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Garden-based learning (GBL) curricula represents a pedagogy that increases student exposure to nature and connects them to engaging activities for higher classroom achievement. GBL is proposed to enhance student science self-perceptions, engagement, and desired outcomes in science learning and identity by connecting students to relatable, hands-on, and authentic learning experiences through a felt sense of place. Saint Louis Metro Area K-12 science educators were asked to describe their students' self-perceptions, engagement, and outcomes in science and possible teaching experiences with GBL. Experienced Saint Louis Metro Area garden educators offer authentic, hands-on activities that increase feelings of belonging, competence, and autonomy in science. GBL strongly encourages positive behavioral and emotional student interactions with science lessons by providing an outdoor space that hosts exciting and relatable topics that expand students' perceptions of their local environment, community, and themselves.

Risk rates for and predisposing factors to fractures occurring in Thoroughbred racing that have been published in peer reviewed journals are documented. The potential for currently available techniques to identify horses at increased risk for fracture is discussed on the bases of principles, practicalities, advantages, disadvantages and current data. All are reviewed in light of justifiable decision making and importance of fractures to horseracing's social license. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resorption within cortices of long bones removes excess mass and damaged tissue and increases during periods of reduced mechanical loading. Returning to high‐intensity exercise may place bones at risk of failure due to increased porosity caused by bone resorption. We used point‐projection X‐ray microscopy images of bone slices from highly loaded (metacarpal, tibia) and minimally loaded (rib) bones from 12 racehorses, 6 that died during a period of high‐intensity exercise and 6 that had a period of intense exercise followed by at least 35 days of rest prior to death, and measured intracortical canal cross‐sectional area (Ca.Ar) and number (N.Ca) to infer remodelling activity across sites and exercise groups. Large canals that are the consequence of bone resorption (Ca.Ar >0.04 mm2) were 1.4× to 18.7× greater in number and area in the third metacarpal bone from rested than exercised animals (p = 0.005–0.008), but were similar in number and area in ribs from rested and exercised animals (p = 0.575–0.688). An intermediate relationship was present in the tibia, and when large canals and smaller canals that result from partial bony infilling (Ca.Ar >0.002 mm2) were considered together. The mechanostat may override targeted remodelling during periods of high mechanical load by enhancing bone formation, reducing resorption and suppressing turnover. Both systems may work synergistically in rest periods to remove excess and damaged tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decades after World War I saw significant shifts in federal Indian policy in the United States. During the 1950s, the federal government pursued a termination policy, which sought to assimilate Native Americans by abolishing special federal status and services for Indians. By the mid-1960s, federal officials had largely abandoned termination and replaced it with a self-determination policy. Self-determination involved the maintenance of special federal services and status for American Indians while allowing Native peoples and governments greater opportunities to shape policy.While there are numerous books and articles on the termination period, coverage of self-determination during the 1960s (at least prior to the emergence of the Red Power Movement) remains more limited. This study seeks to help fill this gap by examining the implementation of Indian health improvement policies and how those policies affected and were affected by two groups: the Five Tribes of Oklahoma and the Pueblos of New Mexico. More commonly known as the Five Civilized Tribes because of their willingness to incorporate aspects of white culture into their societies, the Five Tribes include the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole tribes or nations. The nineteen New Mexico Pueblos consist of Acoma, Cochiti, Isleta,Jemez, Laguna, Nambe, Picuris, Pojoaque, Sandia, San Felipe, San Ildefonso, San Juan, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, Santo Domingo, Taos, Tesuque, Zia, and Zuni.Admittedly, many factors influenced Indian health and the development and implementation of health care policies. Three key aspects of Indian health for the Five Tribes and the Pueblos during the period between 1954 and 1968, include gains in health levels, a continued gap between Indian health levels and those of the general population, and the expansion of Indian health services in response to these Natives’ demands. The improvements in Indian health resulted largely from changes made by Congress in the Indian health care system-changes Congress saw as a prelude to termination. Ironically, the improvements in Indian health brought about by those changes, in combination with other factors, prompted the Five Tribes and the Pueblos to demand expanded services and to exert greater say over the development and delivery of those services. In other words, policies designed to lead to the termination of federal services instead resulted in expanded federal responsibility and greater Native American self-determination.

