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Abstract Background Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing. Even very general terms such as 'brain', 'nerve', and 'eye' have been used in various ways in the different animal groups, but no consensus on the exact meaning exists. This impedes our understanding of the architecture of the invertebrate nervous system in general and of evolutionary transformations of nervous system characters between different taxa. Results We provide a glossary of invertebrate neuroanatomical terms with a precise and consistent terminology, taxon-independent and free of homology assumptions. This terminology is intended to form a basis for new morphological descriptions. A total of 47 terms are defined. Each entry consists of a definition, discouraged terms, and a background/comment section. Conclusions The use of our revised neuroanatomical terminology in any new descriptions of the anatomy of invertebrate nervous systems will improve the comparability of this organ system and its substructures between the various taxa, and finally even lead to better and more robust homology hypotheses.

While research on the consequences of organizational commitment to IT has focused on outcomes of interest to shareholders, such as profitability and firm value, recent research has also considered other stakeholders that might benefit from an increased organizational commitment to IT, especially customers. We extend this line of the literature by investigating the benefits of a firm’s organizational commitment to IT for firms’ employees, a stakeholder group that uses and depends heavily on IT in its daily work. This exploratory study links a firm’s organizational commitment to IT with the nonmonetary employee metrics of job satisfaction and work-life balance and embeds these associations in the industry’s dynamism and concentration. We test our research model with a multi-industry dataset of 523 firms from the S&P 500 (2008-2017 period). Our findings indicate that an organizational commitment to IT may facilitate job satisfaction and work-life balance but only when industry dynamism and industry concentration are low. Additional analyses show that IT commitment’s influence on these outcomes depends on the firm’s commitment to particular IT technologies; for instance, organizational commitments to cloud technology and remote technology are particularly positively associated with work-life balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether the personalities of Chief Marketing Officers (CMOs) of technology-based new ventures affect how the increasing maturity of new ventures translates into web traffic. Drawing on upper echelon theory and the interactionist theory of job performance, we explain how certain personality traits from the five-factor model are relevant to the job demands a CMO faces in technology-based new ventures. We build a multi-source dataset on 627 new ventures and use a novel approach to measuring personality that is based on computer text analysis-specifically, the LIWC application-which we apply to the CMOs' Twitter accounts. Our findings indicate that a CMO's extraversion positively moderates the relationship between a new venture's maturity and web traffic, while a CMO's conscientiousness is a negative moderator of this relationship. These results have useful theoretical and practical implications for the role of the CMO and for marketing new ventures in general., Author(s): Hans-Jörg Winkler [sup.1] , Verena Rieger [sup.1] , Andreas Engelen [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.5675.1, 0000 0001 0416 9637, Faculty of Business and Economics, TU Dortmund University, , 44227 [...]

Background: SAPS--'Sprachsystematisches Aphasiescreening'--is a novel language-systematic aphasia screening developed for the German language, which already had been positively evaluated. It offers a fast assessment of modality-specific psycholinguistic components at different levels of complexity and the derivation of impairment-based treatment foci from the individual performance profile. However, SAPS has not yet been evaluated in combination with the new SAPS-based treatment. Aims: To replicate the practicality of SAPS and to investigate the effectiveness of a SAPS-based face-to-face therapy combined with computerised home training in a feasibility study. To examine the soundness of the treatment design, to determine treatment-induced changes in patient performance as measured by SAPS, to assess parallel changes in communicative abilities, and to differentiate therapy effects achieved by face-to-face therapy versus add-on effects achieved by later home training. Methods & Procedures: Sixteen participants with post-stroke aphasia (PWAs) were included into the study. They were administered the SAPS and communicative testing before and after the treatment regimen. Each PWA received one therapy session followed by home training per day, with the individual treatment foci being determined according to initial SAPS profile, and duration of treatment and possible change of focus dependent on performance assessed by continuous therapy monitoring. Outcomes & Results: The combination of therapy and home training based on the SAPS was effective for all participants. We showed significant improvements for impairment-based SAPS performance and, with high inter-individual variability, in everyday communication. These two main targets of speech and language therapy were correlated and SAPS improvements after therapy were significantly higher than after home training. Conclusions & Implications: SAPS offers the assessment of an individual performance profile in order to derive sufficiently diversified, well-founded and specific treatment foci and to follow up changes in performance. The appending treatment regimen has shown to be effective for our participants. Thus, the study revealed feasibility of our approach.

