kouzmenko, G., Labate, C., Masiello, A., Mico, G., Moreno, J-F, Pilard, V., Rousseau, A., Simon, M., Kashiwagi, M., Tobari, H., Watanabe, K., Maejima, T., Kojima, A., Oshita, E., Yamashita, Y., Konno, S., Singh, M., Chakraborty, A., Patel, H., Singh, N.P., Fantz, U., Bonomo, F., Cristofaro, S., Heinemann, B., Kraus, W., Wimmer, C., Wünderlich, D., Fubiani, G., Tsumori, K., Croci, G., Gorini, G., McCormack, O., Muraro, A., Rebai, M., Tardocchi, M., Giacomelli, L., Rigamonti, D., Taccogna, F., Bruno, D., Rutigliano, M., D'Arienzo, M., Tonti, A., and Panin, F.

Published
2021
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7. Design and Development of a Diagnostic System for a Non-Intercepting Direct Measure of the SPIDER Ion Source Beamlet Current

Author

Tommaso Patton, Alastair Shepherd, Basile Pouradier Duteil, Andrea Rigoni Garola, Matteo Brombin, Valeria Candeloro, Gabriele Manduchi, Mauro Pavei, Roberto Pasqualotto, Antonio Pimazzoni, Marco Siragusa, Gianluigi Serianni, Emanuele Sartori, Cesare Taliercio, Paolo Barbato, Vannino Cervaro, Raffaele Ghiraldelli, Bruno Laterza, and Federico Rossetto

Subjects
neutral beam injector, negative ions accelerator, beam fluctuations, SPIDER, ITER, Chemical technology, TP1-1185
Abstract

Stable and uniform beams with low divergence are required in particle accelerators; therefore, beyond the accelerated current, measuring the beam current spatial uniformity and stability over time is necessary to assess the beam performance, since these parameters affect the perveance and thus the beam optics. For high-power beams operating with long pulses, it is convenient to directly measure these current parameters with a non-intercepting system due to the heat management requirement. Such a system needs to be capable of operating in a vacuum in the presence of strong electromagnetic fields and overvoltages, due to electrical breakdowns in the accelerator. Finally, the measure of the beam current needs to be efficiently integrated into a pulse file with the other relevant plant parameters to allow the data analyses required for beam optimization. This paper describes the development, design and commissioning of such a non-intercepting system, the so-called beamlet current monitor (BCM), aimed to directly measure the electric current of a particle beam. In particular, the layout of the system was adapted to the SPIDER experiment, the ion source (IS) prototype of the heating neutral beam injectors (HNB) for the ITER fusion reactor. The diagnostic is suitable to provide the electric current of five beamlets from DC up to 10 MHz.

Published
2023
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8. Optimizing the ITER NBI ion source by dedicated RF driver test stand

Author

Mario, I., primary, Pimazzoni, A., additional, Sartori, E., additional, Pouradier-Duteil, B., additional, Sheperd, A., additional, Denizeau, S., additional, Casagrande, R., additional, Agnello, R., additional, Agostini, M., additional, Aprile, D., additional, Barbato, P., additional, Baseggio, L., additional, Battistella, M., additional, Berton, G., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Brombin, M., additional, Candeloro, V., additional, Carraro, M., additional, Cinetto, P., additional, Dal Bello, S., additional, Delogu, R., additional, Fadone, M., additional, Fellin, F., additional, Fincato, M., additional, Franchin, L., additional, Friso, D., additional, Grando, L., additional, La Rosa, A., additional, Laterza, B., additional, López-Bruna, D., additional, Magagna, M., additional, Maniero, M., additional, Marconato, N., additional, Pasqualotto, R., additional, Passalacqua, G., additional, Pavei, M., additional, Poggi, C., additional, Ravarotto, D., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Romanato, L., additional, Rossetto, F., additional, Segalini, B., additional, Sonato, P., additional, Taliercio, C., additional, Toigo, V., additional, Tollin, M., additional, Ugoletti, M., additional, Vignando, M., additional, Zagórski, R., additional, Zaniol, B., additional, Zaupa, M., additional, Zella, D., additional, Zerbetto, E., additional, Zucchetti, S., additional, Zuin, E., additional, and Serianni, G., additional

Published
2024
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9. SPIDER, the Negative Ion Source Prototype for ITER: Overview of Operations and Cesium Injection

Author

G. Serianni, E. Sartori, R. Agnello, M. Agostini, M. Barbisan, M. Bigi, M. Boldrin, M. Brombin, V. Candeloro, R. Casagrande, S. Dal Bello, M. Dan, B. P. Duteil, M. Fadone, L. Grando, P. Jain, A. Maistrello, I. Mario, R. Pasqualotto, M. Pavei, A. Pimazzoni, C. Poggi, A. Rizzolo, A. Shepherd, M. Ugoletti, P. Veltri, B. Zaniol, P. Agostinetti, D. Aprile, G. Berton, C. Cavallini, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavenago, G. Chitarin, S. Cristofaro, G. Croci, N. Cruz, M. Dalla Palma, R. Delogu, M. De Muri, M. De Nardi, S. Denizeau, F. Fellin, A. Ferro, E. Gaio, C. Gasparrini, A. Luchetta, F. Lunardon, G. Manduchi, N. Marconato, D. Marcuzzi, O. McCormack, R. Milazzo, A. Muraro, T. Patton, N. Pilan, M. Recchia, A. Rigoni-Garola, F. Santoro, B. Segalini, M. Siragusa, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, P. Zaccaria, R. Zagorski, L. Zanotto, M. Zaupa, M. Zuin, V. Toigo, Serianni, G, Sartori, E, Agnello, R, Agostini, M, Barbisan, M, Bigi, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Casagrande, R, Bello, S, Dan, M, Duteil, B, Fadone, M, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Mario, I, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Rizzolo, A, Shepherd, A, Ugoletti, M, Veltri, P, Zaniol, B, Agostinetti, P, Aprile, D, Berton, G, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cavenago, M, Chitarin, G, Cristofaro, S, Croci, G, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Delogu, R, Muri, M, Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Luchetta, A, Lunardon, F, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Marcuzzi, D, Mccormack, O, Milazzo, R, Muraro, A, Patton, T, Pilan, N, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Santoro, F, Segalini, B, Siragusa, M, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, and Toigo, V

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, negative ion generation, RF plasma, Particle beam injection, Beam acceleration, Plasmas, Radio frequency, Cesium, Prototypes, Condensed Matter Physics, Electrodes, Particle beams
Abstract

An overview of the recent operations and the main results of cesium injection in the Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) negative ion source are described in this contribution. In experiments without cesium injection, all SPIDER plants were tested to verify the basic expectations on the operational parameters (e.g., electron cooling effectiveness of magnetic filter field) and to determine its operational region. For beam properties, it was shown that the current density varies across the beam in the vertical direction. In preliminary cesium experiments, the expected increase of negative ion current and simultaneous decrease of co-extracted electrons were found, along with the influence of the control parameters (polarization of the plasma electrodes, magnetic filter field) on the SPIDER beam uniformity in the horizontal and vertical directions. It was shown that non-Gaussian tails can be identified in the angular distribution on the plane perpendicular to the beam propagation direction. Stray particles, nonhomogeneous beam and large divergence might result in unexpected heat and particle loads over ITER neutral beam injector (NBI) accelerator grids; it is the goal of SPIDER to assess and possibly to identify suitable methods for controlling these beam features. A major shutdown, planned for late 2021, to solve the issues identified during the operation and to carry out scheduled modifications, is outlined. Such improvements are expected to allow SPIDER to pursue the ITER requirements in terms of negative ion current, electron-to-ion ratio, and beam duration.

