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Background: Research gaps exist with regard to paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding and the association between fathers’ attitudes and the type of breastfeeding. Research Aims: (1) To analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale in fathers, and (2) to examine the association between fathers’ attitudes and type of breastfeeding. Method: We used a cross-sectional study design to analyze the scale’s psychometric properties and performance. Results: A total of 639 fathers participated in the study. The mean age was 35.83 years (SD = 4.65) and 67.3% (n = 430) were married or in a civil partnership. We observed an adequate fit in the confirmatory factor analysis: TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97 and RMSEA = 0.05. The overall internal consistency was 0.76. Between 1–6 months, 48% (n = 307) of participants’ babies were exclusively breastfed, 35.2% (n = 225) were partially breastfed, and 16.7% (n = 107) were exclusively formula fed. Statistically significant differences were shown in attitudes towards breastfeeding, depending on the type of breastfeeding, between 1 and 6 months (F = 54.67; p < .001). Fathers who reported that their baby had been exclusively breastfed scored higher on attitudes towards breastfeeding. Statistically significant differences were also found between partial breastfeeding and formula feeding. Conclusions: The Spanish version of the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring paternal attitudes towards breastfeeding., Antecedentes: Existen otras lagunas de investigación en relación con la promoción de la lactancia materna, específicamente en las actitudes de los padres. Objetivos: Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron: 1) analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale en padres, y 2) examinar la asociación entre las actitudes paternas y el tipo de lactancia materna. Método: nosotros llevamos a cabo un diseño transversal para analizar las propiedades psicométricas y el funcionamiento de la escala. Resultados: participaron 639 padres con una edad media de 35.83 (DE = 4.65) y el 67.3% estaban casadas o eran pareja de hecho. Observamos un ajuste adecuado en el análisis factorial confirmatorio: TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.97, y RMSEA = 0.05. La consistencia interna total fue de 0.76. Entre el mes y los seis meses, el 48% de sus bebés se alimentaba exclusivamente con lactancia materna, el 35.2% lactancia mixta y el 16.7% solo utilizaba lactancia con fórmula. Se mostraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la actitud hacia la lactancia materna en función de la lactancia realizada entre el mes y los 6 meses (F = 54.67; p < .001). Los padres que notificaron que su bebe amamantaba de manera exclusiva tenían una puntuación más elevada en la actitud hacia la lactancia materna. También se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la lactancia mixta y la lactancia artificial. Conclusiones: La versión en español de Iowa Infant Feeding attitude Scale es un instrumento válido y fiable para evaluar las actitudes hacia la lactancia materna en padres.

Background. In recent years, birth experience has been highlighted by national and international organisations as a relevant value in measuring maternal health care quality. According to a standardised tool, we aimed to assess which clinical indicators had the most significant influence on the birth experience. Methods. This prospective observational study was carried out in fourteen hospitals in eastern Spain. 749 women consented to the collection of birth variables at discharge, and subsequently, at 1-4 months, data were collected on the birth experience as measured by the Spanish version of the Childbirth Experience Questionnaire. Next, a linear regression analysis was performed to determine which clinical birth indicators greatly influence the birth experience measure. Result. The study sample (n = 749) was predominantly Spanish and primipara, with 19.5% vaginal births. The predictors that emerged in the linear regression model were to have a birth companion (B = 0.250, p = 0.028), drink fluids during labour (B = 0.249, p < 0.001), have early skin-to-skin contact (B = 0.213, p < 0.001) and being transferred to a specialised room for the second stage of labour (B = 0.098, p = 0.016). The episiotomy (B = -0.100, p < 0.015) and having an operative birth (B = -0.128, p < 0.008) showed a negative influence. Conclusion. Our study supports that intrapartum interventions recommended according to clinical practice guidelines positively influence the mother's birth experience. Episiotomy and operative birth should not be used routinely as they negatively influence the birth experience.

