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IntroductionDespite the growing number of studies describing digit ratio patterns in tetrapods, knowledge concerning certain basic issues is still scarce. In lower vertebrates such as tailless amphibians (Anura), the numbering of individual fingers on the forelimbs and their homology with the fingers of other vertebrates pose an unsolved problem. Based on reviewed data on anuran limb development, we argue that the correct finger numbering scheme should be based on the assumption that the first finger, not the fifth finger, was reduced on the forelimbs. We analyzed the digit ratio in the common toad (Bufo bufo, Bufonidae), a species characterized by well-developed sexual dimorphism whereby females are larger than males, using both numbering schemes present in the literature.ResultsWe found that the digit ratio on hindlimbs differed significantly between the sexes only in the cases of left 2D:3D, with lower digit ratios in females, and of left 3D:4D, with lower digit ratios in males. We found that sex was the only significant variable for forelimbs, differentiating 2D:3D on the left forelimb, with lower digit ratios in females; 2D:4D on the right forelimb, with lower digit ratios in males; and 3D:4D on both forelimbs, with lower digit ratios in males. These results relate to variant II reflecting the hypothesis that the first digit was reduced during phylogenesis. There was no relationship between the body size (SVL) of individuals and any digit ratio, excluding 2D:4D on the right forelimbs in models with age variables. Additionally, for a subset of data where individual age was known, the models indicated that age was linked to significant differences in 2D:4D and 3D:4D on the left hindlimbs, while age, SVL, and sex influenced 2D:4D on the right forelimbs.ConclusionWe emphasize the importance of the problem of the correct numbering of forelimb digits in Anura and, under the assumption that it was the fifth digit that was reduced, argue that earlier results on digit ratio in this group should be interpreted with caution. The detected relationship between digit ratio and age in amphibians expands our knowledge, indicating that the age of individuals should be included in future digit ratio studies. This relationship may also apply to studies using digit ratio as a noninvasive indicator of endocrine disruption in amphibians.

A 2-year-old female African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) with a cutaneous nodular lesion on the dorsal surface of the right forelimb was presented for clinical examination. Histopathological findings included granulomatous dermatitis with extensive necrosis. Long and slender acid-fast bacilli were seen within the cytoplasm of macrophages and in extracellular spaces. Bacteriological culture of skin revealed acid-fast bacilli and non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection was confirmed by gene sequencing and identity analysis using the BLAST tool. To our knowledge, this is the first report of non-tuberculous granulomatous dermatitis in hedgehogs.

CASE DESCRIPTION A 4-year-old 55.0-kg (121-lb) spayed female Vietnamese potbellied pig was examined for right forelimb lameness of 2 months’ duration that had not resolved following rest and treatment with meloxicam. CLINICAL FINDINGS The only abnormality identified during physical examination was non–weight-bearing lameness of the right forelimb. Radiographic and CT examinations revealed that the right humerus was displaced laterally and slightly cranial to the glenoid cavity of the scapula with moderate evidence of osteoarthritis. Chronic craniolateral luxation of the right humeral (shoulder) joint was diagnosed. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME Arthrodesis of the right shoulder joint was performed surgically by a lateral approach. The humeral head was replaced in the glenoid cavity. The joint was immobilized at a 115° angle with two 3.5-mm string-of-pearls orthopedic plates and a 4.5-mm cortical bone screw placed across the joint in lag fashion. The pig recovered from surgery without any complications. At 6 weeks and 5 months after surgery, the pig had the expected mechanical lameness of the right forelimb owing to immobilization of the shoulder joint and radiographic evidence of progressive arthrodesis of that joint. The pig had resumed its usual activities and had only mechanical lameness present 1 year after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This report described successful treatment of chronic shoulder joint luxation in an adult Vietnamese potbellied pig by surgical arthrodesis of the affected joint. The described procedure might also be useful for treatment of other debilitating conditions of the shoulder joint, such as severe osteoarthritis or intra-articular fractures, in pigs.

Extreme sensitivity and relatively rapid reaction to environmental changes makes amphibians suitable bioindicators of environmental health. Chemical contaminants, developmental disruptors, ultraviolet radiation, parasitic and viral infections, intrinsic developmental constraints are common factors causing malformations of individuals. In the period October 2017 – February 2018 we investigated fire salamanders (Salamandra salamandra) wintering in underground roosts in Slovakia, Europe. Individuals were measured (SVL, snout-vent length; TBL, total body length), weighed and underwent ophthalmic examination, including tonometry. From 80 individuals, three salamanders with malformations were observed. The deformities recorded were a skin deformity in the lumbar region of one individual, unilateral microphthalmia and syndactyly of the right forelimb. Two of these deformities were detected during one inspection of the artificial gallery. In this paper we also mention incidence of deformities during our several years of research on fire salamanders in Slovakia.

Objective Evaluate center of mass (CoM) displacement values during four-limb and three-limb standing with limb suspension in dogs before and after applying sensory stimulation to a forelimb or hindlimb. Study design Experimental study. Animals Six clinically normal beagles. Methods A four force-plate apparatus was built to assess static weight distribution. Dogs stood on the device with one limb in contact with each force plate. We created a plastic device to induce sensory stimulation so that lameness could not be detected visually when stimulating the paw. Experimenters confirmed the degree of lameness by walking before and after measurement. Body-weight shifts were induced via suspension of each limb and transient sensory stimulation to the right forelimb or left hindlimb. CoMs of five postures were compared, with and without transient sensory stimulation. Results The four-limb CoM was located cranial to the center of the X- and Y-axis coordinates (X: -0.82 ± 9.12, Y: 61.00 ± 5.82). During three-limb standing with suspension of either forelimb, CoM shifted backward toward the contralateral side compared to four-limb standing. During hindlimb suspension, CoM shifted to the contralateral side. With right forelimb sensory stimulation, there were large CoM changes for both four-limb and three-limb standing (X: -34.53 ± 9.09, Y: 52.21 ± 6.88). CoM changes were small with left hindlimb sensory stimulation (X: 6.47 ± 13.86, Y: 69.41 ± 5.55). Conclusion CoMs during four-limb and three-limb standing were influenced by sensory stimulation of a forelimb and, to a lesser extent, of a hindlimb. Clinical significance Static evaluation of CoM may aid clinicians in the diagnosis and recovery of forelimb lameness.