Published
2023
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10. Highlights of recent SPIDER results and improvements

Author

Sartori, E, Agnello, R, Agostini, M, Barbisan, M, Bigi, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Casagrande, R, Dal Bello, S, Dan, M, Pouradier Duteil, B, Fadone, M, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Mario, I, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Rizzolo, A, Shepherd, A, Ugoletti, M, Veltri, P, Zaniol, B, Agostinetti, P, Aprile, D, Berton, G, Cavallini, C, Cavenago, M, Chitarin, G, Croci, G, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Luchetta, A, Lunardon, F, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Marcuzzi, D, Mccormack, O, Milazzo, R, Muraro, A, Patton, T, Pilan, N, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Santoro, F, Segalini, B, Siragusa, M, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Toigo, V, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Serianni, G, Sartori E., Agnello R., Agostini M., Barbisan M., Bigi M., Boldrin M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Casagrande R., Dal Bello S., Dan M., Pouradier Duteil B., Fadone M., Grando L., Jain P., Maistrello A., Mario I., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Rizzolo A., Shepherd A., Ugoletti M., Veltri P., Zaniol B., Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Cavallini C., Cavenago M., Chitarin G., Croci G., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Luchetta A., Lunardon F., Manduchi G., Marconato N., Marcuzzi D., McCormack O., Milazzo R., Muraro A., Patton T., Pilan N., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Santoro F., Segalini B., Siragusa M., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Toigo V., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zanotto L., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Serianni G., Sartori, E, Agnello, R, Agostini, M, Barbisan, M, Bigi, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Casagrande, R, Dal Bello, S, Dan, M, Pouradier Duteil, B, Fadone, M, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Mario, I, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Rizzolo, A, Shepherd, A, Ugoletti, M, Veltri, P, Zaniol, B, Agostinetti, P, Aprile, D, Berton, G, Cavallini, C, Cavenago, M, Chitarin, G, Croci, G, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Luchetta, A, Lunardon, F, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Marcuzzi, D, Mccormack, O, Milazzo, R, Muraro, A, Patton, T, Pilan, N, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Santoro, F, Segalini, B, Siragusa, M, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Toigo, V, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Serianni, G, Sartori E., Agnello R., Agostini M., Barbisan M., Bigi M., Boldrin M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Casagrande R., Dal Bello S., Dan M., Pouradier Duteil B., Fadone M., Grando L., Jain P., Maistrello A., Mario I., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Rizzolo A., Shepherd A., Ugoletti M., Veltri P., Zaniol B., Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Cavallini C., Cavenago M., Chitarin G., Croci G., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Luchetta A., Lunardon F., Manduchi G., Marconato N., Marcuzzi D., McCormack O., Milazzo R., Muraro A., Patton T., Pilan N., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Santoro F., Segalini B., Siragusa M., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Toigo V., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zanotto L., Zaupa M., Zuin M., and Serianni G.

Abstract

Three years of experiments on SPIDER allowed characterization of the main features of the source plasma and of the negative ion beam, in the original design configuration. For the large dimensions of the source chamber, and of the extraction area, the investigation of the single-beamlet currents and of the source plasma uniformity had to be carried out to extend the knowledge gained in smaller prototype sources. The configuration of the multiple RF drivers and filter field topologies were found to cause a peculiar behavior in the plasma confinement in the drivers, creating left-right asymmetries which were also visible in the extracted negative ion currents, even after the early implementation of a new scheme of plasma-grid current send and return busbars that greatly improved performance at high filter fields. The plasma properties in the driver and expansion region as well as the positive ion energy at the extraction region were studied in different experimental conditions, and interpreted also with the support of numerical models, suggesting that an improved plasma confinement could contribute to the increase of the plasma density, and to a certain extent to a lowering of the plasma potential profile; both effects shall contribute to increase the presence of cold negative ions for the formation of low-divergence beamlets. Early results related to unwanted RF discharges on the back of the plasma source and the gas conductance of the beam source suggested the reduction of the vessel pressure as mitigation, leading to the definition of a new pumping system. The difficulties related to the simultaneous operation, stable control and high-power operation of multiple RF self-oscillating vacuum tube based RF generators were an unambiguous obstruction to the experimentation, calling for the implementation of RF solid-state amplifiers. The initial tests related to caesium management, the non-uniform plasma properties at different locations across the plasma grid, and the c

Published
2023

11. SPIDER, the Negative Ion Source Prototype for ITER: Overview of Operations and Cesium Injection

Author

Serianni, G, Sartori, E, Agnello, R, Agostini, M, Barbisan, M, Bigi, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Casagrande, R, Bello, S, Dan, M, Duteil, B, Fadone, M, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Mario, I, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Rizzolo, A, Shepherd, A, Ugoletti, M, Veltri, P, Zaniol, B, Agostinetti, P, Aprile, D, Berton, G, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cavenago, M, Chitarin, G, Cristofaro, S, Croci, G, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Delogu, R, Muri, M, Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Luchetta, A, Lunardon, F, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Marcuzzi, D, Mccormack, O, Milazzo, R, Muraro, A, Patton, T, Pilan, N, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Santoro, F, Segalini, B, Siragusa, M, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Toigo, V, Serianni G., Sartori E., Agnello R., Agostini M., Barbisan M., Bigi M., Boldrin M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Casagrande R., Bello S. D., Dan M., Duteil B. P., Fadone M., Grando L., Jain P., Maistrello A., Mario I., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Rizzolo A., Shepherd A., Ugoletti M., Veltri P., Zaniol B., Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cavenago M., Chitarin G., Cristofaro S., Croci G., Cruz N., Palma M. D., Delogu R., Muri M. D., Nardi M. D., Denizeau S., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Luchetta A., Lunardon F., Manduchi G., Marconato N., Marcuzzi D., McCormack O., Milazzo R., Muraro A., Patton T., Pilan N., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Santoro F., Segalini B., Siragusa M., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zanotto L., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Toigo V., Serianni, G, Sartori, E, Agnello, R, Agostini, M, Barbisan, M, Bigi, M, Boldrin, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Casagrande, R, Bello, S, Dan, M, Duteil, B, Fadone, M, Grando, L, Jain, P, Maistrello, A, Mario, I, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Rizzolo, A, Shepherd, A, Ugoletti, M, Veltri, P, Zaniol, B, Agostinetti, P, Aprile, D, Berton, G, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cavenago, M, Chitarin, G, Cristofaro, S, Croci, G, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Delogu, R, Muri, M, Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Luchetta, A, Lunardon, F, Manduchi, G, Marconato, N, Marcuzzi, D, Mccormack, O, Milazzo, R, Muraro, A, Patton, T, Pilan, N, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Santoro, F, Segalini, B, Siragusa, M, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zanotto, L, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Toigo, V, Serianni G., Sartori E., Agnello R., Agostini M., Barbisan M., Bigi M., Boldrin M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Casagrande R., Bello S. D., Dan M., Duteil B. P., Fadone M., Grando L., Jain P., Maistrello A., Mario I., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Rizzolo A., Shepherd A., Ugoletti M., Veltri P., Zaniol B., Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cavenago M., Chitarin G., Cristofaro S., Croci G., Cruz N., Palma M. D., Delogu R., Muri M. D., Nardi M. D., Denizeau S., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Luchetta A., Lunardon F., Manduchi G., Marconato N., Marcuzzi D., McCormack O., Milazzo R., Muraro A., Patton T., Pilan N., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Santoro F., Segalini B., Siragusa M., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zanotto L., Zaupa M., Zuin M., and Toigo V.