Purpose: To assess the capability of deep convolutional neural networks to classify anatomical location and projection from a series of 48 standard views of racehorse limbs. Materials and methods: Radiographs (N = 9504) of horse limbs from image sets made for veterinary inspections by 10 independent veterinary clinics were used to train, validate and test (116, 40 and 42 radiographs, respectively) six deep learning architectures available as part of the open source machine learning framework PyTorch. The deep learning architectures with the best top-1 accuracy had the batch size further investigated. Results: Top-1 accuracy of six deep learning architectures ranged from 0.737 to 0.841. Top-1 accuracy of the best deep learning architecture (ResNet-34) ranged from 0.809 to 0.878, depending on batch size. ResNet-34 (batch size = 8) achieved the highest top-1 accuracy (0.878) and themajority (91.8%) ofmisclassification was due to laterality error. Class activation maps indicated that joint morphology, not side markers or other nonanatomical image regions, drove the model decision. Conclusions:Deep convolutional neural networks can classify equine pre-import radiographs into the 48 standard views including moderate discrimination of laterality, independent of side marker presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution‐processing has the potential to reduce the cost and energy requirements in the fabrication of organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices. In non‐doped emissive layers, polymers are commonly used but often suffer from batch‐to‐batch variation. Oligomers, which have precise molecular structures, avoid this problem but maintain the favourable film‐forming properties that polymers possess. We present three benzothiadiazole‐containing fluorene‐based oligomers, BT‐F32, BT‐F42 and BT‐F52, which have terfluorene, quaterfluorene and pentafluorene arms, respectively, attached to a benzothiadiazole core. The materials show very high photoluminescence quantum yields, with BT‐F42 exhibiting the highest PLQY of 0.96 in the thin film. Although there is little change in the electroluminescence spectra, the oligomer size influences device performance. BT‐F32 had an external quantum efficiency of 1.9 % and high luminance whilst BT‐F42 reached an external quantum efficiency of 2.3 %. Furthermore, the stability of the OLED devices was evaluated and showed that the device lifetime decays with increasing molecular length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Equine surgical facilities are not always available, even in situations where high‐value horses are involved in relatively high‐risk activities. Objectives: To develop a self‐contained equine surgical unit that can be relocated and transported by road. Study design: Proof of concept. Methods: A modular operating suite for horses, which included a theatre, scrub room, instrument preparation and storage room, and an anaesthetic induction/recovery box: Transportable Equine Operating Theatre (TEOT) was designed, constructed and tested. A second, larger unit was then built following the same design criteria. Results: Both units were based on modifications of standard 6.06 × 2.35 m (20 × 8 ft), steel shipping containers that were fitted out to provide anaesthetic and surgical facilities in a functional and safe working environment. The two TEOTs consisted of either two or three containers that had selected sections of their sides removed so that they could be joined together to create a single large internal space. This space was subdivided to create separate working areas. A dedicated anaesthetic induction/recovery box was fabricated from a modular steel frame that could be disassembled for transport. The component parts could be loaded onto the bed of a standard lorry for road transport. The unit was designed to incorporate equipment that is found in any high‐quality equine operating theatre. Surgical procedures on adult Thoroughbred horses have been successfully completed in both units. Main limitations: The two units have had minimal use to date, and there is little data on their performance. Conclusions: The equipment described here is a way to provide equine surgical facilities that can be assembled and disassembled to allow their relocation to different sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Transverse stress fracture of the palmar cortex of the distal aspect of the third metacarpal bone (TSF PCD McIII) is poorly documented. Objectives: To describe the typical signalment of this injury, the common clinical and radiological signs and prognosis. Study design: A retrospective hospital‐based case series with follow‐up of racing records. Methods: All cases of TSF PCD McIII diagnosed among racehorses in training at the Hong Kong Jockey Club between 2011 and 2019 were identified. Clinical records were reviewed and documented signs were recorded for each case. Findings from a predefined list of radiological features were listed. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the age and training profile of horses, the clinical and radiological findings and time to return to ridden exercise. Results: Twenty‐three cases (n = 23) were identified. The majority (57%) had recently started or returned to training from a break and 35% (n = 8) of cases had not yet undertaken timed gallops at the time of injury. Most cases (20/23; 87%) were lame; in nine (39%), lameness was severe. Localised swelling of superficial soft tissues was reported in 15/23 (65%) cases. Pain on palpation of the distal McIII was present in 15/23 (65%) cases and in response to fetlock flexion in 12/23 (52%). Diffuse, localised increase in radiopacity, disruption to the outline of the bone periosteal surface and outward displacement of the button of the splint bone were common radiological features in early cases (70%, 67% and 67% of all cases). Sixty‐one per cent of cases (14/23) were initially misdiagnosed. Most horses (n = 18/23) resumed training and racing after a median of 83 and 246 days. Main limitations: Clinical notes were not consistent between cases. Radiographs were taken at different times. Conclusions: Horses commencing training are at risk of TSF PCD McIII, which presents with confusing clinical signs and subtle radiological findings. The long‐term outlook is favourable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Racehorses are at an increased risk of stress fracture within the first 12 months of racing and when resuming training after a break. Research in these high‐risk periods and on the effect of performance post‐recovery is limited. Objectives: To describe the occurrence of stress fractures, diagnosed by nuclear scintigraphy (NS), in racehorses' first 12 months training in Hong Kong, and their impact on racing performance and career length. Study design: Retrospective 1:2 matched case‐control study. Methods: Clinical records of horses with NS‐diagnosed stress fractures within 365 days of import between 2006 and 2018 were collated. Cases and controls were matched on import date. Univariable conditional logistic regression compared signallment, pre‐fracture training and post‐recovery racing performance between cases and matched controls. Shared Frailty Cox regression analysed time from import to fracture and total career length. Results: Eighty‐seven horses sustained a NS‐diagnosed fracture within their first year in Hong Kong (incidence risk 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4%‐2.1%; N = 5180]). The humerus (42.0%; 95% CI 31.8%‐52.6%; n = 39) and tibia (28.0%; 95% CI 19.1%‐38.2%; n = 26) were the most common stress fracture sites. Cases missed a median of 63 days (Interquartile range (IQR) 49‐82) of training because of fracture. Within the 12 months following diagnosis, case horses had a median of four (IQR 2‐4, P <.0001) fewer race starts and were down HK$ 206 188 (IQR HK$ 0‐436 800, P =.007) in race earnings compared to controls. Career length did not significantly differ between cases and controls (median 2 years and 3 months; IQR 15.3‐39.1 months; P =.2). Main limitations: Only stress fractures diagnosed by NS were included, hence, the study is not representative of all stress fractures occurring in racehorses in Hong Kong. Conclusions: Racehorses sustaining a stress fracture within 1 year of entering Hong Kong lost significant time in training, earnings and race starts. However, overall career length was unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]