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Background: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has a potential complication of bacteremia. The objective of this study was to define the clinical outcomes of patients with CAP and bacteremia treated with and without a macrolide. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization database of hospitalized patients with CAP. Patients with a positive blood culture were categorized based on the presence or absence of a macrolide in their initial antimicrobial regimen, and severity of their CAP. Outcomes included inhospital all-cause mortality, 30-day mortality, length of stay, and time to clinical stability. Results: Among 549 patients with CAP and bacteremia, 247 (45%) were treated with a macrolide and 302 (55%) were not. The primary pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae (74%). Poisson regression with robust error variance models were used to compare the adjusted effects of each study group on the outcomes. The unadjusted 30-day mortality was 18.4% in the macrolide group, and 29.6% in the non-macrolide group (adjusted relative risk (aRR)0.81; 95% confidence interval (CI)0.50-1.33; P = 0.41). Unadjusted in-hospital all-cause mortality was 7.3% in the macrolide group, and 18.9% in the non-macrolide group (aRR 0.54, 95% CI 0.30-0.98; P = 0.043). Length of stay and time to clinical stability were not significantly different. Conclusions: In-hospital mortality, but not 30-day mortality, was significantly better in the macrolide group. Our data support the use of a macrolide in hospitalized patients with CAP and bacteraemia.

El artículo describe en detalle las dificultades que entraña llevar a cabo simulaciones realistas, y en consecuencia útiles desde el punto de vista predictivo, de problemas de impactos localizados en láminas de materiales compuestos. En esta ocasión se cuenta con resultados experimentales obtenidos en torre de caída, en los que se deja caer un proyectil de cabeza semiesférica desde distintas alturas sobre una lámina cuadrada de material compuesto con los contornos fijos. Las exhaustivas simulaciones realizadas abarcaron distintos tipos de modelos constitutivos para el material, diversos modelos de daño, varios tipos de elementos y también diferentes estrategias de idealización geométrica (tridimensional y axisimétrica). Los resultados muestran que, a medida que progresa el daño, el problema se va haciendo sumamente complejo, pues requiere capturar bien el comienzo de los fallos interlaminares, así como reproducir con precisión el paso de un esquema resistente de tipo de flexión a otro de membrana, que es lo que va ocurriendo a medida que esos fallos se desarrollan. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron empleando un gran número de elementos, con cuatro elementos en cada capa y disponiendo elementos cohesivos entre ellas. Además de las dificultades planteadas por la simulación numérica, conviene apuntar que en el estudio de estos problemas la caracterización de las propiedades y parámetros que gobiernan el comportamiento del material no suele ser tan precisa y fiable como sería de desear.The paper describes in some detail the difficulties encountered when conducting simulations intended to be realistic, and hence useful from a predictive viewpoint, of localised impact events on composite shells. Experimental results of drop tower tests were available on this occasion, consisting of an impactor with semi-spherical end being dropped from various heights onto a square shell made of composite material. The exhaustive simulations performed included different constitutive behaviours of the material, damage models, element types, and simulation strategies (three-dimensional and axially symmetric). The results show that, as the damage level increases, the problem becomes very complex because it requires capturing well the onset of interlaminar failures, as well as reproducing accurately the transition from a bending to a membrane resisting mechanism, which is what happens as those failures accumulate. The best results were obtained using very refined meshes, with four levels of elements per layer, and with cohesive elements between adjacent layers. Apart from the difficulties posed by the numerical simulation, it is worth pointing out that the study of these problems also tends to suffer because the characterisation of the parameters and properties governing the material behaviour is often less precise and reliable than desirable

En el taller se han realizado más de 20 presentaciones acerca de los estudios sobre las pesquerías artesanales y recreativas en aguas de la ZEE de España. En base a ello y al conocimiento de los expertos reunidos se han definido dos planes de seguimiento para obtener la huella pesquera de las pesquerías profesionales sin VMS, uno con sistemas de seguimientos de localización en tres fases y otro con observadores a bordo y encuestas en puntos de primera venta en dos fases. En el caso de las actividades pesqueras no profesionales (recreativas) se ha propuesto un plan de seguimiento basado en encuestas telefónicas y presenciales en tres fases. Además se decidió incluir las actividades pelágicas y/o de superficie dentro de los programas de seguimiento.