Abstract

An overview of the recent operations and the main results of cesium injection in the Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) negative ion source are described in this contribution. In experiments without cesium injection, all SPIDER plants were tested to verify the basic expectations on the operational parameters (e.g., electron cooling effectiveness of magnetic filter field) and to determine its operational region. For beam properties, it was shown that the current density varies across the beam in the vertical direction. In preliminary cesium experiments, the expected increase of negative ion current and simultaneous decrease of co-extracted electrons were found, along with the influence of the control parameters (polarization of the plasma electrodes, magnetic filter field) on the SPIDER beam uniformity in the horizontal and vertical directions. It was shown that non-Gaussian tails can be identified in the angular distribution on the plane perpendicular to the beam propagation direction. Stray particles, nonhomogeneous beam and large divergence might result in unexpected heat and particle loads over ITER neutral beam injector (NBI) accelerator grids; it is the goal of SPIDER to assess and possibly to identify suitable methods for controlling these beam features. A major shutdown, planned for late 2021, to solve the issues identified during the operation and to carry out scheduled modifications, is outlined. Such improvements are expected to allow SPIDER to pursue the ITER requirements in terms of negative ion current, electron-to-ion ratio, and beam duration.

Published
2023

12. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author

Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Marcuzzi D., Toigo V., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Dal Bello S., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Serianni G., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candela V., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., La Rosa A., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Mario I., Martini G., Milazzo R., Patton T., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzetto D., Rizzolo A., Santoro F., Sartori E., Segalini B., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Valisa M., Veronese F., Vignando M., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Decamps H., Geli F., Sharma A., Veltri P., Zacks J., Simon M., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Gutierrez D., Masiello A., Mico G., Labate C., Readman P., Bragulat E., Bailly-Maitre L., Gomez G., Kouzmenko G., Albajar F., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Kojima A., Murayama M., Hatakeyama S., Oshita E., Maejima T., Shibata N., Yamashita Y., Watanabe K., Singh N. P., Singh M. J., Dhola H., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., Longo S., Deambrosis S., Miorin E., Montagner F., Tonti A., Panin F., Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Marcuzzi D., Toigo V., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Dal Bello S., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Serianni G., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candela V., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., La Rosa A., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Mario I., Martini G., Milazzo R., Patton T., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzetto D., Rizzolo A., Santoro F., Sartori E., Segalini B., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Valisa M., Veronese F., Vignando M., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Decamps H., Geli F., Sharma A., Veltri P., Zacks J., Simon M., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Gutierrez D., Masiello A., Mico G., Labate C., Readman P., Bragulat E., Bailly-Maitre L., Gomez G., Kouzmenko G., Albajar F., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Kojima A., Murayama M., Hatakeyama S., Oshita E., Maejima T., Shibata N., Yamashita Y., Watanabe K., Singh N. P., Singh M. J., Dhola H., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., Longo S., Deambrosis S., Miorin E., Montagner F., Tonti A., and Panin F.

Abstract

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities. In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and characterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accelerator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full performances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters). Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accelerator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning. Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confir

Published
2023

13. Highlights of recent SPIDER results and improvements

Author

Sartori, E., primary, Agnello, R., additional, Agostini, M., additional, Barbisan, M., additional, Bigi, M., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Brombin, M., additional, Candeloro, V., additional, Casagrande, R., additional, Dal Bello, S., additional, Dan, M., additional, Pouradier Duteil, B., additional, Fadone, M., additional, Grando, L., additional, Jain, P., additional, Maistrello, A., additional, Mario, I., additional, Pasqualotto, R., additional, Pavei, M., additional, Pimazzoni, A., additional, Poggi, C., additional, Rizzolo, A., additional, Shepherd, A., additional, Ugoletti, M., additional, Veltri, P., additional, Zaniol, B., additional, Agostinetti, P., additional, Aprile, D., additional, Berton, G., additional, Cavallini, C., additional, Cavenago, M., additional, Chitarin, G., additional, Croci, G., additional, Delogu, R., additional, De Muri, M., additional, De Nardi, M., additional, Denizeau, S., additional, Fellin, F., additional, Ferro, A., additional, Gaio, E., additional, Gasparrini, C., additional, Luchetta, A., additional, Lunardon, F., additional, Manduchi, G., additional, Marconato, N., additional, Marcuzzi, D., additional, McCormack, O., additional, Milazzo, R., additional, Muraro, A., additional, Patton, T., additional, Pilan, N., additional, Recchia, M., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Santoro, F., additional, Segalini, B., additional, Siragusa, M., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Taliercio, C., additional, Toigo, V., additional, Zaccaria, P., additional, Zagorski, R., additional, Zanotto, L., additional, Zaupa, M., additional, Zuin, M., additional, and Serianni, G., additional

Published
2023
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15. Initial Results From the SPIDER Beamlet Current Diagnostic

Author

A. Shepherd, B. Pouradier-Duteil, T. Patton, A. Pimazzoni, A. Rigoni Garola, E. Sartori, and G. Serianni

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, inhomogeneity, Beam current, heating neutral beam (HNB), source for the production of ions of deuterium extracted from a radio frequency plasma (SPIDER), beam current, Condensed Matter Physics, SPIDER, heating neutral beam (hnb), beamlet current diagnostic, source for the production of ions of deuterium extracted from a radio frequency plasma (spider)
Abstract

SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from a Radio frequency plasma) is the full-scale prototype for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam (HNB) source. Driven by four driver coil pairs powered by oscillators the SPIDER source plasma exhibits fluctuations in a range of frequencies that have been observed by Langmuir probes and Source Emission Spectroscopy. These fluctuations are believed to influence the extracted beam current, meniscus shape and beam features. Beam operation in SPIDER, with the eventual aim of achieving 100 keV, 46 A hydrogen negative ion beam for one hour, has mainly been performed in volume operation. Recently, with the introduction of caesium, SPIDER has moved to the surface operation, with a noted increase in beam current. Electrical and calorimetric measurements of the beam current have shown discrepancies between the two, possibly due to background gas interactions. Taking advantage of the reduced number of beamlets due to the Plasma Grid mask a series of Hall effect current transducers and AC current transformers have been installed in SPIDER. These Beamlet Current Monitors (BCMs), positioned downstream of the Grounded Grid, provide a direct measurement of the current of up to five individual beamlets, from DC up to 5MHz frequencies. This contribution describes the initial results from the BCM with and without caesium, focussing on the characterisation of the beamlet direct current component.

Published
2022
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16. Design and Development of a Diagnostic System for a Non-Intercepting Direct Measure of the SPIDER Ion Source Beamlet Current

Author

Patton, Tommaso, primary, Shepherd, Alastair, additional, Pouradier Duteil, Basile, additional, Rigoni Garola, Andrea, additional, Brombin, Matteo, additional, Candeloro, Valeria, additional, Manduchi, Gabriele, additional, Pavei, Mauro, additional, Pasqualotto, Roberto, additional, Pimazzoni, Antonio, additional, Siragusa, Marco, additional, Serianni, Gianluigi, additional, Sartori, Emanuele, additional, Taliercio, Cesare, additional, Barbato, Paolo, additional, Cervaro, Vannino, additional, Ghiraldelli, Raffaele, additional, Laterza, Bruno, additional, and Rossetto, Federico, additional

Published
2023
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18. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author

