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In both Finland and Sweden, the ICT sector plays a predominant role as a source for economic growth, as a key employer and as a provider for solutions to societal challenges. This report is one of the most comprehensive comparisons between the ICT sectors in Sweden and Finland. The sectors have many similarities but also, as the report highlights, important differences.In order to generate important policy learning it is essential to understand the role of policy and different policy mechanisms in relation to historical developments. The systemic, evolutionary and institutional approach taken in this thorough analysis of the development of ICT sectors in Finland and Sweden provides an ambitious and promising model for such policy learning studies. The study contributes substantially to policy learning on how to think around innovation and development processes, as well as around policy mechanisms. Such policy learning is of fundamental importance to policy making.

When policy support schemes are in reevaluation process, academic literature play pivotal role. This paper presents a literature review of studies that have assessed the performance of Tradable green certificates (TGC) schemes in stimulating investments in Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources (RES-E). To do so, we conduct an extensive and systemic literature review on the Web of Science database. This paper?s outcomes in addition to the descriptive statistics that provide an overview of the publications, intend to gain insights in two important aspects. First, we categorize the typical research approaches (i.e. analysis criteria) to the assessment of TGC systems performance in different, mainly European countries and summarize their outcomes. Second, we illustrate which of research approaches have had the highest impact on the literature of its nature, based on the average number of citations. This paper provides several intriguing direction for future studies.

This chapter takes its point of departure in the so-called Swedish paradox, according to which the Swedish NSI is plagued by low pay-off in relation to very high investments in R&D and innovation efforts. Using new data, we show that this paradox is still in operation, i.e. the productivity or efficiency of the Swedish NSI remains low. We also specify the paradox in several respects. By focussing upon nine activities in the NSI, we attempt to explain why and how the paradox operates. The paradox is also related to the moderate growth of labour productivity in Sweden. Further, we show that the paradox is linked to globalization: internationalization of production by Swedish firms has proceeded further than the internationalization of R&D. On the basis of this analysis, we identify strengths and weaknesses of the Swedish NSI – many of which are related to the Swedish paradox. We take account of the history of innovation policy in Sweden and – on the basis of the analysis as a whole -- we identify future policy initiatives that might help to mitigate the Swedish paradox.