Background: The aging society posits new socioeconomic challenges to which a potential solution is active and assisted living (AAL) technologies. Visual-based sensing systems are technologically among the most advantageous forms of AAL technologies in providing health and social care; however, they come at the risk of violating rights to privacy. With the immersion of video-based technologies, privacy-preserving smart solutions are being developed; however, the user acceptance research about these developments is not yet being systematized. Objective: With this scoping review, we aimed to gain an overview of existing studies examining the viewpoints of older adults and/or their caregivers on technology acceptance and privacy perceptions, specifically toward video-based AAL technology. Methods: A total of 22 studies were identified with a primary focus on user acceptance and privacy attitudes during a literature search of major databases. Methodological quality assessment and thematic analysis of the selected studies were executed and principal findings are summarized. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews) guidelines were followed at every step of this scoping review. Results: Acceptance attitudes toward video-based AAL technologies are rather conditional, and are summarized into five main themes seen from the two end-user perspectives: caregiver and care receiver. With privacy being a major barrier to video-based AAL technologies, security and medical safety were identified as the major benefits across the studies. Conclusions: This review reveals a very low methodological quality of the empirical studies assessing user acceptance of video-based AAL technologies. We propose that more specific and more end user– and real life–targeting research is needed to assess the acceptance of proposed solutions.

Privacy is a very complex concept that concerns all areas of human activity. Even more so, it has acquired whole new importance and has become a hot-button topic in the era of ubiquitous computing. The emergence of Active and Assisted Living (AAL) technologies is offering the improvement of the quality of life and maintaining the independence of older adults in their preferred environment. Especially with the advancement of computer vision, video-based technological solutions are giving us promising results but bring along significant risks of privacy violation. With this qualitative study, we aim to explore older adults’ understanding of privacy as a construct and their privacy considerations for technology-based monitoring applications in eldercare, for video-based systems among them. Exploratory interview sessions were conducted with 12 older adults 66 and plus of age living in care homes and in private households. Findings indicate that the concept of privacy is indeed difficult to understand and define for older adults. However, the context of video monitoring elicits clear privacy concerns. The nudity aspect of privacy was proved to be the most important among the participants, yet, the attitudinal shift in the perception of nudity was observed in older adults living in care homes. Eight out of 12 interviewed older adults did not like the idea of having a camera-based assistive technology, however, some of their worries were alleviated after explaining to them the possible technology’s inherent privacy-preserving techniques.

Aim: To identify scales that assess parental stress in the paediatric clinical population and to analyse their psychometric properties. Methods: Four electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Scopus) and metasearch engines (Google Scholar and Open Grey) were searched with no time period limitations. Methodological quality was assessed using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) and quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach modified by COSMIN. Finally, recommendations were made for the instruments with the highest quality of evidence. Results: A total of 38 studies reporting on 11 different instruments for assessing parental stress in the paediatric clinical setting were included. Six instruments were ‘A’ rated (recommended) in the final phase in line with COSMIN guidelines. The Paediatric Inventory for Parents was the instrument that evaluated the highest number of psychometric properties and obtained the highest methodological quality, global assessment, and quality of evidence for the different psychometric properties. Conclusions: This systematic review provides an overview of the measurement properties of the parental stress instruments used in the paediatric clinical setting. The Paediatric Inventory for Parents stands out as being one of the most robust instruments for measuring stress in parents with a hospitalised or sick child. Evidence needs to be generated for all the parental stress scales used in the clinical setting. Impact: Given that the psychometric properties of the existing parental stress scales used in paediatric health care settings have not been systematically assessed, the present review utilised comprehensive methods according to COSMIN. No Patient or Public Contribution. Reporting method: PRISMA statement and COSMIN reporting guidelines for studies on measurement properties of patient-reported outcom

