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Sangihe nutmeg is an important crop because of its usefulness in the pharmacology, spices and cosmetics industries. Sangihe is the oldest active subduction zone island in the Indonesia–Philippines region, where frequent tectonic earthquakes and the geographic and reproductive isolation of Sangihe nutmeg occur. This isolation results in adaptation and speciation because of increasing variability. Using morphological and molecular approaches, we aimed to assess the genetic variety of Sangihe nutmeg based on morphological and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. In total, 31 morphological characteristics were examined, and molecular data of ISSR markers using five primers were analysed based on numerical taxonomy using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and principal component analysis (PCA) methods. Results showed five major groups of Sangihe nutmeg based on seed variation, that is, thick round, thin round, thick oval, thin oval, and twin seeds, whereas the presence of variation in molecular characters was indicated by DNA polymorphisms between 0% and 33.33%. The phenetic relationships within Sangihe nutmeg, based on morphological and ISSR markers, exhibit two groups with different member compositions. The major morphological characteristics influencing the phenetic relationship pattern were tree shape, leaf shape, fruit shape, number of fractions when ripe, fruit size index, number of fruit indentations, indentation, aryl density, seed shell, and number of seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC., commonly referred to as mountain papaya, belongs to the Caricaceae family and is native to the Andean highlands. In Indonesia, mountain papaya can be found on the Dieng Plateau and has become one of the typical processed products from the Dieng area. The aim of the study is to explore the diversity and phenetic relationship of mountain papaya from the Dieng Plateau based on morphological markers. This study is important to provide information in guiding future conservation efforts. 18 samples were collected from three areas with different altitudes in the Dieng Plateau. In addition, it proved valuable results by elucidating patterns of variation, enabling the identification of distinct groups. A total of 18 samples were collected from three areas with varying altitudes in the Dieng Plateau. Morphological analysis used 22 characters with The Clustering Analysis Method, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Diversity Analysis using Multivariate Statistical Package (MVSP) software version 3.1A. The results of cluster analysis showed that mountain papaya accessions were grouped into two main clusters and five sub-clusters. Cluster grouping based on sex distribution characters, flower stalk length, and inflorescence density; there is no grouping based on geographical location or altitude. The Shannon's Index Value (H') for mountain papaya shows moderate phenetic diversity. This suggests that the mountain papaya community remains stable within its substrate and its environmental parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]