Marcuzzi, D., primary, Toigo, V., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Chitarin, G., additional, Dal Bello, S., additional, Grando, L., additional, Luchetta, A., additional, Pasqualotto, R., additional, Pavei, M., additional, Serianni, G., additional, Zanotto, L., additional, Agnello, R., additional, Agostinetti, P., additional, Agostini, M., additional, Aprile, D., additional, Barbisan, M., additional, Battistella, M., additional, Berton, G., additional, Bigi, M., additional, Brombin, M., additional, Candela, V., additional, Candeloro, V., additional, Canton, A., additional, Casagrande, R., additional, Cavallini, C., additional, Cavazzana, R., additional, Cordaro, L., additional, Cruz, N., additional, Dalla Palma, M., additional, Dan, M., additional, De Lorenzi, A., additional, Delogu, R., additional, De Muri, M., additional, De Nardi, M., additional, Denizeau, S., additional, Fadone, M., additional, Fellin, F., additional, Ferro, A., additional, Gaio, E., additional, Gasparrini, C., additional, Gnesotto, F., additional, Jain, P., additional, La Rosa, A., additional, Lopez-Bruna, D., additional, Lorenzini, R., additional, Maistrello, A., additional, Manduchi, G., additional, Manfrin, S., additional, Marconato, N., additional, Mario, I., additional, Martini, G., additional, Milazzo, R., additional, Patton, T., additional, Peruzzo, S., additional, Pilan, N., additional, Pimazzoni, A., additional, Poggi, C., additional, Pomaro, N., additional, Pouradier-Duteil, B., additional, Recchia, M., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Rizzetto, D., additional, Rizzolo, A., additional, Santoro, F., additional, Sartori, E., additional, Segalini, B., additional, Shepherd, A., additional, Siragusa, M., additional, Sonato, P., additional, Sottocornola, A., additional, Spada, E., additional, Spagnolo, S., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Taliercio, C., additional, Tinti, P., additional, Tomsič, P., additional, Trevisan, L., additional, Ugoletti, M., additional, Valente, M., additional, Valisa, M., additional, Veronese, F., additional, Vignando, M., additional, Zaccaria, P., additional, Zagorski, R., additional, Zaniol, B., additional, Zaupa, M., additional, Zuin, M., additional, Cavenago, M., additional, Boilson, D., additional, Rotti, C., additional, Decamps, H., additional, Geli, F., additional, Sharma, A., additional, Veltri, P., additional, Zacks, J., additional, Simon, M., additional, Paolucci, F., additional, Garbuglia, A., additional, Gutierrez, D., additional, Masiello, A., additional, Mico, G., additional, Labate, C., additional, Readman, P., additional, Bragulat, E., additional, Bailly-Maitre, L., additional, Gomez, G., additional, Kouzmenko, G., additional, Albajar, F., additional, Kashiwagi, M., additional, Tobari, H., additional, Kojima, A., additional, Murayama, M., additional, Hatakeyama, S., additional, Oshita, E., additional, Maejima, T., additional, Shibata, N., additional, Yamashita, Y., additional, Watanabe, K., additional, Singh, N.P., additional, Singh, M.J., additional, Dhola, H., additional, Fantz, U., additional, Heinemann, B., additional, Wimmer, C., additional, Wünderlich, D., additional, Tsumori, K., additional, Croci, G., additional, Gorini, G., additional, Muraro, A., additional, Rebai, M., additional, Tardocchi, M., additional, Giacomelli, L., additional, Rigamonti, D., additional, Taccogna, F., additional, Bruno, D., additional, Rutigliano, M., additional, Longo, S., additional, Deambrosis, S., additional, Miorin, E., additional, Montagner, F., additional, Tonti, A., additional, and Panin, F., additional

Published
2023
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19. SPIDER, the Negative Ion Source Prototype for ITER: Overview of Operations and Cesium Injection

Author

Serianni, G., primary, Sartori, E., additional, Agnello, R., additional, Agostini, M., additional, Barbisan, M., additional, Bigi, M., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Brombin, M., additional, Candeloro, V., additional, Casagrande, R., additional, Bello, S. Dal, additional, Dan, M., additional, Duteil, B. P., additional, Fadone, M., additional, Grando, L., additional, Jain, P., additional, Maistrello, A., additional, Mario, I., additional, Pasqualotto, R., additional, Pavei, M., additional, Pimazzoni, A., additional, Poggi, C., additional, Rizzolo, A., additional, Shepherd, A., additional, Ugoletti, M., additional, Veltri, P., additional, Zaniol, B., additional, Agostinetti, P., additional, Aprile, D., additional, Berton, G., additional, Cavallini, C., additional, Cavazzana, R., additional, Cavenago, M., additional, Chitarin, G., additional, Cristofaro, S., additional, Croci, G., additional, Cruz, N., additional, Palma, M. Dalla, additional, Delogu, R., additional, Muri, M. De, additional, Nardi, M. De, additional, Denizeau, S., additional, Fellin, F., additional, Ferro, A., additional, Gaio, E., additional, Gasparrini, C., additional, Luchetta, A., additional, Lunardon, F., additional, Manduchi, G., additional, Marconato, N., additional, Marcuzzi, D., additional, McCormack, O., additional, Milazzo, R., additional, Muraro, A., additional, Patton, T., additional, Pilan, N., additional, Recchia, M., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Santoro, F., additional, Segalini, B., additional, Siragusa, M., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Taliercio, C., additional, Zaccaria, P., additional, Zagorski, R., additional, Zanotto, L., additional, Zaupa, M., additional, Zuin, M., additional, and Toigo, V., additional

Published
2023
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20. On the road to ITER NBIs: SPIDER improvement after first operation and MITICA construction progress

Author

Toigo, V, Marcuzzi, D, Serianni, G, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparini, F, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, Krastev, P, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Martines, E, Martini, G, Martini, S, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Sartori, E, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Terranova, D, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Vignando, M, Zagorski, R, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Veltri, P, Decamps, H, Dremel, M, Graceffa, J, Geli, F, Urbani, M, Zacks, J, Bonicelli, T, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Agarici, G, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Kouzmenko, G, Labate, C, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Rousseau, A, Simon, M, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maejima, T, Kojima, A, Oshita, E, Yamashita, Y, Konno, S, Singh, M, Chakraborty, A, Patel, H, Singh, N, Fantz, U, Bonomo, F, Cristofaro, S, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Fubiani, G, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Mccormack, O, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, D'Arienzo, M, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Toigo V., Marcuzzi D., Serianni G., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Bello S. D., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Zaccaria P., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Antoni V., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Palma M. D., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparini F., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., Krastev P., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Martines E., Martini G., Martini S., Milazzo R., Patton T., Pavei M., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzolo A., Sartori E., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Terranova D., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Vignando M., Zagorski R., Zamengo A., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Veltri P., Decamps H., Dremel M., Graceffa J., Geli F., Urbani M., Zacks J., Bonicelli T., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Agarici G., Gomez G., Gutierrez D., Kouzmenko G., Labate C., Masiello A., Mico G., Moreno J. -F., Pilard V., Rousseau A., Simon M., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Watanabe K., Maejima T., Kojima A., Oshita E., Yamashita Y., Konno S., Singh M., Chakraborty A., Patel H., Singh N. P., Fantz U., Bonomo F., Cristofaro S., Heinemann B., Kraus W., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Fubiani G., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., McCormack O., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., D'Arienzo M., Tonti A., Panin F., Toigo, V, Marcuzzi, D, Serianni, G, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparini, F, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, Krastev, P, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Martines, E, Martini, G, Martini, S, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Sartori, E, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Terranova, D, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Vignando, M, Zagorski, R, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Veltri, P, Decamps, H, Dremel, M, Graceffa, J, Geli, F, Urbani, M, Zacks, J, Bonicelli, T, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Agarici, G, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Kouzmenko, G, Labate, C, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Rousseau, A, Simon, M, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maejima, T, Kojima, A, Oshita, E, Yamashita, Y, Konno, S, Singh, M, Chakraborty, A, Patel, H, Singh, N, Fantz, U, Bonomo, F, Cristofaro, S, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Fubiani, G, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Mccormack, O, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, D'Arienzo, M, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Toigo V., Marcuzzi D., Serianni G., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Bello S. D., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Zaccaria P., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Antoni V., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Palma M. D., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparini F., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., Krastev P., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Martines E., Martini G., Martini S., Milazzo R., Patton T., Pavei M., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzolo A., Sartori E., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Terranova D., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Vignando M., Zagorski R., Zamengo A., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Veltri P., Decamps H., Dremel M., Graceffa J., Geli F., Urbani M., Zacks J., Bonicelli T., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Agarici G., Gomez G., Gutierrez D., Kouzmenko G., Labate C., Masiello A., Mico G., Moreno J. -F., Pilard V., Rousseau A., Simon M., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Watanabe K., Maejima T., Kojima A., Oshita E., Yamashita Y., Konno S., Singh M., Chakraborty A., Patel H., Singh N. P., Fantz U., Bonomo F., Cristofaro S., Heinemann B., Kraus W., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Fubiani G., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., McCormack O., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., D'Arienzo M., Tonti A., and Panin F.