Bottom line Henry, a two-year-old Labrador retriever, has been involved in a road traffic accident in which he partially degloved his distal right forelimb. You think you can repair some of the damage with surgery, but know that some areas will have to heal by secondary intention. You’ve recently been on a continuing professional development course about wounds that recommended applying manuka honey to aid wound healing. You wonder whether adding medical-grade manuka honey to your usual dressing protocol would improve the rate of healing. In …

CASE DESCRIPTION A 3-year-old 2.5-kg (5.5-lb) sexually intact male Pomeranian was presented with a 1-day history of non–weight-bearing lameness of the right forelimb. CLINICAL FINDINGS Signs of pain were localized to the proximal portion of the right antebrachium. Radiography revealed a minimally displaced fracture of the proximal portion of the radius that had propagated from a well-demarcated, ovoid, osteolytic lesion within the cortex of the caudolateral aspect of the radius. Computed tomographic findings supported the radiographic findings and did not reveal lesions in other evaluated body sites. TREATMENT AND OUTCOME At surgery, the lateral aspect of the radial cortex appeared expanded, and tenacious fibrous tissue filled the gap between the fracture fragments. Fibrous tissue was resected and submitted for histologic examination, and the fracture was reduced and stabilized with a bone plate and a positional screw. Histologic examination revealed the presence of viable bone, fibrous tissue, and areas of coagulative necrosis. Imaging and histologic findings were consistent with radioulnar ischemic necrosis (RUIN). The patient ambulated normally at reexamination 12 days after surgery. At reexamination 15 weeks after surgery, the patient continued to ambulate normally, and radiography and CT indicated healing of the fracture and resolution of the RUIN lesion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE RUIN should be considered as a differential diagnosis for a dog with forelimb lameness and radiographic focal osteolysis between the proximal and middle thirds of the diaphysis of the radius or ulna. Prognosis for dogs with RUIN may be good with surgical intervention.

A 9-year-old Irish sports horse gelding was anaesthetised out-of-hours for management of digital flexor tendon sheath sepsis after a left hind foot penetration. In the postanaesthetic period, the patient manifested a right forelimb non-weight bearing lameness. Diagnostic imaging and serum biochemistry were unremarkable. The animal progressively deteriorated and became recumbent. After consultation with the owner, euthanasia was performed on welfare grounds. A postmortem examination was performed to establish the cause of the right forelimb lameness. After excluding all other probable causes of postanaesthetic lameness, it was concluded that the patient manifested a postanaesthetic compartmental syndrome due to haemorrhage associated with the ulnar nerve developed intraoperatively. This case report discusses factors associated with increased anaesthetic-related mortality in elective surgical procedures performed out-of-hours, other causes of postanaesthetic forelimb lameness and diagnosis of, and treatment options for, brachial compartment syndrome.

A Cocker Spaniel presented for recurrence of right forelimb lameness 33 months following transcondylar screw placement for a humeral intracondylar fissure. Elbow radiographs showed no evidence of implant-related complications. Standard CT scale reconstruction images failed to demonstrate implant failure. Extended CT scale reconstruction images revealed a fracture through the mid-portion of the screw. Revision surgery confirmed the implant failure; the screw was replaced and the lameness subsequently resolved. Extended CT scale reconstruction images allow detailed assessment of metal implants and should be considered when implant failure is suspected.

Description of absence of the distal part of the right thoracic limb in an individual of the species Corythomantis greeningi. Thereunto, it was performed radiographic evaluations in ventrodorsal projection followed by dissection of the piece and scanning electron microscopy. It was possible to verify in the radiograph that the affected limb still had the humerus. Scanning electron microscopy revealed irregularities, grooves, and fissures, typical of clipping fractures, which led to limb amputation. Considering the scarce literature, the importance of studies to distinguish malformations from those lesions that lead to the amputation of body segments is noted.

We demonstrate that the ability to activate muscles selectively is preserved during the very rapid reactions produced following a startling cue. This suggests that the contributions from different descending pathways are comparable between these rapid reactions and more typical voluntary movements., Movements in response to acoustically startling cues have shorter reaction times than those following less intense sounds; this is known as the StartReact effect. The neural underpinnings for StartReact are unclear. One possibility is that startling cues preferentially invoke the reticulospinal tract to convey motor commands to spinal motoneurons. Reticulospinal outputs are highly divergent, controlling large groups of muscles in synergistic patterns. By contrast the dominant pathway in primate voluntary movement is the corticospinal tract, which can access small groups of muscles selectively. We therefore hypothesized that StartReact responses would be less fractionated than standard voluntary reactions. Electromyogram recordings were made from 15 muscles in 10 healthy human subjects as they carried out 32 varied movements with the right forelimb in response to startling and nonstartling auditory cues. Movements were chosen to elicit a wide range of muscle activations. Multidimensional muscle activity patterns were calculated at delays from 0 to 100 ms after the onset of muscle activity and subjected to principal component analysis to assess fractionation. In all cases, a similar proportion of the total variance could be explained by a reduced number of principal components for the startling and the nonstartling cue. Muscle activity patterns for a given task were very similar in response to startling and nonstartling cues. This suggests that movements produced in the StartReact paradigm rely on similar contributions from different descending pathways as those following voluntary responses to nonstartling cues. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that the ability to activate muscles selectively is preserved during the very rapid reactions produced following a startling cue. This suggests that the contributions from different descending pathways are comparable between these rapid reactions and more typical voluntary movements.

The study was carried out in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) of the right forelimb of nine clinically apparently donkeys for evaluation the efficacy of Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycan (PSGAG) and Dexaphenylarthrite in treatment of artificial induced tendonitis. To achieve this goal, clinical, ultrasonography, biochemical and histopathological examinations were concluded. Tendonitis of the SDFT was induced by using bacterial collagenase enzyme from Clostridium histolyticum. Donkeys were classified into three groups. Group Ι (after induction of tendonitis they left as control group= 3 donkeys). Group ΙΙ, 3 days after induction of tendonitis, they received five IM injections of 5ml PSGAG (100 mg/ml) every four days. Group ΙΙΙ, 3 days after induction of tendonitis, they received Dexaphenylarthrite in a dose of 20 ml/day for the first two days followed by 10 ml/day for the other three days. From this study, it can be concluded that PSGAG had beneficial effects in treatment of artificial induced tendonitis in donkeys rather than Dexaphenylartrite based on clinical, ultrasonography, biochemical and histopathological findings.