Objective: To confirm the structure and examine the psychometric properties of the Parental Competence Questionnaire in the Paediatric Hospital Emergency Setting (ECP-U). Methods: An instrumental validation study of the ECP-U questionnaire and an examination of its psychometric properties were carried out. Results: The participants were 260 mothers and fathers seeking care in the paediatric emergency department of a hospital in Valencia (Spain) with children aged 0 to 14 years old. The five-factor structure of the ECP-U was confirmed with excellent statistical fits. Second-order models and a more parsimonious four-factor structure with adequate but marginal fits are proposed. With the exception of the “parental agency” factor (in both models examined) and the “active social support” factor (in the original five-factor structure), the internal consistency of the different factors was modest (≥ 0.70). A negative correlation was found between the Parental Stress Scale and the ECP-U for most factors. Conclusions: Validity and reliability analyses indicate that the ECP-U is an instrument with modest psychometric properties. Implications for practice: The ECP-U is an instrument that can be used by future researchers to identify different levels of parental competence in paediatric hospital emergency departments. This will enable help to be given to families with parenting issues and problems. The underlying concern is to reduce the number of frequent users and “Non-Urgent Presentations” to paediatric emergency departments due to low parental competence.

Background: Over the last decade, the demand for hospital paediatric emergency departments (PEDs) has been on the rise. Studies have been carried out in adults, but in paediatrics, and in Spain, they are few and far between. In order to develop interventions to alleviate this problem, it is necessary to understand the factors that predispose people to use these services. Objective: The main objective of this study was to identify the factors associated with frequent users of PEDs in Spain. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted between September 2021 and December 2022 in the PED of a referral hospital in Spain. Results: There were 530 participants, 12.07% of whom were frequent users. There was an indirect association between frequent use and having a secondary level of education (OR = 0.282, p = 0.002). The factors which were directly associated included: perceived urgency (OR = 10.209, p = 0.002) and the perception that PEDs provide better care than primary care (PC) (OR = 2.664, p = 0.044). Conclusions: The percentage of frequent users is comparable with international levels. As a strategy to reduce the frequency of visits, health interventions are needed to ensure that parents know how to correctly interpret their children’s symptoms and are well informed about the recommended flow of care.

Context: Studies on parenting, including feeding styles and practices in general, have focused mainly on mothers. Consequently, there is a gap with respect to fathers in the scientific literature. Objective: This study's main objective is to determine paternal feeding styles toward children aged 0 to 18 years and to identify those most commonly used by men. Data Sources: The PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, and PsycINFO databases were consulted. Data Extraction: Articles that were not published in English, Spanish, or Italian were excluded, as well as those that referred to other subjects, those whose sample did not include men, or those studying children with pathologies that could influence their diet. All the articles ultimately included were assessed using the STROBE checklist. Data Analysis: A total of 183 articles were found. Of these, 13 were included in the review. No trend was found for paternal parenting style, and disparities existed among the authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles. In terms of feeding practices, men were more likely to use coercion. The most reported feeding styles were authoritarian and permissive. Conclusions: The findings of systematic review suggest cultural and gender differences exist with respect to parenting styles and feeding styles and practices. In terms of paternal parenting styles, there is some disparity. However, when it comes to feeding, men showed a tendency toward an authoritarian feeding style and coercive feeding practices.

Objective: To develop and validate a parental competence questionnaire for parents of children seeking care in hospital emergency departments. Methods: An instrumental study of the development of an assessment questionnaire was carried out in three phases: 1) review of relevant measures and item generation, 2) content validity evaluation, 3) psychometric evaluation. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to examine the factorial structure. Internal consistency was evaluated using ordinal alpha. Hypothesis testing was determined between the resulting factors, the Parental Stress Scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results: The participants were 270 parents of children aged 0–14 years old from a referral hospital in Valencia (Spain). An 18-item questionnaire was developed, comprising five factors that explain 53.0% of the variance: 1) “emotional management and expression”, 2) “passive social support”, 3) “parental agency”, 4) “basic needs and care” and 5) “active social support”. The internal consistency for the different factors was modest (>0.70). A negative correlation between the Parental Stress Scale and the parental competence questionnaire was found for most of the factors. Conclusions: This questionnaire on parental competence in the hospital emergency department (ECP-U) is a useful and simple self-report instrument for assessing the parental competence of parents with children in the emergency department. Practical implications: The resulting questionnaire is of practical value to both healthcare professionals and researchers in this field. It can be administered quickly in clinical practice and used to identify parents' levels of parental competence and refer those with difficulties to appropriate support services.

