Search

Managing the design of products and the efficient execution of the manufacturing processes needed to produce them is an endeavor fraught with all manner of risks for manufacturing enterprises large and small. In certain industries, such as the food manufacturing industry, the problems and risks can be even greater. This is because the processes necessary for a food product's manufacture must be designed not only to meet quality, cost, and efficiency targets, but also to have an innate flexibility to cope with the unavoidable variability in the characteristics of the ingredients used to produce the desired product. In the food manufacturing industry and in related industries such as pharmaceutical manufacturing, the problem of identifying vendor sources for ingredients that have acceptable characteristics, managing the acquisition of those ingredients, and then modifying the manufacturing process to cope with the inherent variability in ingredients acquired at different times is an ongoing concern that can expose a company to severe risks. In this paper, a case study will be presented that illustrates how smart manufacturing (SM) approaches can be applied to reduce the risks due to ingredient variability to, and increase the efficiency of, a food production network. Smart manufacturing integrates best-of-breed solutions from manufacturing and non-manufacturing arenas to solve manufacturing problems and offers great hope for manufacturers. The SM solution described in this paper is built upon what is called the Smart Manufacturing Platform, a software and services platform being developed by the Smart Manufacturing Leadership Coalition.

The conflicts of interest that can arise in medical research are reviewed. This includes conflicts between the company sponsoring the research, the doctors conducting the research, and the patients who participate in the research.

The American Medical Association's Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs recommends that all hospitals develop a medical futility policy and use an approach similar to one described. Medical futility refers to treatments for critically ill patients that probably will have no benefit. The problem occurs when the patient's family disagrees with this assessment. It is preferable to resolve these discrepancies without going to court. A seven-step sample procedure for resolving discrepancies between doctors and family members is presented. Doctors should also be careful not to claim medical futility just to ration care or save resources.

A 16-year-old euthyroid girl with familial goiter was found to have an elevated uptake of radioactive iodine and 25-40% plasma non-butanol extractable iodine at a time when she was taking thyroxine replacement medication. An analysis of the thyroid disclosed hyperplasia and empty follicular spaces. All of the soluble protein and almost all of the labeled soluble protein had a sedimentation constant of approximately 4S. Approximately half was precipitable with antialbumin serum. No evidence of thyroglobulin was obtained. The findings are interpreted as indicative of severely impaired synthesis of thyroglobulin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]