Unpredictable floor motions during transport disturbs animals&rsquo, balance, requiring stepping to move the centre of gravity in the direction of body movement. When repeated regularly, this may be stressful, requiring involvement of the right brain hemisphere, hence we investigated the existence of behavioral laterality in sheep during prolonged floor motions. Six sheep were restrained in pairs on a programmable rocking platform, in which they were unable to turn around. They were exposed to three continuous rocking motion treatments (roll, pitch or both) in a regular or irregular pattern for 1 h periods in a changeover design. Right forelimb and left hindlimb diagonal stepping was more frequent in response to the motion treatment of irregular roll and pitch, which previous research has suggested to be the most stressful from heart rate measurements. An overall strategy to maintain balance appeared to be the use of the right hindlimb as a stabilizer, which was repositioned least often of all limbs until towards the end of the hour of experimental treatment. Of each tested pair, sheep restrained on the left side of the rocking floor stepped significantly often than its partner restrained on the right side, and we postulate the existence of visuomotor lateralization as left restrained sheep were unable to view their partner within the field of view of their left eye. We also investigated which side sheep lie down on, which if left lateralized could explain our observed bipedal diagonal control of sheep balance under stress. From the observation of 412 web-based images of sheep, there was an overall left-sided laterality to their lying, as has been observed in cattle. We conclude that stepping activity in sheep in response to a motion stressor is lateralized, providing evidence that floor motion experienced in transport may induce stress responses.

Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) injuries account for approximately 50% of fatal catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. In addition, PSB fractures are not uncommon in Thoroughbred foals and yearlings as a result of energetic or intense free exercise. The ability to interpret some PSB pathology assessments, however, is more difficult given the limited information published on the normal development and maturation of these paired sesamoid bones. Further, information on the level of normal variation in PSB morphological and structural parameters within the Thoroughbred population as a function of age, body size, gender, and inter-animal differences generally are not well documented. This project aims to address these knowledge gaps through analyses of PSB anatomy from 18 Thoroughbreds obtained on postmortem examination representing an age range from birth to skeletal maturity using micro–CT Bone Morphometry Evaluation (μCT BME, n = 8 horses) and clinical CT evaluation (n = 10 horses). The μCT BME was performed on the left front medial PSB in 8 horses ranging from 4 d to 5 years of age. When graphed, the following were observed: 2nd order polynomic relationships with a positive trend between age and bone volume fraction (R2 = 0.8125), trabecular thickness (R2 = 0.8084), and degree of anisotropy (R2 = 0.914); a 2nd order polynomic relationship with a negative trend between age and trabecular number (R2 = 0.9242); a negative logarithmic relationship between age and connectivity density (R2 = 0.9439); and a positive exponential relationship between age and trabecular spacing (R2 = 0.7818). Clinical CT evaluations were performed on medial and lateral PSBs from the respective right and left forelimbs in 10 horses ranging in age from 2 to 5 years of age utilizing Mindways CT Bone Investigational Toolkit for bone mineral density (BMD) analysis. A one-way ANOVA indicates no significant differences (P = 0.755) in BMD between the 20 PSB in the left forelimb and the contralateral 20 PSB in the right forelimb. However, significant differences, measured though one-way ANOVA, existed between the 20 lateral PSB (10 from the left forelimb and 10 from the right forelimb) and the 20 medial PSB (P = 0.006). These findings provide a first of its type reference on the development and maturation timeline of equine PSBs, as well as confirming structural differences between lateral and medial PSBs. The data also document rapid PSB changes between birth and 18 mo of age. The long-term objective of this project is to define normal structural and morphological characteristics of Thoroughbred PSBs as a basis for comparison to PSB pathologies.

An eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina) was found in a stream in the southeastern US, with a mass affecting the distal right forelimb. The turtle developed complications during hospitalization, including lethargy and oral caseous plaques and eventually died. Postmortem analyses diagnosed a mixed infection of phaeohyphomycosis and Ranavirus.

This study focuses on a case of a red-howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) which was found with a fetus in a transverse lie position with a prolapsed arm. The topic of this research is well justified as there are no data on this condition involving this type of non-human primate in literature. In this study, a red-howler monkey was observed by locals pulling at her pelvic region for 3 days near a farm. On the third day, the monkey was found lying on the ground at which point she offered no resistance when approached. The environmental police took the monkey to receive medical attention. During the physical examination, it was quickly observed that the monkey was pregnant; the right forelimb of the fetus was exposed from the vulva. An ultrasound revealed a non-viable fetus, and due to the severe weakness of the mother, we opted for euthanasia. During the necropsy, not only was the fetus found macerated but it was also in a transverse lie position with a prolapsed arm and presented no external or internal injuries consistent with trauma.

Case summary A 3-year-old neutered male indoor British Shorthair cat was referred for a 2-week history of intermittent right forelimb lameness. Radiographic examination showed a diaphyseal monostotic, expansile, fusiform, lytic lesion in the right ulna. CT further defined the lesion and also demonstrated ipsilateral pulmonary consolidation. Histology was conclusive of osteomyelitis, and microbiology and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis (FISH) were negative on aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, as well as fungal culture. Clinical and radiographic improvement was seen after anti-inflammatory treatment and a short initial period of antibiosis. Relevance and novel information This is an unusual monostotic diaphyseal cortical location for osteomyelitis in cats and, moreover, may represent a rare case of sterile osteomyelitis. To our knowledge, non-traumatic osteomyelitis in this location in cats has not been reported in the veterinary literature.

Specific features of neurological deficit and changes in the cellular composition of tracheal lymphoid structures during the immediate stage (day 1) of hemorrhagic stroke were studied in rats with various behavioral parameters. Modeling of hemorrhage in the left caudate nucleus of the brain was followed by the development of motor disturbances in the forelimb use asymmetry test and corner rotation paradigm. These animals preferred to use the left forelimb (ipsilateral to the side of hemorrhage) to lean on the cylinder wall. The frequency of using the right forelimb or both forelimbs was reduced under these conditions. The number of left-sided rotations increased, while the percentage of right-sided rotations decreased. The observed changes were accompanied by immune dysfunction. It was manifested in the depletion of lymphoid aggregates of the tracheal wall in lymphocytes and plasma cells. The severity of abnormal neurological symptoms and disturbances in immune homeostasis during the immediate stage of hemorrhagic stroke was greater in behaviorally passive rats than in active specimens.