Parental psychological distress has been identified as a predisposing factor in attendance at and the inappropriate use of hospital pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). The aim of the study was to validate the Parental Stress Scale (PSS), a 12-item Spanish scale, in parents seeking care at PEDs. The study involved 270 participants with a mean age of 37.9 (SD = 6.76) years, of which 77.4% were women. The properties of the PSS were analyzed. The scale showed adequate internal consistency for the different factors (0.80 for the “Stressors” factor and 0.78 for the “Baby’s Rewards” factor) and optimal model fit (chi-square = 107.686; df = 53; CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.028; 90% CI = 0.00–0.05). The 12-item Spanish version of the PSS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the stress levels of parents seeking care in PEDs.

Background: Pediatric emergency department (PED) admissions have risen in recent years, a trend not justified by the severity of the pathologies presented. The aim of this study is to analyse factors related to the inappropriate use of pediatric emergency departments. Methods: This is a systematic review reported in accordance with the PRISMA statement. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science and Science Direct databases, using keywords extracted from MeSH, and conducted a reverse search using Google Scholar and Open Grey, for the period January 2017 to August 2022. The quality of the papers was assessed using STROBE, CASPe, AMSTAR-2, GRADE, Levels Of Evidence and Grades Of Recommendation. Results: A total of 20 studies were selected. Factors related to inappropriate use included the younger age of children, black caregivers, lower socioeconomic status, lower parental educational attainment, perceived urgent demand for care, parental emotions in response to their children's health problems, psychological distress, the ineffective exercise of the parental role, the advantages of the PED and the nature of health insurance. Conclusions and implications: The results illustrate the heterogeneous nature of the phenomenon under investigation. Gaining an understanding of the factors related to the inappropriate demand of PEDs, from the perspective of health professionals, can help in developing interventions to reduce unnecessary consultations and relieve pressure on these healthcare services.

Se sabe poco sobre las características de los programas de rehabilitación cardíaca implantados en la actualidad en España, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la efectividad de la rehabilitación cardíaca en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica en España, mediante una revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura científica en distintas bases de datos desde 2010 hasta 2018. Se incluyeron 35 artículos cuyo objetivo era medir la efectividad de los programas de rehabilitación cardíaca desde distintas perspectivas. Participaron más del doble de hombres que de mujeres y solo el 8,6% fueron ensayos clínicos. Se observaron mejoras en relación con la mortalidad y las variables fisiológicas y de calidad de vida de los pacientes, pero con resultados dispares en morbilidad, estados de ánimo, mantenimiento de hábitos saludables a largo plazo y rentabilidad de los programas., Little is known about the characteristics of the cardiac rehabilitation programs currently implemented in Spain, the aim was therefore to know more about the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with ischemic heart disease in Spain, through an exploratory systematic review of the scientific literature on cardiac rehabilitation carried out in different databases from 2010 to 2018. We reviewed 35 articles whose objective was to measure the effectiveness of cardiac rehabilitation programs from different perspectives. More than twice as many men as women participated and only 8.6% were clinical trials. The studies showed improvements in relation to mortality and physiological and quality of life variables, but with discrepant results in morbidity, moods, maintenance long-term healthy habits and profitability of the programs.

Background and objective: Adequate support in maternity wards is decisive for breastfeeding outcomes during the first year of life. Quality improvement interventions require the identification of the factors influencing hospital benchmark indicators. Machine Learning (ML) models and post-hoc Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) techniques allow accurate predictions and explaining them. This study aimed to predict exclusive breastfeeding during the in-hospital postpartum stay by ML algorithms and explain the ML model’s behaviour to support decision making. Methods: The dataset included 2042 mothers giving birth in 18 hospitals in Eastern Spain. We obtained information on demographics, mothers’ breastfeeding experiences, clinical variables, and participating hospitals’ support conditions. The outcome variable was exclusive breastfeeding during the in-hospital postpartum stay. We tested algorithms from different ML families. To evaluate the ML models, we applied 10-fold stratified cross-validation. We used the following metrics: Area under curve receiver operating characteristic (ROC AUC), area under curve precision-recall (PR AUC), accuracy, and Brier score. After selecting the best fitting model, we calculated Shapley’s additive values to assign weights to each predictor depending on its additive contribution to the outcome and to explain the predictions. Results: The XGBoost algorithms showed the best metrics (ROC AUC = 0.78, PR AUC = 0.86, accuracy = 0.75, Brier = 0.17). The main predictors of the model included, in order of importance, the pacifier use, the degree of breastfeeding self-efficacy, the previous breastfeeding experience, the birth weight, the admission of the baby to a neonatal care unit after birth, the moment of the first skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby, and the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative accreditation of the hospital. Specific examples for linear and nonlinear relations between main predictors and the outcome and heterogene