La pesca dels raors (Xyrichthys novacula) és una de les modalitats de pesca més populars a les Illes Balears. Entre els anys 2005 i 2008 s’ha realitzat els seguiment de l’evolució de dues pesqueres d’aquesta espècie dins l’àrea protegida dels Freus d’Eivissa i Formentera amb diferent nivell de protecció, una zona amb veda temporal (del 1/04 al 31/08) i altre zona on només poden pescar els pescadors professionals una vegada finalitzada la veda temporal. Els resultats mostren com una major pressió pesquera duu associat un descens del percentatge de captura de mascles respecte a les femelles i una reducció de la mida de les femelles, fet que significa una reducció del nombre d’ous a la posta. L’augment del nivell de protecció del raors significa un augment en la mida del raor, una augment del potencial reproductiu i una forma de preservar pel futur aquesta espècie., The fishing of the pearly razorfish (Xyrichthys novacula) is very common and extended in the Balearic Islands. During the period 2005- 2008 had been studied the evolution of this species in the marine protected area of Freus d’Eivissa i Formentera in two areas with different levels of protection. One in which there is only a temporal ban (from 1/04 to 31/08) and a second where only professional fisherman are allowed to fish when the temporal ban is finished. Main findings of the present study are that a higher fishers pressure involves a reduction of te males percentages respect females in the total capture and a reduction of the females size, which means a reduction in the number of eggs in the reproductive period. The increase of the levels of protections of pearly razorfish involves a increase in its size and also a increase of its reproductive potential which means a correct way for the preservation of this specie.

International audience; Introduction : l'analyse spectrale de la variabilité de l'intervalle RR permet une évaluation de l'activité du système nerveux autonome (SNA). Le but de cette étude était de déterminer les effets d'un programme militaire de formation à la plongée sous marine sur l'activité du SNA. Méthodes : Une mesure de la pression artérielle ainsi qu'un enregistrement électro-cardiographique battement par battement ont été réalisés chez 12 témoins non sédentaires et 12 militaires, admis à un cours de plongeurs professionnels. Ces derniers ont été évalués avant et après une formation de 15 semaines à la plongée sous-marine. Résultats : Après la formation, il existe une diminution significative de la pression artérielle systolique et de la pression pulsée aussi bien au bras qu'à la cheville. La fréquence cardiaque (bpm) est plus élevée chez les témoins (63 ± 8 bpm versus 54 ± 8 bpm – PRE ; 53 ± 5 bpm – POST). En fin de stage, les plongeurs ont des valeurs de Basses Fréquences normalisées significativement plus basses et des Hautes Fréquences normalisées significativement plus élevées que celle des témoins. Discussion : un nouvel équilibre du SNA, avec une mise en jeu plus importante de l'activité parasympathique, a été observé dans le groupe Plongeur au décours de sa formation par rapport au groupe Témoin. Conclusion : aucun plongeur ne présente d'altération de cet équilibre, signe potentiel de surentraînement. Mots clés : Entraînement en endurance. Plongée en scaphandre autonome. Variabilité de l'intervalle RR. R RÉ ÉS SU UM MÉ É AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEM OF STUDENT MILITARY DIVERS: ASSESSMENT BY HEART RATE VARIABILITY. Introduction: Autonomous Nervous System Activity can be assessed by spectral analysis of Heart Rate Variability (HRV). The aim of the present study was to investigate the changes in cardiac autonomous activity induced by a training course to military diving. Method: Arterial pressure measurements and HRV analysis were performed in 12 military divers and in 12 controls. Diver group was investigated before and after a 15 weeks military diving training. Results: After training a decrease in systolic arterial Pressure and pulse pressure was observed in divers. Heart Rate was significantly higher in controls than divers before or after training (63 ± 8 bpm vs 54 ± 8 bpm – PRE ; 53 ± 5 bpm – POST). After training the normalized Low Frequencies were significantly lower in divers in comparison with controls (0.50 ± 0.13 LF nu vs 0.66 ± 0.15 LF nu). On the other hand, normalized high frequencies were significantly higher in divers (0.50 ± 0.13 HF nu vs 0.34 ± 0.15 HF nu). Conclusion: Cardiac autonomic activity is significantly modified after a specific military diving training. An increase in parasympathetic activity is suggested and would be consistent with the endurance training experienced by the divers. There were no sign of overtraining in the military divers.

9 tables 2 graph. Partie II : Applications chap. 6; National audience

A three year monitoring programme (1988-1990) of embayment habitats dominated by the seagrasses Posidonia oceanica and Cymodocea nodosa was carried out in Fornells Bay (Menorca, Western Mediterranean), where gilthead seabream (Sparus auratus) was artificially reared. Responses ranging from shoot density decrease to total seagrass demise were observed. Posidonia oceanica was more drastically and quickly affected than Cymodocea nodosa. In 1990, a total of 2 ha of seagrass were significantly degraded. Increased light attenuation, sedimentation rates, and grazing pressure are proposed as the principal factors accounting for seagrass regression.