Case summary A 7-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat presented for investigation of a swelling over the right forelimb. Radiographs of the right forelimb revealed significant lysis and soft tissue swelling surrounding a previously implanted surgical plate, used to repair a fracture of the distal radius 5 years prior. The implant was removed, and a biopsy was collected. Histopathological analysis and immunohistochemistry diagnosed a non-epitheliotropic T-cell cutaneous lymphoma. Staging confirmed multiple regional lymph node involvement. The cat was started on a CHOP-based protocol (vincristine, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide and prednisolone). At week 4, the disease progressed both locally and within the regional lymph nodes. The primary lesion became severely ulcerated and the cat was euthanased, 42 days post-diagnosis. Relevance and novel information This is the first report of a cutaneous non-epitheliotropic lymphoma developing at the site of a previous traumatic fracture and metal implant. The cat’s response to chemotherapy was poor and euthanasia was performed owing to progressive disease. More investigation is required to understand the role that malignant transformation could have at sites of chronic inflammation, bone fractures and surgical implants.

Foot abscessation is an extremely common cause of acute, often severe, lameness in horses. Despite the frequency with which owners, farriers and veterinary surgeons are presented with horses with this problem, there is a surprising paucity of studies concerning foot abscessation in the veterinary literature, with much of what we ‘know’ being referenced back to textbooks and attributed to personal opinion and experience. An epidemiological study by Cole and colleagues1 is summarised on p 251 of this issue of Vet Record . In this paper, the authors aim to describe the clinical features of equine subsolar abscess cases from the clinical population of their practice and to determine the factors that are associated with increased number of veterinary visits, prolonged treatment and complications. This work is important for the equine practitioner, given how commonly we are presented with horses with this condition. It also is important to the equine industry on a wider scale, as a prolonged treatment period equates to days lost from training or competition. Also, the welfare implications of this often extremely painful condition are obvious. The study by Cole and colleagues1 showed that subsolar abscesses are more common in forelimbs, with the right forelimb being the most …

A 7-y-old Black Russian Terrier dog was evaluated for chronic lameness of the right forelimb and concurrent weight loss. Clinical examination revealed a pigmented mass arising from digit 4 of the right forelimb; the digit was amputated and submitted for histologic evaluation. Histologically, the neoplasm was composed of ill-defined streams, sheets, and clusters of melanocytes admixed with a distinct population of malignant epithelial cells forming glands and nests. The diagnosis was a biphasic malignant melanoma adenocarcinoma, a rarely reported neoplasm in human medicine that has not been described in veterinary medicine, to our knowledge.

An 8-month-old male Boarboel dog was presented with a mass on the rostral aspect of the face which bled consistently. The patient also had areas of alopecia on the left hind limb, right forelimb, head, and abdominal regions. The mass progressively increased in size with time without regression. Radiographic examination of the chest showed no evidence of metastasis. Cultures of the skin swab as well as that of the bleeding facial swelling yielded heavy growth of Staphylococcus sp. (+++) while the skin scraping yielded heavy growth of Microsporum canis. Microscopically, the growth was a hypercellular mass, composed of tightly packed, slightly pleomorphic cells in the dermis which partially obliterated the adnexal structures and dermal collagens. Surgical excision of the mass with combined topical and systemic antifungal treatment yielded a perfect therapeutic result for both conditions.

Studying the possibility of using the radiopharmaceutical to identify sentinel lymph nodes were carried out on male rats. The preparation was injected subcutaneously in the I interfinger space of the right forelimb. Radiometry of rats’ organs showed that the studied preparation was actively accumulated in the axillary lymph node after subcutaneous injection. The experimental study of the pharmacokinetics of radiopharmaceutical based on gamma-oxide aluminum labeled with 99mTc showed that the analyzed RPP can be successfully used for lymphoscintigraphy and visualization of sentinel node starting with the 15th minute and up to the 24th hour after subcutaneous injection.

The regulation of skin blood flow (SBF) is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system, but the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) of one limb on SBF in the other limbs remain unknown. The present study investigated the effects of unilateral forelimb ES on SBF in the bilateral hindlimbs in anesthetized rats. Bilateral hindlimb ischemia was induced by tourniquet application for 60min. After reperfusion for 24h, ES (3 or 125Hz) was applied to the upper one-fourth of the triceps brachii muscle of the left or right forelimb for 30min. Rats that did not receive ES were used as the controls. Bilateral hindlimb SBF was measured by a laser Doppler line scanner for 20min before ES, 30min during ES, and 9min after ES. The results showed significant differences in SBF in the right but not left hindlimb between the control group and experimental group that received 125-Hz ES of the right forelimb. Right hindlimb SBF significantly increased within 3min following the application of 125-Hz ES to the right forelimb. No significant changes in SBF were observed in the left or right hindlimb when 125-Hz ES was applied to the left forelimb. Moreover, 3-Hz ES of the left or right forelimb did not significantly change SBF in either hindlimb compared with the control group. These results indicate that unilateral forelimb ES causes a differential SBF response in the hindlimb via a specific somatosympathetic reflex, and ES-induced SBF improvements in the ischemic hindlimb are frequency-dependent.

An 8-year-old female neutered Australian Cattle Dog that had recently moved to the UK from Arizona presented with a 4-month history of lethargy, inappetance and right forelimb lameness, and a 6-month history of stranguria and haematuria. Diagnosis and treatment of a fungal infection are described.

2Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitat Munchen, Klinik fur Pferde, Munchen Summary: This study examined the development of the CSA of the superficial and deep digital flexor tendon (SDFT and DDFT) and of the accessory ligament of the DDFT (AL-DDFT) in both forelimbs of six 2-year-old Thoroughbreds (TB), ten 2-year-old Standardbreds (SB), five 2-year-old Quarterhorses (QH) and ten 2-year-old German Warmblood Riding horses (WB) during one year with the hypothesis that it would be different among breeds. The initial CSA measurements were done in the yearling QH in November and thereafter in March, July and November of their 2-year-old season, and in the horses of all other breeds the measurements were in January, April, August and December of their 2-year-old year. The CSA was measured with ultrasound at four cm intervals, starting four cm distal from the distal border of the accessory carpal bone down to the metacarpophalangeal joint. The TB and SB were in race training, the WB were halter trained and the 2-year-old QH were schooled for western riding. For the SDFT, breed, CSA at specific distances distal to the distal border of the accessory carpal bone, (p 0.05). The overall CSA from all measurements points was smallest in QH, largest in TB and WB, with SB having a CSA measurement between the other breeds. The overall CSA of SDFT in TB did not change during the observation period. However, in QH and WB there were significant decreases in the CSA, and these decreases varied between the CSA measured at specific distances distal to the distal border of the accessory carpal bone. In addition, in SB there were significant increases in the overall CSA measurement of the SDFT, followed by a decrease from August to December with CSA returning to initial values (p 0.05). The overall CSA from all specific distances distal to the distal border of the accessory carpal bone of DDFT was smaller in QH than in the horses of the other breeds studied (p 0.05 among all). The QH also did not have any change in the CSA of AL-DDFT during the observation year at any specific distance distal to the distal border of the accessory carpal bone or between limbs (p>0.05). In comparison, SB CSA of AL-DDFT increased at the 8cm measuring point in the left forelimb between January and August and then decreased below the initial value by December (p