Abstract

To reach fusion conditions and control the plasma configuration in ITER, the next step in tokamak fusion research, two neutral beam injectors (NBIs) will supply 16.5 MW each, by neutralizing accelerated negative hydrogen or deuterium ions. The requirements of ITER NBIs (40A/1 MeV D- ions for ≤1 h, 46A/870 keV H- ions for ≤1000 s) have never been simultaneously attained. So in the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF, Consorzio RFX, Italy) the operation of the full-scale ITER NBI prototype (MITICA) will be tested and optimised up to full performances, focussing on accelerator (including voltage holding), beam optics, neutralisation, residual ion removal. The NBTF includes also the full-scale prototype of the ITER NBI source with 100 keV particle energy (SPIDER), for early investigation of: negative ion production and extraction, source uniformity, negative ion current density and beam optics. This paper will describe the main results of the first two years of SPIDER operation, devoted to characterizing plasma and beam parameters, including investigation of RF-plasma coupling efficiency and magnetic filter field effectiveness in reducing co-extracted electrons. SPIDER is progressing towards the first caesium injection, which aims at increasing the negative ion density. A major shutdown, planned for 2021, to solve the issues identified during the operation and to carry out programmed modifications, will be outlined. The installation of each MITICA power supply and auxiliary system is completed; in-vessel mechanical components are under procurement by Fusion for Energy (F4E). Integration, commissioning and test of the power supplies, procured by F4E and QST, as the Japanese Domestic Agency (JADA), will be presented. In particular, 1.0MV insulating tests were carried out step-by-step and successfully completed. In 2020 integrated tests of the power supplies on the accelerator dummy load started, including the assessment of their resilience to accelerator grid breakdowns usin

Published
2021

21. Strategy for Vacuum Insulation Tests of MITICA 1 MV Electrostatic Accelerator

Author

Chitarin, G., primary, Kojima, A., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Luchetta, A., additional, Marcuzzi, D., additional, Zaccaria, P., additional, Zanotto, L., additional, Toigo, V., additional, Aprile, D., additional, Marconato, N., additional, Patton, T., additional, Pilan, N., additional, Barbato, P., additional, Berton, G., additional, Breda, M., additional, Dan, M., additional, Fincato, M., additional, Lotto, L., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Sartori, E., additional, Tollin, M., additional, Valente, M., additional, Grando, L., additional, Pomaro, N., additional, De Lorenzi, A., additional, Hiratsuka, J., additional, Ichikawa, M., additional, Kisaki, M., additional, Murayama, M., additional, Saquilayan, G. M., additional, Tobari, H., additional, Umeda, N., additional, Watanabe, K., additional, and Kashiwagi, M., additional

Published
2022
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22. First operations with caesium of the negative ion source SPIDER

Author

Sartori, E., primary, Agostini, M., additional, Barbisan, M., additional, Bigi, M., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Brombin, M., additional, Casagrande, R., additional, Dal Bello, S., additional, Dan, M., additional, Duteil, B.P., additional, Fadone, M., additional, Grando, L., additional, Maistrello, A., additional, Pavei, M., additional, Pimazzoni, A., additional, Poggi, C., additional, Rizzolo, A., additional, Shepherd, A., additional, Ugoletti, M., additional, Veltri, P., additional, Zaniol, B., additional, Agnello, R., additional, Agostinetti, P., additional, Antoni, V., additional, Aprile, D., additional, Candeloro, V., additional, Cavallini, C., additional, Cavazzana, R., additional, Cavenago, M., additional, Chitarin, G., additional, Cristofaro, S., additional, Dalla Palma, M., additional, Delogu, R., additional, De Muri, M., additional, Denizeau, S., additional, Fellin, F., additional, Ferro, A., additional, Gasparrini, C., additional, Jain, P., additional, Luchetta, A., additional, Manduchi, G., additional, Marconato, N., additional, Marcuzzi, D., additional, Mario, I., additional, Milazzo, R., additional, Pasqualotto, R., additional, Patton, T., additional, Pilan, N., additional, Recchia, M., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Segalini, B., additional, Siragusa, M., additional, Spolaore, M., additional, Taliercio, C., additional, Toigo, V., additional, Zagorski, R., additional, Zanotto, L., additional, Zaupa, M., additional, Zuin, M., additional, and Serianni, G., additional

Published
2022
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23. Strategy for Vacuum Insulation Tests of MITICA 1 MV Electrostatic Accelerator

Author

G. Chitarin, A. Kojima, M. Boldrin, A. Luchetta, D. Marcuzzi, P. Zaccaria, L. Zanotto, V. Toigo, D. Aprile, N. Marconato, T. Patton, N. Pilan, P. Barbato, G. Berton, M. Breda, M. Dan, M. Fincato, L. Lotto, A. Rigoni-Garola, E. Sartori, M. Tollin, M. Valente, L. Grando, N. Pomaro, A. De Lorenzi, J. Hiratsuka, M. Ichikawa, M. Kisaki, M. Murayama, G. M. Saquilayan, H. Tobari, N. Umeda, K. Watanabe, and M. Kashiwagi

Subjects
neutral beam injector (NBI), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, High-voltage holding, Condensed Matter Physics
Abstract

The electrical insulation of the Megavolt ITER Injector and Concept Advancement (MITICA) beam source (BS) at 1 MV in vacuum is a challenging issue, which could not be fully addressed so far on the basis of experimental results and of theoretical models available in literature. A specific high-voltage (HV) test campaign is being prepared to validate and optimize the voltage holding capability of the BS insulation under realistic conditions, using full-size mockup electrodes reproducing in detail the geometry of the BS and accelerator. The proposed test strategy will address both the single-gap and the multistage insulation, so as to obtain a verification of voltage holding at 1 MV before the installation of the real components. This approach is intended to reduce the risk related to the HV insulation at 1 MV and, if necessary, to allow the development of effective corrections. In this article, the test motivations and requirements are defined, and the electrode implementation and diagnostic setup are described. Finally, the test configurations and the experimental procedure are discussed.