The transition to parenthood represents a moment of change and adaptation in which the dyadic marital relationship becomes a triadic relationship. Facilitating a positive transition requires a thorough understanding of the explanatory model of the relationship between parental–infant bonding, dyadic adjustment and quality of life (QoL) from an integrative perspective of the family unit. The aim of this work was to analyse the relationships between parent–infant bonding, dyadic adjustment and QoL from an intra-partner perspective, 6–12 months after the birth of a child. A cross-sectional observational study was performed in a convenience sample of 222 couples 6–12 months postpartum, enrolled from October 2013 to March 2016. The mean age of the mothers was 34.07 years (SD = 3.67), and for the fathers, it was 35.75 years (SD = 4.02). Mothers perceived better QoL and greater mother–infant bonding compared to fathers. The perception of an adequate dyadic adjustment, together with positive parent–infant bonding, had positively influenced the individual QoL of both members of the couple 6–12 months after birth. From an intra-partner perspective, the positive transition was influenced by the relationship between parent–infant bonding, dyadic adjustment and QoL. Positive parent–infant bonding in mothers and fathers, as well as promotion of the quality of the relationships between couples, can help promote a better QoL. Positive health results can be achieved in terms of individual and family well-being by designing healthcare interventions that encourage the presence and participation of the family unit.

Esta tesis doctoral se presenta por compendio de publicaciones según el Reglamento de régimen interno de la Escuela de Doctorado (Consejo de Gobierno de la Universidad de Alicante de 17 de diciembre de 2.013, modificado por Consejo de Gobierno de la Universidad de Alicante 30 de julio de 2019, BOUA de 30 de julio de 2019 y Consejo de Gobierno de la Universidad de Alicante de 29 de septiembre de 2020, BOUA de 16 de octubre de 2020). Forman parte de esta tesis doctoral dos artículos científicos. El primer artículo titulado: "A qualitative emancipatory inquiry into relationships between people with mental disorders and health professionals” fue aceptado para su publicación, en diciembre de 2020 en la revista Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. La revista está situada en el puesto 25/123 (Nursing) con un factor de impacto de 1.947 en 2019 en Journal Citation Reports (JCR). En él se exploran las percepciones de las personas diagnosticadas con un trastorno mental sobre las relaciones que se establecen con los profesionales de la salud, los efectos del trato recibido por parte de estos y sus demandas para mejorar la atención recibida. A través del análisis del contenido se obtuvieron como resultado 4 temas principales: Estereotipos y prejuicios, Calidad de las interacciones y tratamiento, Impactos emocionales y de comportamiento y Demandas. La principal conclusión del estudio es que los participantes han percibido que los que no se aplica la toma de decisiones compartida, han tenido experiencias negativas con los profesionales de la salud llegando a vulnerarse sus derechos en casos concretos. Estas experiencias contribuyen a que aumenten sus miedos y se vuelvan cautelosos, ocultando información o mintiendo por miedo a las consecuencias lo que contribuye a confirmar los estereotipos. Los participantes piden de forma unánime un trato más humanitario. El segundo artículo: "Effectiveness of direct contact intervention with people with mental illness to reduce sti

