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Resume La pratique d’exploration par scanner thoracique « faible dose » (STFD) chez les fumeurs pourrait permettre un diagnostic plus precoce de cancer bronchopulmonaire (CBP), une quantification de l’emphyseme et l’identification de calcifications coronaires. Etant donne les doses reduites d’irradiation qu’elle delivre, l’idee d’en faire un instrument de depistage des CBP a mene a la realisation d’essais randomises avec groupe temoin. Avec un recul de 10 et 12 ans il ressort, des deux plus importants d’entre eux, une reduction de la mortalite liee au CBP chez les hommes, de 25 % en moyenne, significative dans l’essai Nelson et de 8 %, non significative, dans l’essai NLST, mais pas de reduction de la mortalite globale. Chez les femmes, les resultats sont variables et plus difficilement interpretable. Dans l’essai NLST, une reduction significative de 20 % en moyenne a 10 ans est observee chez les femmes alors que dans l’essai Nelson, une reduction de 33 % n’est pas significative en raison du faible nombre de femmes incluses et suivies 10 ans. Par ailleurs, de nombreuses inconnues persistent pour pouvoir definir une politique de depistage, entre autres, sur la definition de la population cible, le taux de participation souhaitable, la frequence des tests, le type de test a realiser, leur interpretation, les indications diagnostiques et therapeutiques pour les tests positifs et la formation des radiologues. En raison de ces multiples incertitudes, l’Academie nationale de medecine considere que l’utilisation du STFD ne peut etre retenue actuellement en tant qu’instrument de depistage programme, mais qu’en revanche, elle pourrait contribuer au bilan de sante de certains fumeurs et inciter aux demarches de sevrage tabagique qui reste un souci majeur pour la Sante publique.

Resume Le depistage des cancers est une demarche de sante publique pour reduire la mortalite d’un cancer donne. L’intervention identifie les porteurs probables de ce cancer par un « test » propose a une population asymptomatique dont la majorite des individus ne sont pas porteurs de ce cancer. Le benefice du depistage s’objective par la baisse de la mortalite due au cancer cible dans la population testee. Les effets indesirables (faux positifs, examens et traitements inutiles, faux negatifs…) doivent aussi etre mesures afin de s’assurer que les benefices sont superieurs aux effets negatifs. Ces donnees ne sont connues et gerables que dans le cadre d’un programme organise. A l’heure actuelle, seuls les cancers du sein, du colon-rectum et du col de l’uterus satisfont a ces principes et font l’objet d’un depistage organise en France. Cette balance benefice/risque doit etre estimee regulierement, car elle se modifie avec le temps en raison des acquis medicaux (nouveaux tests…) ou de modifications epidemiologiques (nouvelles populations atteintes…). En consequence, cette evaluation doit entrainer une interrogation reguliere sur les programmes en cours et une mise en place rapide des ajustements necessaires. Dans l’etat actuel des evaluations, en ce qui concerne les cancers du sein, seul le depistage organise (DO) est preconise en France de 50 a 74 ans ; le taux actuel de participation (50 %) devrait etre stimule pour atteindre 70 %. La detection individuelle (hors DO), avant ou apres 50 ans, non justifiee par un risque familial ou un symptome doit etre clairement deconseillee. Les travaux de recherche pour un meilleur ciblage de la population soumise au depistage doivent etre soutenus. En ce qui concerne les cancers colorectaux, le depistage doit avant tout etre mieux cible sur une tranche d’âge plus efficiente soit : 55–75 chez les hommes et 60–80 chez les femmes. Sous peine de rester inefficace, le taux de participation doit etre au moins double par diverses mesures d’organisation dont la prise en charge totale du reste a payer. La possibilite d’utiliser d’autres tests doit etre egalement evaluee. Enfin pour les cancers du col de l’uterus ou le depistage par frottis cervical a largement demontre son efficacite, il reste a convaincre les 40 % de femmes non participantes. Dans ce but il faut mettre en place des mesures adaptees : elargissement des habilitations a prelever (infirmieres…), utilisation des tests HPV, remboursement du reste a charge… Par ailleurs grâce a l’existence d’un vaccin efficace ce cancer pourrait etre eradique. Malheureusement actuellement plus de 70 % des jeunes filles francaises ne sont pas vaccinees ; il est capital d’augmenter la couverture vaccinale en luttant contre les lobbies anti-vaccin, en vaccinant les garcons (eviction de porteurs de virus et prevention des cancers buccaux et oropharynges), et en integrant l’information sur les virus HPV dans le programme d’education sanitaire a l’ecole.