Published
2022
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24. Preparation of the vacuum insulation tests on the MITICA 1 MV electrostatic Accelerator

Author

Chitarin, G., primary, Kojima, A., additional, Luchetta, A., additional, Marcuzzi, D., additional, Zaccaria, P., additional, Zanotto, L., additional, Toigo, V., additional, Aprile, D, additional, Marconato, N., additional, Patton, T., additional, Pilan, N., additional, Berton, G., additional, Breda, M., additional, Dan, M., additional, Fincato, M., additional, Rigoni-Garola, A., additional, Valente, M., additional, Battistella, M., additional, Boldrin, M., additional, Grando, L., additional, Pomaro, N., additional, De Lorenzi, A., additional, Tobari, H., additional, Umeda, N., additional, Watanabe, K., additional, and Kashiwagi, M., additional

Published
2021
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25. Preparation of the vacuum insulation tests on the MITICA 1 MV electrostatic Accelerator

Author

Mieko Kashiwagi, Diego Marcuzzi, Atsushi Kojima, Hiroyuki Tobari, M. Fincato, N. Pomaro, M. Breda, M. Valente, M. Battistella, Adriano Luchetta, Kazuhiro Watanabe, Nicola Pilan, D. Aprile, Nicolò Marconato, M. Dan, Vanni Toigo, P. Zaccaria, G. Berton, T. Patton, Naotaka Umeda, A. Rigoni-Garola, A. De Lorenzi, Luca Grando, L. Zanotto, Giuseppe Chitarin, and M. Boldrin

Subjects
Test strategy, Neutral Beam Injector, Vacuum insulated panel, Neutral beam injector, Computer science, Test equipment, Theoretical models, Mechanical engineering, Realization (systems), Beam source, High voltage holding, Voltage
Abstract

The voltage holding capability of the MITICA Beam Source at 1 MV is a very challenging issue, which could not be fully addressed so far on the basis of experimental results and of theoretical models available in literature. This paper describes a specific HV test campaign which is planned to be implemented in the MITICA Vacuum Vessel using mock-up electrodes reproducing in detail the geometry of the Beam Source and Accelerator. The test set-up will incorporate all essential features both of the single-gap and of the multi-stage insulation, so as to obtain reliable data on voltage holding at 1 MV before the installation of the real components. This approach is intended to reduce the risk related to the HV insulation at 1 MV and, if necessary, to allow to develop the most effective solutions. The tests will be performed in the MITICA Vessel (already available in the NBTF site) both in vacuum and in low-pressure gas. In the paper, the test strategy and requirements are first introduced. Then the sequence of test configurations is defined. Finally, some design solutions for the electrode realization are described and a preliminary plan together with a list of test equipment is given.

Published
2021

26. SPIDER, the negative ion source prototype for ITER: first operations with caesium

Author

Serianni G., Sartori E., Agnello R., Agostini M., Barbisan M., Bigi M., Boldrin M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Casagrande R., Dal Bello S., Dan M., Duteil B.P., Fadone M., Grando L., Jain P., Maistrello A., Mario I., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Rizzolo A., Shepherd A., Ugoletti M., Veltri P., Zaniol B., Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Berton G., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cavenago M., Chitarin G., Cristofaro S., Croci G., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Luchetta A., Lunardon F., Manduchi G., Marconato N., Marcuzzi D., McCormack O., Milazzo R., Muraro A., Patton T., Pilan N., Recchia M., Rigoni Garola A., Santoro F., Segalini B., Siragusa M., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zanotto L., Zaupa M., Zuin M., and Toigo V.

Subjects
ITER, negative ion source prototype, caesium, SPIDER
Abstract

To reach fusion conditions and control the plasma configuration in ITER, the next step in tokamak fusion research, two neutral beam injectors (NBIs) will supply 17MW each, by neutralizing accelerated negative hydrogen or deuterium ions. The requirements of ITER NBIs (40A/1MeV D- ions for

Published
2021

27. First Operations with Caesium of the Negative Ion Source SPIDER

Author

Sartori E., Agostini M., Barbisan M., Bigi M., Boldrin M., Brombin M., Casagrande R., Dal Bello S., Dan M., Duteil B.P., Fadone M., Grando L., Maistrello A., Pavei M., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Rizzolo A., Shepherd A., Ugoletti M., Veltri P., Zaniol B., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Aprile D., Candeloro V., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cavenago M., Chitarin G., Cristofaro S., Dalla Palma M., Delogu R., De Muri M., Denizeau S., Fellin F., Ferro C., Gasparrini C., Jain P., Luchetta A., Manduchi G., Marconato N., Marcuzzi D., Mario I., Milazzo R., Pasqualotto R., Patton T., Pilan N., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Siragusa M., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Toigo V., Zagorski R., Zanotto L., Zaupa M., Zuin M., and Serianni G.

Subjects
Caesium injection, Negative Ion Source, SPIDER
Abstract

The negative-ion beam source SPIDER, which is the full-scale prototype source for the ITER neutral beam injector, recently started the operation with caesium. This experimental phase follows three years of volume operation, devoted to the commissioning of the plants and to the integrated test of the ion source and accelerator. The ion source, composed of eight RF drivers connected to a large plasma chamber from which the negative ions are extracted, was operated up to a RF power of 400kW, and beam energy up to 50kV, and plasma discharges limited to less than one minute This contribution will describe the main results of the first campaign with caesium in SPIDER. The repetition of short plasma and beam extraction blips with different injection rates was applied, to study the effect on plasma and beam parameters. The caesiation procedure adopted in SPIDER will be described (caesium injection rate, duty cycle of plasma-on, RF power, source gas pressure) together with the effects of the source parameters on the extracted beam and its uniformity. Even though the use of a much reduced number of beamlets was a strong limitation in terms of total accelerated current (a mask at the plasma grid covered 1252 apertures over 1280 to limit the gas load to the vacuum pumps), it provided advantages in the study of the caesium effect on the beam, such as the introduction of dedicated diagnostics for the single beamlets, and the identification of the beamlet current and optics.

Published
2021

28. Diagnostic Data Integration Using Deep Neural Networks for Real-Time Plasma Analysis

Author

Gabriele Manduchi, Cesare Taliercio, A. Rigoni Garola, M. Gobbin, Roberto Cavazzana, Adriano Luchetta, and R. S. Delogu

Subjects
FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, variational autoencoders (VAEs), computer.software_genre, quantized networks, real-time plasma analysis, Machine Learning (cs.LG), Data modeling, missing data, Data imputation, Gate array, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), sparse regularization, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Field-programmable gate array, data integration, Signal processing, Firmware, plasma diagnostic, Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), neural networks, Nonlinear Sciences - Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems, I.2.1, Programmable logic device, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Computer engineering, 60G35, State (computer science), real-time control, Physics - Computational Physics, Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO), computer, Deep inference
Abstract

Recent advances in acquisition equipment is providing experiments with growing amounts of precise yet affordable sensors. At the same time an improved computational power, coming from new hardware resources (GPU, FPGA, ACAP), has been made available at relatively low costs. This led us to explore the possibility of completely renewing the chain of acquisition for a fusion experiment, where many high-rate sources of data, coming from different diagnostics, can be combined in a wide framework of algorithms. If on one hand adding new data sources with different diagnostics enriches our knowledge about physical aspects, on the other hand the dimensions of the overall model grow, making relations among variables more and more opaque. A new approach for the integration of such heterogeneous diagnostics, based on composition of deep variational autoencoders, could ease this problem, acting as a structural sparse regularizer. This has been applied to RFX-mod experiment data, integrating the soft X-ray linear images of plasma temperature with the magnetic state. However to ensure a real-time signal analysis, those algorithmic techniques must be adapted to run in well suited hardware. In particular it is shown that, attempting a quantization of neurons transfer functions, such models can be modified to create an embedded firmware. This firmware, approximating the deep inference model to a set of simple operations, fits well with the simple logic units that are largely abundant in FPGAs. This is the key factor that permits the use of affordable hardware with complex deep neural topology and operates them in real-time., Comment: Proceeding of the 22nd IEEE Real Time Conference

Published
2021
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30. Muography of different structures using muon scattering and absorption algorithms

Author

P. Calvini, J. A. Klinger, Germano Bonomi, Gianni Zumerle, Antonietta Donzella, Aldo Zenoni, S. Vanini, A. Rigoni Garola, and Paolo Checchia