Es conveniente diseñar, aplicar y evaluar metodologías activas y eficaces que permitan entrenar habilidades no técnicas, como las de comunicación, en los profesionales sanitarios en su formación de pregrado. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: a) Implementar un programa de simulación de baja fidelidad para la adquisición de habilidades de comunicación básicas clínicas en el primer curso del grado de Enfermería en el año lectivo 2020/2021; b) Evaluar la actitud y la autoeficacia percibida hacia las habilidades de comunicación tras la implementación del programa de simulación. Se implementó un programa de simulación de baja fidelidad para entrenar en habilidades de comunicación básicas eficaces en la asistencia sanitaria. Un total de 120 estudiantes del primer curso del grado de Enfermería de la Universidad de Alicante del periodo lectivo 2020-2021 contestaron a la evaluación de la experiencia educativa a través de un cuestionario electrónico. Los estudiantes mejoraron su percepción actitudinal y su autoeficacia al finalizar el programa de simulación de baja fidelidad, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Podemos concluir, que la simulación de baja fidelidad aplicada en primer curso del grado de enfermería es una metodología eficaz y viable para el entrenamiento de habilidades de comunicación básicas del ámbito clínico.

Introducción: La pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 se ha cobrado la vida de millones personas a nivel mundial. Por ello, brindar los cuidados paliativos a los pacientes con COVID-19 es esencial. Debido a la aparición de una nueva enfermedad se han tenido que modificar estos cuidados. Objetivos: Conocer e identificar las variaciones en los cuidados paliativos en una persona con coronavirus y la adaptación de los cuidados humanizados en los pacientes y los familiares. Además, se identifica los aspectos fundamentales que incluyen estos cuidados junto a la formación del profesional sanitario enfocado a enfermería principalmente. Metodología: Se trata de una revisión bibliográfica sobre la evidencia científica en este campo durante estos últimos años 2019-2021 mediante el empleo de las bases de datos “Cinahl”, “Pubmed” y “PsycInfo”. Se analizan principalmente artículos en inglés, castellano y portugués. Resultados: Se realiza una síntesis sobre los pilares fundamentales que constituyen los cuidados paliativos: muerte digna y alivio de la sintomatología, creencias, comunicación, apoyo a la familia, intervenciones en el duelo y de los profesionales incluyendo en éstos los cambios debido a la pandemia junto a la humanización de los cuidados durante esta compleja etapa. Conclusiones: Se identifica la necesidad de elaborar un protocolo donde se recojan todos los aspectos vistos. Además, es imprescindible formar al profesional sanitario en este campo adquiriendo así nuevas habilidades para la humanización de los cuidados durante la pandemia. Se sugiere la necesidad de realizar nuevas líneas de investigación en este campo.

Los estilos de crianza parentales tienen un gran impacto en el desarrollo evolutivo del niño. De esta manera, las formas de cuidado y crianza que recibimos por parte de nuestra familia en la infancia influyen de forma directa en nuestro desarrollo emocional y social futuro. Se ha demostrado que el estilo de crianza que emplean los padres afecta al hijo y conduce a respuestas conductuales particulares. El objetivo principal de esta revisión ha sido identificar si los estilos de crianza influyen en el desarrollo de trastornos conductuales en los hijos e hijas (niños/as y adolescentes), y de ser así qué estilo de crianza resulta un factor predictivo y cuál puede actuar como factor protector. Para ello se localizaron artículos publicados en revistas científicas indexadas en bases de datos como PubMed, CINAHL y Google Académico. Además, se utilizaron Google Académico junto a Dialnet y el catálogo de artículos de la biblioteca de la Universidad de Alicante para buscar artículos concretos encontrados en las bibliografías de otros estudios. Los resultados reflejan que los estilos de crianza autoritario y permisivo resultan factores de riesgo frente a los trastornos de conducta, siendo más perjudicial el estilo autoritario, y el estilo de crianza autoritativo actúa como factor protector en el desarrollo de trastornos conductuales. En conclusión, sería conveniente instruir al personal sanitario para detectar a través de la observación durante las consultas posibles estilos de crianza que sirvieran como factor predictivo en el desarrollo de trastornos conductuales, así como, llevar a cabo programas preventivos que enseñen a los padres a supervisar el comportamiento de sus hijos para disminuir la probabilidad de desarrollar dichas conductas, y proporcionarle a los padres estrategias y pautas para evitar el uso de estilos y prácticas de crianza negativas.