Summary Objective: To report palliative treatment in a case of multifocal feline osteochondromatosis in a feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) negative European shorthair cat. Case: A 6-year-old spayed female European shorthair cat was presented because of a right forelimb lameness caused by an osteochondromatous lesion which had trapped tendons, vessels and nerves of the antebrachium. Several other lesions were present which did not cause the animal discomfort. The cat was tested negative for FeLV. Palliative surgical removal of the mass was performed, resulting in a marked improvement of mobility with no local recurrence. The cat developed a non-regenerative anaemia after surgery, however the underlying cause was not identified upon request of the owner. Overall survival after surgery was only 2 months. The cat was then euthanised due to severe progression of the anaemia. Conclusion: Palliative surgical removal of osteochondromas may result in local improvement. However, owners need to be aware that it does not increase overall survival and that the prognosis is poor. Infection with FeLV is not necessarily associated with such lesions.

An adult male Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator) with a large growth on the right forelimb was harvested from the wild by a nuisance-control trapper in Louisiana. The mass was determined histologically to be a fibromyxoma. To our knowledge, this neoplasm has not previously been described in American Alligators.

Summary A Percheron mare was presented for acute, severe lameness and marked swelling of the right forelimb after being cast. The mare was initially diagnosed with cellulitis of the forelimb but as her condition improved and the affected limb was able to bear more weight it became apparent that the limb was hyperextended at the level of the carpus. Widening of the palmar aspect of the middle carpal joint was observed radiographically. During ultrasonographic examination, excessive fluid in the carpal sheath and perithecal swelling were noted and tearing of the palmar carpal ligament was suspected. A dynamic brace was fabricated to prevent hyperextension of the carpus. After discontinuation of systemic antibiotics, the mare became febrile and forelimb lameness worsened. Cytology of fluid from the middle carpal joint confirmed joint sepsis and the mare was anaesthetised for arthroscopic examination. A tear in the palmar carpal ligament, characterised by focal fibre disruption and fibrillation, was identified during arthroscopic and tenoscopic examination. Communication between the carpal flexor tendon sheath and middle carpal joint was identified during these procedures. Both the middle carpal joint and carpal flexor tendon sheath were lavaged with physiological saline solution. Post operatively, swelling and lameness slowly resolved. Four months after discharge, the mare was sufficiently sound to be maintained at pasture. Viewed from its lateral aspect, the limb no longer appeared to be hyperextended from the carpus.

SummaryReasons for performing study Current literature suggests that thermographic imaging of horses should be performed in a draught-free room. However, studies on the effect of airflow on determined temperature have not been published. Objectives To investigate effects of airflow on thermographically determined temperature of horses’ forelimbs; to assess the relationship of wind velocity, rectal temperature, ambient temperature and humidity. Methods Thermographic images were obtained for the forelimbs of 6 horses in a draught-free room. Three replicates (R) with defined wind velocities (R1, 0.5–1.0 m/s; R2, 1.3–2.6 m/s; and R3, 3.0–4.0 m/s) were conducted. Each replicate consisted of a baseline image, a 15 min phase with the wind on and a 15 min phase with the wind off. We exposed only the right leg to airflow and determined the temperature by thermography with the wind on and wind off. Temperature differences between baseline and wind on, between wind on and wind off and between different wind velocities were analysed by a general linear model, Student's paired t test and ANOVA. Results After the onset of wind, the temperature on the right forelimb decreased within 1–3 min (by approximately 0.6°C at R1, 1.5°C at R2 and 2.1°C at R3). With the wind off, the temperature increased within 3 min (by approximately 1.2°C at R1, 1.7°C at R2 and 2.1°C at R3). With increasing wind velocity, the temperature differences between baseline and wind on and between wind on and wind off increased significantly. Conclusions Barely noticeable wind velocities caused a decrease in thermographically determined temperatures of the forelimbs of the horse. Further research is required to assess the influence of airflow on other parts of the body and at different ambient temperatures, as well as the effect on horses with inflammatory lesions, especially of the distal limbs. Potential relevance It is essential for practitioners to perform thermography on horses in a draught-free environment in order to avoid false-positive or -negative diagnoses.

Objective—To evaluate the load redistribution mechanisms in walking and trotting dogs with induced forelimb lameness. Animals—7 healthy adult Beagles. Procedures—Dogs walked and trotted on an instrumented treadmill to determine control values for peak and mean vertical force as well as verticle impulse for all 4 limbs. A small sphere was attached to the ventral pad of the right forelimb paw to induce a reversible lameness, and recordings were repeated for both gaits. Additionally, footfall patterns were assessed to test for changes in temporal gait variables. Results—During walking and trotting, peak and mean vertical force as well as vertical impulse were decreased in the ipsilateral forelimb, increased in the contralateral hind limb, and remained unchanged in the ipsilateral hind limb after lameness was induced. All 3 variables were increased in the contralateral forelimb during trotting, whereas only mean vertical force and vertical impulse were increased during walking. Stance phase duration increased in the contralateral forelimb and hind limb during walking but not during trotting. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of the results suggested that compensatory load redistribution mechanisms in dogs depend on the gait. All 4 limbs should be evaluated in basic research and clinical studies to determine the effects of lameness on the entire body. Further studies are necessary to elucidate specific mechanisms for unloading of the affected limb and to determine the long-term effects of load changes in animals with chronic lameness.