Subjects
Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, General Mathematics, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Iterative reconstruction, muon tomography, 01 natural sciences, cosmic rays, maximum-likelihood expectation maximization, 0103 physical sciences, Muography, Physics::Chemical Physics, 010306 general physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Physics, Muon tomography, Muon, muon radiography, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, General Engineering, Articles, image reconstruction, absorption, Computational physics, Density distribution, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

In recent decades, muon imaging has found a plethora of applications in many fields. This technique succeeds to infer the density distribution of big inaccessible structures where conventional techniques cannot be used. The requirements of different applications demand specific implementations of image reconstruction algorithms for either multiple scattering or absorption–transmission data analysis, as well as noise-suppression filters and muon momentum estimators. This paper presents successful results of image reconstruction techniques applied to simulated data of some representative applications. In addition to well-known reconstruction methods, a novel approach, the so-called μCT, is proposed for the inspection of spent nuclear fuel canisters. Results obtained based on both μCT and the maximum-likelihood expectation maximization reconstruction algorithms are presented. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

Published
2018

31. A Zynq-based flexible ADC architecture combining real-time data streaming and transient recording

Author

C. Taliercio, Andrea Rigoni Garola, Roberto Cavazzana, Adriano Luchetta, Marco Gottardo, Gabriele Manduchi, and M. Recchia

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Transmission Control Protocol, Computer science, FOS: Physical sciences, Data buffer, Analog to Digital Converter, quantized networks, missing data, Data acquisition, Data imputation, Gate array, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), sparse regularization, Transient (computer programming), neural net-works, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Field-programmable gate array, data integration, Multi-core processor, business.industry, Reading (computer), plasma diagnostic, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), RFX-Mod2, variational autoencoders, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ADC, real-time control, business, Computer hardware
Abstract

The RFX-mod2 Nuclear Fusion experiment is an upgrade of RFX-mod. Among the other improvements in machine structure and diagnostics, a larger number of electromagnetic probes (EMs) is foreseen to provide more information about plasma instabilities and to allow an improved real-time plasma control. An Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) architecture able to provide both transient recording and real-time streaming is foreseen in RFX_mod2. Transient recording provides full speed data acquisition (up to 1 MSample/s) by recording data in local memory and reading memory content after the plasma discharge. Real-time streaming of subsampled data is required for active control. The chosen technology is based on the XILINX Zynq architecture that provides in the same chip a multicore ARM processor tightly couple to a FPGA. Time critical functions carried out by the FPGA in this context are: 1) The management of a circular data buffer and the DMA transfer in RAM of pre and post trigger samples after the trigger has been received; 2) Antialiasing filtering and subsampling of the samples to be streamed. The resulting samples are enqueued in a FIFO accessed by the processor. The functions carried out by the processor are: 1) The management of the configuration setting, received via TCP/IP or HTTP. The processor validates the configuration and write the appreciate registers in the FPGA; 2) Offline data readout of acquired samples in transient recording; 3) Network data streaming of subsampled data read from the FIFO and sent in UDP packets to the active plasma control system.

Published
2018
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32. INFN muon tomography demonstrator: past and recent results with an eye to near-future activities

Author

Checchia, P., primary, Benettoni, M., additional, Bettella, G., additional, Conti, E., additional, Cossutta, L., additional, Furlan, M., additional, Gonella, F., additional, Klinger, J., additional, Montecassiano, F., additional, Nebbia, G., additional, Pegoraro, M., additional, Pesente, S., additional, Rigoni Garola, A., additional, Urbani, M., additional, Viesti, G., additional, Vanini, S., additional, and Zumerle, G., additional

Published
2018
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34. High Voltage Test facility campaign report 2017

Author

Pilan N., Lotto L., De Lorenzi A., Spagnolo S., Fincato M., Rizzieri R., Cervaro V., Franchin L., Spada E., Rossetto F., Deambrosis S., Pesavento G., Gobbo R., Carretta L., Taliercio C., Rigoni Garola A., Martines E., Zuin M., Fontana C., Plinio F., Barbato P., Nobili P., Migliorato L., Carraro M., Polato S., Moretti M., and Friso D.

Subjects
neutral beam test facility project, NBTF
Abstract

This report describes the main activities carried out at the High Voltage Padova Test Facility HVPTF in 2017. According with the Work Program (WP) 2017, the activities were focused mainly in: - Studying of the X-ray spectra to investigate the nature of the physical phenomena which occurs during the high voltage conditioning - Implementing an effective automatic procedure to define a reproducible high voltage test Method - testing alternative conditioning techniques to treat the electrode surfaces before applying the DC high voltage in high vacuum - comparing of breakdown voltage statistics from QST labs and HVPTF - calibrating the Voltages measured by the high voltage power supplies - Extending the duration of the High Voltage tests - Concluding the HV tests of a post insulator prototype foreseen in WP2016 As usual, activities concerning ordinary maintenance on the vacuum plant and controlling system have been done during the year.

Published
2017

35. INFN muon tomography demonstrator: past and recent results with an eye to near-future activities

Author

M. Benettoni, F. Gonella, J. A. Klinger, Fabio Montecassiano, Gianni Zumerle, Paolo Checchia, Matteo Pegoraro, M. Urbani, E. Conti, S. Vanini, M. Furlan, L. Cossutta, G. Nebbia, G. Bettella, S. Pesente, A. Rigoni Garola, and Giuseppe Viesti

Subjects
Physics, Maximum likelihood expectation maximization, Muon tomography, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, General Mathematics, Muon radiography, General Engineering, General Physics and Astronomy, Cosmic ray, Articles, Iterative reconstruction, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)
Abstract

A short description of the muon tomography demonstrator at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro near Padua, Italy, is given and the principal achievements owing to the data collected at that experimental facility are presented. In particular, the feasibility studies for several applications based on the muon-tomographic technology, within national and European projects, are discussed. The experimental problems and the procedures used to improve the performance are underlined. In addition, new activities and the related detector optimization are illustrated. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Cosmic-ray muography’.

Published
2018
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37. Noise reduction in muon tomography for detecting high density objects

Author

A. Zenoni, M. Pegoraro, M. Benettoni, Giuseppe Viesti, P. Calvini, M. Subieta, S. Squarcia, Sara Vanini, Antonietta Donzella, A. Rigoni Garola, Germano Bonomi, Guido M. Cortelazzo, Gianni Zumerle, Pietro Zanuttigh, G. Bettella, Paolo Ronchese, Giancarlo Calvagno, M. Furlan, L. Cossutta, Paolo Checchia, and Franco Gonella

Subjects
CT noise filtering, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Muon Tomography, Search for radioactive and fissile materials, Imaging, Inspection with muons, Multiple Coulomb scattering, CT noise filtering, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Noise reduction, Physics::Medical Physics, High density, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Noise (electronics), Imaging, Momentum, Inspection with muons, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Muon tomography, Muon, Medium density, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Computational physics, Muon Tomography, Search for radioactive and fissile materials, Multiple Coulomb scattering, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, Physics - Computational Physics, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an)
Abstract

The muon tomography technique, based on multiple Coulomb scattering of cosmic ray muons, has been proposed as a tool to detect the presence of high density objects inside closed volumes. In this paper a new and innovative method is presented to handle the density fluctuations (noise) of reconstructed images, a well known problem of this technique. The effectiveness of our method is evaluated using experimental data obtained with a muon tomography prototype located at the Legnaro National Laboratories (LNL) of the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN). The results reported in this paper, obtained with real cosmic ray data, show that with appropriate image filtering and muon momentum classification, the muon tomography technique can detect high density materials, such as lead, albeit surrounded by light or medium density material, in short times. A comparison with algorithms published in literature is also presented.