Why are some firms more resilient when systemic shocks like the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) or COVID‐19 pandemic set in? We approach this question by arguing that a firm's pre‐shock strategic emphasis on innovation can mitigate the consequences of such shocks by facilitating stability and flexibility, major components of organizational resilience, as the shock sets in. We test our arguments empirically by analyzing data from 2003 to 2011 on as many as 994 firms from the S&P 1500 to identify the causes of their resilience during the 2008 GFC. Our findings indicate that pre‐shock product introductions and, to some extent, top management's focus on innovation can facilitate stability and flexibility when a shock occurs, while R&D intensity and patents, other dimensions of a strategic emphasis on innovation, do so only when firm profitability before the shock is low. In this way, we direct innovation research's attention to the additional performance benefits of innovation activities when shocks occur and reveal which dimensions of a strategic emphasis on innovation buffer the negative consequences of a shock, thus providing insights into how innovation helps firms be resilient. Further, our theorizing and empirical findings unveil an intriguing paradox: While existing research tends to find positive associations between innovation and profitability in "regular" times, strong pre‐shock profitability impairs innovation's ability to unfold its effects fully at shock onset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Summary: Building on human capital theory, this study establishes the concept of the "sharedness" of competencies in founding teams. Based on prominent entrepreneurship research, we differentiate among entrepreneurial, managerial, and technical competencies. We test our model with 1,863 founding teams of US‐based new ventures by means of a multisource dataset that uses the LinkedIn skills and endorsements sections to measure competencies in a novel way. The results suggest that strong sharedness of entrepreneurial competencies is positively related to new ventures' performance, while sharedness of managerial skills is negatively related to performance. These results have theoretical implications for human capital and entrepreneurship research and practical implications for investors and founders. Managerial Summary: It is common wisdom in entrepreneurial practice that different types of competencies are required in founding teams. Our research adds to this notion that it does not only matter that different competencies are represented, but also how these competencies are represented. First, all members should have some entrepreneurial competencies, as mastering the challenges related to opportunity recognition is the major task a new venture has to address, and synergies are central to success in this regard. Second, deep expertise in managerial competencies in one or a few individuals with specialized knowledge, such as project management and managing customer relationships, is beneficial to new ventures' funding success. These findings provide important implications for founding team composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: SAPS—‘Sprachsystematisches Aphasiescreening’—is a novel language‐systematic aphasia screening developed for the German language, which already had been positively evaluated. It offers a fast assessment of modality‐specific psycholinguistic components at different levels of complexity and the derivation of impairment‐based treatment foci from the individual performance profile. However, SAPS has not yet been evaluated in combination with the new SAPS‐based treatment. Aims: To replicate the practicality of SAPS and to investigate the effectiveness of a SAPS‐based face‐to‐face therapy combined with computerised home training in a feasibility study. To examine the soundness of the treatment design, to determine treatment‐induced changes in patient performance as measured by SAPS, to assess parallel changes in communicative abilities, and to differentiate therapy effects achieved by face‐to‐face therapy versus add‐on effects achieved by later home training. Methods & Procedures: Sixteen participants with post‐stroke aphasia (PWAs) were included into the study. They were administered the SAPS and communicative testing before and after the treatment regimen. Each PWA received one therapy session followed by home training per day, with the individual treatment foci being determined according to initial SAPS profile, and duration of treatment and possible change of focus dependent on performance assessed by continuous therapy monitoring. Outcomes & Results: The combination of therapy and home training based on the SAPS was effective for all participants. We showed significant improvements for impairment‐based SAPS performance and, with high inter‐individual variability, in everyday communication. These two main targets of speech and language therapy were correlated and SAPS improvements after therapy were significantly higher than after home training. Conclusions & Implications: SAPS offers the assessment of an individual performance profile in order to derive sufficiently diversified, well‐founded and specific treatment foci and to follow up changes in performance. The appending treatment regimen has shown to be effective for our participants. Thus, the study revealed feasibility of our approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Invertebrate nervous systems are highly disparate between different taxa. This is reflected in the terminology used to describe them, which is very rich and often confusing. Even very general terms such as 'brain', 'nerve', and 'eye' have been used in various ways in the different animal groups, but no consensus on the exact meaning exists. This impedes our understanding of the architecture of the invertebrate nervous system in general and of evolutionary transformations of nervous system characters between different taxa. Results: We provide a glossary of invertebrate neuroanatomical terms with a precise and consistent terminology, taxon-independent and free of homology assumptions. This terminology is intended to form a basis for new morphological descriptions. A total of 47 terms are defined. Each entry consists of a definition, discouraged terms, and a background/comment section. Conclusions: The use of our revised neuroanatomical terminology in any new descriptions of the anatomy of invertebrate nervous systems will improve the comparability of this organ system and its substructures between the various taxa, and finally even lead to better and more robust homology hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]