A polidactilia é um defeito genético caracterizado pela duplicação parcial ou completa de um dígito. Estudos em humanos, bovinos, cães e gatos indicam que um gene autossômico dominante de penetração incompleta é o responsável por essa alteração. A polidactilia é rara em equinos e, nessa espécie, sua causa ainda não foi esclarecida. Entretanto, quando ocorre, está relacionada à má formação congênita da falange. Este trabalho descreve, por meio da observação de exames físico, radiográfico e ultrassonográfico, a ocorrência de polidactilia unilateral, com características incomuns, em um equino de nove anos de idade. O animal, com um histórico de claudicação intensa, apresentava, desde o nascimento, divisão completa do dígito do membro torácico direito, com simetria entre as duas porções distais. Ao exame radiográfico, identificou-se a presença de dois dígitos separados e de dimensões semelhantes, sendo esta uma manifestação incomum de polidactilia na espécie equina. Polydactyly is a genetic disorder characterized by partial or complete duplication of a digit. Studies in humans, cattle, dogs and cats indicate that an autosomal dominant gene of incomplete penetrance is responsible for this change. Polydactyly is rare in horses and its cause remains unclear. However, when it occurs it is related to congenital malformation of the phalanx. This paper describes, through the observation of physical, radiographic and ultrasound finds, the occurrence of unilateral polydactyly, with unusual features in a nine year old horse. Since birth, the animal, which had a history of severe lameness, had complete division of the digit of the right forelimb, with symmetry between the two distal portions. The radiographic examination identified the presence of two separated digits with similar size, which is an unusual manifestation of polydactyly in the equine species.

The amount of hoof slip at the moment of impact can cause musculoskeletal injuries to the horse. Risk of injury is influenced by surface properties, however there is limited understanding of the effect on hoof slip during jump landing. The objectives of this study were to compare hoof slip on two different surfaces and investigate relationships between hoof slip and surface properties. A contact mat and hoof reference marker were designed and validated, the former to indicate the moment of impact and the latter to provide a visible reference marker on the lateral hoof wall. The leading right forelimb of six horses was recorded during jump landing on two different surfaces. Five trials, plus one where the forelimb landed on a contact mat were recorded at 500 Hz using a calibrated high speed camera positioned perpendicular to landing. Surface hardness, penetrability and traction were measured between horses. Horizontal displacement of the hoof reference marker was plotted and smoothed with a Butterworth filter at 25 Hz cut-off. Hoof slip was measured from impact to mid-stance. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Pearson correlations. A significant difference in hoof slip (10% wax = 4.9�2.1 cm and 3% wax = 7.4±3.6 cm) was found between the two surfaces (P

Summary Reasons for performing study: To determine if scapular fractures occur in racehorses with distinctive characteristics. Objectives: To test the hypothesis that Thoroughbred (TB) and Quarter Horse (QH) racehorses with a scapular fracture have similar characteristics that are different from those of their respective racetrack populations. Methods: Necropsy findings, case details, last race information and career earnings for TB and QH racehorses that had a scapular fracture in California between 1990 and 2008 were retrospectively compared between breeds. Horse signalment, career earnings, career starts and race characteristics were obtained for all California racehorses. Comparisons were made between affected horses, other racehorses that died, and all horses that raced, in California during the 19 year period. Results: Seventy-three TB and 28 QH racehorses had a similar, complete comminuted scapular fracture with an articular component, and right forelimb predilection. The QHs had a higher incidence of scapular fracture incurred during racing than TBs (0.98 vs. 0.39/1000 starters). The TB and QH incident rates for musculoskeletal deaths incurred racing were 20.5 and 17.5/1000 starters, respectively; however, a greater proportion of TB musculoskeletal deaths occurred training (40% vs. 8%). Horses with a scapular fracture were more likely to be male and aged 2 or ≥5 years than the racetrack population. Most affected QHs (64%) were 2-year-olds; most TBs (74%) were aged ≥3 years. Scapular fractures occurred more commonly during racing in QHs (70%) than TBs (44%). Race-related scapular fracture was more likely to occur in a Maiden race than in a non-Maiden race. Horses with a scapular fracture had fewer career starts than the racetrack population. Conclusions and potential relevance: Despite breed differences for signalment and exercise distances, both breeds incur a complete scapular fracture that is more likely to occur in the right scapula of young and older, male racehorses, early in their race career or after few races. Quarter Horses sustain a catastrophic scapular fracture more frequently than TBs.

Influence of "animal hypnosis" on the motor polarization dominanta created by direct anodic current applied on the left sensorimotor cortex of the rabbit ("left" dominanta) was studied in chronic experiments. Animal behavior and electrophysiological characteristics were recorded. It was impossible to elicit the "animal hypnosis" during the optimum of the "left" dominanta. The state of "animal hypnosis" could be easily elicited against the background of the latent focus of the "left" dominanta on the next day after its formation. The "animal hypnosis" restored the "left" dominanta after its extinction. It was accompanied by formation of a new pattern of the cortical EEG coherence in the delta range, which was different from the patterns characteristic of each kind of dominanta. After the "animal hypnosis" session, the formation of the "left" dominanta produced two kinds of nonstable foci. During testing, the "left" dominanta reached its optimum and then inhibited the tonic activity of the right forelimb characteristic of the "animal hypnosis". The interaction of the "animal hypnosis" and the dominant foci in the left and right sensorimotor cortex were different.

The aim of the study was to compare the stability of the rider as well as the forces acting on a horse's back with different seating positions at the trot (sitting trot, rising trot and two-point seat). The same experienced rider was mounted on 10 sound horses trotting on a treadmill. The kinetic data were recorded with an electronic pressure mat, placed under a well-fitting dressage saddle with no saddle pad. The rider used three different seating positions, each for 20 s. Right forelimb motion was used to synchronise the pressure data with the stride cycles. To determine the rider's stability, the movement of the centre of pressure (COP) along the transverse (X) and longitudinal (Y) axes was calculated. The force was taken as the sum of all segments of the pressure pad multiplied by the area of the pressure pad. The maximum force and the X- and Y-deviations were evaluated using ANOVA for repeated measures with a Bonferroni Post hoc test. The stability of the rider in the Y-direction was significantly highest in the two-point seat, followed by the rising trot and the sitting trot, respectively. In the X-direction, there was no significant difference between the three positions. The significantly highest load on the horse's back was at the sitting trot (2112 N), followed by the rising trot (2056 N) and the two-point seat (1688 N). The rider was most stable in the two-point seat while transferring the lowest load on the horse's back. The rising trot was found to be more stable and less stressful for the horse's back compared to the sitting trot.