Published
2013
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38. First operations with caesium of the negative ion source SPIDER

Author

E. Sartori, M. Agostini, M. Barbisan, M. Bigi, M. Boldrin, M. Brombin, R. Casagrande, S. Dal Bello, M. Dan, B.P. Duteil, M. Fadone, L. Grando, A. Maistrello, M. Pavei, A. Pimazzoni, C. Poggi, A. Rizzolo, A. Shepherd, M. Ugoletti, P. Veltri, B. Zaniol, R. Agnello, P. Agostinetti, V. Antoni, D. Aprile, V. Candeloro, C. Cavallini, R. Cavazzana, M. Cavenago, G. Chitarin, S. Cristofaro, M. Dalla Palma, R. Delogu, M. De Muri, S. Denizeau, F. Fellin, A. Ferro, C. Gasparrini, P. Jain, A. Luchetta, G. Manduchi, N. Marconato, D. Marcuzzi, I. Mario, R. Milazzo, R. Pasqualotto, T. Patton, N. Pilan, M. Recchia, A. Rigoni-Garola, B. Segalini, M. Siragusa, M. Spolaore, C. Taliercio, V. Toigo, R. Zagorski, L. Zanotto, M. Zaupa, M. Zuin, and G. Serianni

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, iter, neutral beam injection, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, negative ion source
Abstract

The negative-ion based neutral beam injector for heating and current drive of the ITER plasma (ITER HNB) is under development, at present focusing on the optimization of the full-scale plasma source in the SPIDER test stand. The production of H− or D− ions in the ion source is based on the low work function surfaces obtained by caesium evaporation. This paper describes the caesium conditioning procedure and the corresponding beam performances during the first operation of SPIDER with caesium. Technical solutions to overcome present limitations of the test stand are described. The influence of source parameters on the caesium effectiveness was investigated in short beam pulse operation; with total radio-frequency (RF) power of 400 kW and filling pressure below 0.4 Pa, and a limited number of extraction apertures, a negative ion current density of about 200 A m−2 was extracted in hydrogen, with beam energy lower than 60 keV. Beam optics and beam uniformity were assessed thanks to the acceleration of isolated ion beamlets. A possible procedure to accelerate a uniform beam was demonstrated at low RF power. The results obtained in this first investigation provided key indications on the operation of one of the largest existing sources of accelerated negative hydrogen-like ions.

39. Beam homogeneity of caesium seeded SPIDER using a direct beamlet current measurement

Author

Alastair Shepherd, Tommaso Patton, Basile Pouradier Duteil, Antonio Pimazzoni, Andrea Rigoni Garola, and Emanuele Sartori

Subjects
beam optics, SPIDER, Negative-ion source, Beam current, Beam optics, Beam uniformity, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, beam uniformity, Mechanical Engineering, beam current, General Materials Science, negative-ion source, spider, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

The ITER Heating Neutral Beam (HNB) source prototype SPIDER (Source for the Production of Ions of Deuterium Extracted from a Radio frequency plasma), hosted at the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) in Padova, Italy, has recently started operating with evaporated caesium in the source. This moves the primary symbolscript production mechanism from volume to surface processes, increasing the extracted symbolscript current while decreasing the co-extracted electron current. As in volume operation, the beam exhibits inhomogeneities across the vertical profile due to magnetic drifts, a result of the transverse filter field, which is vital for reducing the electron temperature near the extraction region. To minimise the occurrence of electrical discharges, SPIDER has been operated with a diminished number of extraction apertures to minimise the vessel pressure/ion source pressure ratio by means of a mask, which reduces the gas flow conductance between the source and the vessel. Therefore, it has been possible to directly measure the current of individual beamlets, due to the increased room between the beamlets, using the non-invasive Beamlet Current Monitor (BCM) diagnostic. Using measurements of five individual beamlets the homogeneity of the SPIDER symbolscript beam has been assessed, in a range of operating conditions with caesium in the source. The dependence of the beam homogeneity on source parameters (bias, filter field, RF power) has been observed, while increasing the Cs evaporation rate and unbalancing the power of the RF generators have proven to be effective at mitigating the beam inhomogeneity.

40. First characterization of the SPIDER beam AC component with the Beamlet Current Monitor

Author

Basile Pouradier Duteil, Alastair Shepherd, Tommaso Patton, Andrea Rigoni Garola, and Riccardo Casagrande

Subjects
radio-frequency, beam optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, beam current, General Materials Science, negative-ion source, spider, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract

SPIDER is the full scale prototype for the ITER Heating Neutral Beam source, hosted at the Neutral Beam Test Facility in Padova, Italy. The behavior of the beam must be thoroughly investigated to bring the machine's performance in line with ITER's requirements. In particular, ripples in the beam can affect its divergence. Measuring the AC component of the beam current can therefore help to understand the impact that the oscillations caused by the source power supplies or RF generators have on the beam optics.To minimize the occurrence of electrical discharges, SPIDER was recently operated with a mask designed to close a large number of extraction apertures. As a consequence, the space between each beamlet was substantially increased, allowing for the installation of the Beamlet Current Monitor (BCM) which enables a non-invasive direct measurement of the DC and AC components of the currents of 5 individual beamlets.A first assessment of the beamlet currents' AC components (up to 10 MHz) was performed during SPIDER's first campaign with cesium evaporation. Recurring oscillations were identified in various frequency ranges, with amplitudes reaching up to similar to 7% of the beamlet current DC value. When possible, the ripples were correlated to oscillations due to the RF oscillators and the beatings caused by their mutual coupling, or to SPIDER's power supply systems.

41. SPIDER, the negative ion source prototype for ITER: overview of operations and caesium injection

Author

Serianni, G., Sartori, E., Agnello, R., Agostini, M., Barbisan, M., Bigi, M., Boldrin, M., Brombin, M., Candeloro, V., Casagrande, R., Dal Bello, S., Dan, M., Duteil, B. P., Fadone, M., Grando, L., Jain, P., Maistrello, A., Mario, I., Pasqualotto, R., Pavei, M., Pimazzoni, A., Poggi, C., Rizzolo, A., Shepherd, A., Ugoletti, M., Veltri, P., Zaniol, B., Agostinetti, P., Aprile, D., Berton, G., Cavallini, C., Cavazzana, R., Cavenago, M., Chitarin, G., Cristofaro, S., Croci, G., Cruz, N., Dalla Palma, M., Delogu, R., De Muri, M., De Nardi, M., Denizeau, S., Fellin, F., Ferro, A., Gaio, E., Gasparrini, C., Luchetta, A., Lunardon, F., Manduchi, G., Marconato, N., Marcuzzi, D., Mccormack, O., Milazzo, R., Muraro, A., Patton, T., Pilan, N., Recchia, M., Rigoni-Garola, A., Santoro, F., Segalini, B., Siragusa, M., Spolaore, M., Taliercio, C., Zaccaria, P., Zagorski, R., Zanotto, L., Zaupa, M., Zuin, M., and Toigo, V.

42. Muography of different structures using muon scattering and absorption algorithms.

Author

Vanini S, Calvini P, Checchia P, Rigoni Garola A, Klinger J, Zumerle G, Bonomi G, Donzella A, and Zenoni A

Abstract

In recent decades, muon imaging has found a plethora of applications in many fields. This technique succeeds to infer the density distribution of big inaccessible structures where conventional techniques cannot be used. The requirements of different applications demand specific implementations of image reconstruction algorithms for either multiple scattering or absorption-transmission data analysis, as well as noise-suppression filters and muon momentum estimators. This paper presents successful results of image reconstruction techniques applied to simulated data of some representative applications. In addition to well-known reconstruction methods, a novel approach, the so-called μCT, is proposed for the inspection of spent nuclear fuel canisters. Results obtained based on both μCT and the maximum-likelihood expectation maximization reconstruction algorithms are presented.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Cosmic-ray muography'., (© 2018 The Author(s).)

Published
2018
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