Reason for performing study Saddle pads are widely used in riding sports but their influence on saddle pressures is poorly understood. Objective To evaluate the forces acting on the horse's back, and the eventual pressure distribution by using different saddle pads underneath a fitting saddle. Methods Sixteen sound horses of different breeds and ages were ridden on a treadmill at walk and sitting trot. The horses were wearing a dressage saddle with a fitting saddle tree and 4 different saddle pads (gel, leather, foam and reindeer fur) successively. For comparison, measurements were made without any saddle pad. Right forelimb motion was used to synchronise the pressure data with the stride cycles. A pressure mat was used under the saddle pad to collect the kinetic data. Maximum overall force (MOF) and the pressure distribution in longitudinal and transversal direction were calculated to identify differences between the measurements with and without saddle pads. Results A significant decrease in MOF was interpreted as improved saddle fit, and a significant increase as worsened saddle fit. Only the reindeer fur pad significantly decreased the MOF from 1005 N to 796 N at walk and from 1650 N to 1437 N at trot compared to without pad measurements. None of the saddle pads increased the MOF significantly when compared to the data without saddle pad. The pressure distribution in longitudinal and transversal direction was also improved significantly only by the reindeer fur pad at trot compared to no pad. Conclusion This study demonstrated that a well chosen saddle pad can reduce the load on the horse's back and therefore improve the suitability of a fitting saddle.

A 2 year-old mongrel was presented to the Veterinary teaching hospital, University of Ibadan with knuckling of the right forelimb. The client gave history of automobile accident. The animal was clinically evaluated with rectal temperature 38oC, heart rate 80 beats/minutes and respiratory rate of 16 The animal resented the limb being touched. The case was managed therapeutically with Neurobion® which is a combination of vitamins B1,B6 and B12 , Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which was given by oral administration. The right fore-limb was placed in plaster cast (POP) to discourage the use of the limb so as to avoid further use of the limb while cage rest was advised. The type of nerve injury encountered here falls under the classification of neuropraxia. Here, it presents as minor contusions or compression of the peripheral nerve with a temporary interruption in the transmission of electrical impulses that will typically resolve by 3 to 6 weeks. Finally, the use of plaster cast was to discourage active use of the limb and an anti- inflammatory agent helped to quickly restore the use of the limb.

While temporal variable measurements have assisted in objectively defining and distinguishing between four-beat stepping gaits performed by gaited horses, kinematic research describing joint motion of the gaited horse is limited. The objective of this study was to measure the temporal variables and the forelimb kinematics of the flat walk and fox trot of the Missouri Fox Trotter (MFT) to provide a more comprehensive description of these gaits and to assist in distinguishing between them. Reflective markers placed along the lateral aspect of the right forelimb and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone were tracked at 60 Hz as eight MFTs were ridden at a flat walk and fox trot for ten strides. Student's paired t-tests were performed to compare means of analysed parameters between gaits on finding that the fox trot was a faster stepping gait (fox trot velocity: 3.17 ± 0.03 m s− 1, flat walk velocity: 1.75 ± 0.06 m s− 1) with a shorter stride duration (fox trot: 0.63 ± 0.03 s, flat walk: 1.17 ± 0.06 s) and greater stride frequency (fox trot: 1.59 ± 0.09 strides s− 1, flat walk: 0.09 ± 0.04 strides s− 1) than the flat walk (P

On examination, there was a 1.2 cm ulcer in the centre of the digital pad of the fourth digit of the right forelimb. The dog was anaesthetised, and biopsies from the ulcer were obtained and were submitted for histopathological examination and bacterial culture.There was no bacterial growth from the tissue and the pathology report suggested an uncomplicated ulcer with no evidence of underlying neoplasia.

Four head of Korean indigenous cattle were presented to the Chonbuk Animal Medical Centre, Chonbuk National University, with the complaint of the presence of extra limb(s) since birth. The accessory limb(s) were underdeveloped in all the cases and attached to the lateral side of the withers craniodorsal to the right scapula in Case 1 and 2; in Case 3, right dorsally to the 4 th cervical vertebra and in Case 4 it was ventrolateral to the thorax caudally to the right forelimb. In all the cases, the congenital anomaly was diagnosed as the presence of supernumerary ectopic limb(s) (SEL), which were removed by surgical excisions under general anaesthesia. In all the cases, the surgical corrections resulted in normal locomotion and better quality of life. No postoperative complications were observed during a 1-year follow up period. The SEL can be successfully removed by surgical excisions, which can result in normal locomotion and better aesthesis of the animal.

Objective—To identify types of musculoskeletal problems associated with lameness or poor performance in horses used for barrel racing. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—118 horses. Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for information on signalment, history, physical and lameness examination findings, diagnostic tests performed, diagnosis, and treatment. Results—Most horses were examined because of lameness (n = 72 [61%]) rather than poor performance (46 [39%]), but owner complaint was not significantly associated with age or body weight of the horse. The most common performance change was refusal or failure to turn properly around the first barrel (19/46 [41%]). The right forelimb (n = 57 [48%]) was most commonly affected, followed by the left forelimb (51 [43%]), the left hind limb (31 [26%]), and the right hind limb (25 [21%]). In 31 horses (26%), both forelimbs were affected, and in 6 (5%), both hind limbs were affected. The most common musculoskeletal problems were forelimb foot pain only (n = 39 [33%]), osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints (17 [14%]), suspensory ligament desmitis (15 [13%]), forelimb foot pain with distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis (11 [9%]), and bruised feet (10 [8.5%]). In 81 (69%) horses, the affected joint was treated with intra-articular medications. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in horses used for barrel racing that are examined because of lameness or poor performance, the forelimbs are more likely to be affected than the hind limbs, with forelimb foot pain and osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints being the most common underlying abnormalities. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 227:1646–1650)

Objective—To compare a sensor-based accelerometer-gyroscopic (A-G) system with a video-based motion analysis system (VMAS) technique for detection and quantification of lameness in horses. Animals—8 adult horses. Procedure—2 horses were evaluated once, 2 had navicular disease and were evaluated before and after nerve blocks, and 4 had 2 levels of shoe-induced lameness, alternatively, in each of 4 limbs. Horses were instrumented with an accelerometer transducer on the head and pelvis, a gyroscopic transducer on the right forelimb and hind feet, and a receiver-transmitter. Signals from the A-G system were collected simultaneously with those from the VMAS for collection of head, pelvis, and right feet positions with horses trotting on a treadmill. Lameness was detected with an algorithm that quantified lameness as asymmetry of head and pelvic movements. Comparisons between the A-G and VMAS systems were made by use of correlation and agreement (κ value) analyses. Results—Correlation between the A-G and VMAS systems for quantification of lameness was linear and high ( r 2 = 0.9544 and 0.8235 for forelimb and hind limb, respectively). Quantification of hind limb lameness with the A-G system was higher than measured via VMAS. Agreement between the 2 methods for detection of lameness was excellent (κ = 0.76) for the forelimb and good (κ = 0.56) for the hind limb. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The A-G system detected and quantified forelimb and hind limb lameness in horses trotting on the treadmill. Because the data are collected wirelessly, this system might be used to objectively evaluate lameness in the field. ( Am J Vet Res 2004;65:665–670)

The object of this study was to obtain the anatomic and morphometric data required for biomechanical analyses of the forelimb in dogs. Following the euthanasia of four healthy, adult, crossbred dogs, 44 muscles of the right forelimb were identified and meticulously removed. Morphometric data for all muscles were collected and physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSA) and architectural indices (AI) were calculated. The coordinates of the origin and insertion of each muscle were determined using orthogonal, right-handed coordinate systems embedded in the scapula, humerus, and radius-ulna. The PCSA and AI were calculated for all the muscles and coordinates for the origins and insertions of these muscles were determined. Results provide the morphometric and anatomic data necessary for three-dimensional biomechanical studies of the forelimb in dogs. J. Morphol. 263:107–117, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Objective—To investigate continuous wavelet transformation and neural network classification of gait data for detecting forelimb lameness in horses. Animals—12 adult horses with mild forelimb lameness. Procedure—Position of the head and right forelimb foot, metacarpophalangeal (ie, fetlock), carpal, and elbow joints was determined by use of kinematic analysis before and after palmar digital nerve blocks. We obtained 8 recordings from horses without lameness, 8 with right forelimb lameness, and 8 with left forelimb lameness. Vertical and horizontal position of the head and vertical position of the foot, fetlock, carpal, and elbow joints were processed by continuous wavelet transformation. Feature vectors were created from the transformed signals and a neural network trained with data from 6 horses, which was then tested on the remaining 2 horses for each category until each horse was used twice for training and testing. Correct classification percentage (CCP) was calculated for each combination of gait signals tested. Results—Wavelet-transformed vertical position of the head and right forelimb foot had greater CCP (85%) than untransformed data (21%). Adding data from the fetlock, carpal, or elbow joints did not improve CCP over that for the head and foot alone. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Wavelet transformation of gait data extracts information that is important for the detection and differentiation of forelimb lameness of horses. All of the necessary information to detect lameness and differentiate the side of lameness can be obtained by observation of vertical head movement in concert with movement of the foot of 1 forelimb. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1376–1381)

Objective—To determine intralimb orientation changes with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in hooves of horses at a walk and trot after induction of weight-bearing single forelimb lameness and to determine whether hoof orientations are similar to baseline values following perineural anesthesia. Animals—6 clinically normal horses. Procedures—3-D hoof orientations were determined with an IMU mounted on the right forelimb hoof during baseline conditions, during 3 grades of lameness (induced by application of pressure to the sole), and after perineural anesthesia. Linear acceleration profiles were used to segment the stride into hoof breakover, stance, initial swing, terminal swing, and total swing phases. Intralimb data comparisons were made for each stride segment. A repeated-measures mixed-model ANOVA was used for data analysis. Results—Lameness resulted in significant changes in hoof orientation in all planes of rotation. A significant increase in external rotation and abduction and a significant decrease in sagittal plane rotation of the hoof were detected at hoof breakover during lameness conditions. For sagittal plane orientation data, the SDs determined following perineural anesthesia were higher than the SDs for baseline and lameness conditions. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study indicated the IMU could be used to detect 3-D hoof orientation changes following induction of mild lameness at a walk and trot. An increase in data variability for a sagittal orientation may be useful for assessment of local anesthesia for hooves. The IMU should be further evaluated for use in clinical evaluation of forelimb lameness in horses.

Objective—To evaluate the feasibility and repeatability of in vivo measurement of stiffness gradients by means of acoustoelastography in the superficial digital flexor tendons (SDFTs) of clinically normal horses. Animals—15 clinically normal horses. Procedures—For each horse, stiffness gradient index and dispersion values for SDFTs in both forelimbs were evaluated in longitudinal orientation by use of acoustoelastography at 3 sites (5, 10, and 15 cm distal to the accessory carpal bone) by 2 observers; for each observer, data were acquired twice per site. The left forelimb was always scanned before the right forelimb. Lifting of the contralateral forelimb with the carpus flexed during image acquisition resulted in the required SDFT deformation in the evaluated limb. Interobserver repeatability, intraobserver repeatability, and right-to-left limb symmetry for stiffness gradient index and dispersion values were evaluated. Results—Stiffness gradient index and dispersion values for SDFTs at different locations as well as effects of age or sex did not differ significantly among the 15 horses. Interclass correlation coefficients for interobserver repeatability, intraobserver repeatability, and limb symmetry revealed good to excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficients, > 0.74). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that acoustoelastography is a feasible and repeatable technique for measuring stiffness gradients in SDFTs in clinically normal horses, and could potentially be used to compare healthy and diseased tendon states.

Background Administration of oxygen in the delivery room is informed by oxygen saturation (SpO2). An oxygen saturation range of 60%–70% is the threshold for administering oxygen in the first minutes after birth. The accuracy of newer generation oximeters to measure SpO2 has not been compared against the ‘gold standard’, direct arterial blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) when SaO2 is low. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy and precision of Nellcor and Masimo oximeters to measure SpO2 when SaO2

There is ethical debate on the use of ponies for carousel rides at city fairs, as these animals may develop progressive locomotor asymmetry during their career. To investigate this issue, 21 ponies used for carousel rides were walked and trotted over a pressure plate system. Non-directional symmetry ratios and directional asymmetry indices of forelimb peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), stance time (ST) and hoof contact area (CA) were calculated and compared to reference data. In both the carousel and reference groups, most ponies presented higher loading of the right forelimb at the walk and trot. Carousel ponies presented slightly, though significantly, lower symmetry ratios and more negative asymmetry indices than the reference group for PVF and VI, but not for ST and CA. However, repeated analysis after exclusion of the ponies with visually observed lameness revealed no significant differences in asymmetry indices, whereas symmetry ratios remained lower in the carousel group. Interestingly, Ten of 21 carousel ponies were subjectively more difficult to lunge on the circle opposite to their routine working direction, whereas the ponies in the reference group were easily lunged in both directions. In the absence of clear unilateral lameness or locomotor asymmetry in the majority of ponies, it is reasonable to assume a behavioural explanation for this observation. There was no significant association between the duration of the career and all symmetry indices. These results indicate an overall less symmetric locomotion in carousel ponies, but progressive locomotor asymmetry due to long-term unilateral circling seems to be unlikely.