Objective Pelvic organ prolapse is a common condition among post-menopausal women, and surgery is often the standard treatment proposed. Native tissue vaginal surgery is burdened by a high rate of recurrence, and mesh vaginal surgery has become current practice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and the effectiveness of the vaginal kit Anterior/Apical single incision mesh Elevate™ for the correction of anterior and apical compartment prolapse. Study design Data of patients with symptomatic anterior vaginal prolapse stage ≥ II, receiving mesh repair with the Anterior/Apical Elevate single incision system between January 2010 and January 2015 were retrieved. Prolapse was classified according to the POP-Q system. The main outcome measure was anatomical success, while subjective and safety outcomes were secondary outcomes. Results Anatomical success rate was 87.2 % for anterior compartment prolapse and 84.6 % for combined anterior and apical prolapse, while overall functional success rate was 96.2 % after a median follow-up of 33.6 months. The most frequent short-term complications were urinary bladder injury (3.0 %) and transient urinary retention (6.9 %). The most common long-term complications were de novo or persistent symptomatic stress urinary incontinence (10.8 %) and vaginal mesh extrusion (3.8 %). Conclusion Mesh vaginal surgery with Anterior/Apical single incision mesh Elevate™ is a well-tolerated procedure with a very high anatomical and functional success rate. Short and long-term complications rate seem to be acceptable, and in most of cases, solvable. Further studies are needed to confirm our promising data.

Background Vaginal mesh safety information is limited, especially concerning single incision techniques using ultra lightweight meshes for the treatment of anterior pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Objective To determine the intraoperative and postoperative complication rates after anterior POP repair involving an ultralight mesh (19 g/m2): Restorelle® Direct Fix™. Methods A case series of 218 consecutive patients, operated on between January 2013 and December 2016 in ten tertiary and secondary care centres, was retrospectively analyzed. Eligible patients had POP vaginal repair (recurrent or not) planned with anterior Restorelle® Direct Fix™ mesh (with or without posterior mesh). Surgical complications were graded using the Clavien-Dindo classification. Results Intraoperative complications were bladder wound (0.5%), rectal wound (0.5%), ureteral injuries (0.9%). 98.2% of the patient did not have per operative complications. We observed one fail of procedure. Early complications mainly included urinary retention (8.7%) urinary tract infections (5.5%) and haematoma (2.7%). One haematoma required surgical treatment and another, embolization. 80.7% of the patient did not have complications during hospitalization and 80.3% did not have complication at the follow up visit. None of the analyzed factors (age, body mass index, surgical history, grade of prolapse or concomitant procedure) was significantly associated with the risk of perioperative complications. A total of 2.8% patients had grade III complications according Clavien Dindo. None had grade IV or V. Conclusions This multicentre case-series on the early experience of the use of anterior Restorelle® Direct Fix™ mesh showed a satisfactory technical feasibility and a low rate of grade III complications according Clavien Dindo. Long term studies are necessary to assess anterior Restorelle® Direct Fix™ mesh performances and to appraise patient satisfaction feedback.

RESUME L’incidence du cancer et le nombre de sujets en vie apres un cancer augmentent. En 2008, en France, trois millions de personnes ayant eu un cancer sont en vie et 18 millions sont prevus en 2022. La reinsertion de ces patients dans la vie « normale » souleve des problemes societaux, familiaux et professionnels. Ces trois sujets sont abordes dans ce rapport. A la fin des traitements quel que soit l’impact psychologique du cancer, le retour a la vie « normale » passe par l’acceptation d’etre gueri de la peur de mourir. Cette acceptation est d’autant plus difficile qu’une surveillance est proposee et que la prise en charge du cancer en Affection de Longue Duree (ALD) se poursuit. Les patients doivent s’investir fortement avec si necessaire un soutien psychologique et une aide de l’Association Francaise de Soins Oncologiques de Support (AFSOS), de la convention tripartite signee entre pouvoirs publics, professionnels de la banque et assureurs (AERAS) qui leur permettra de s’assurer et d’emprunter si besoin et enfin des actions en faveur du retour a l emploi. Dans tous les cas un encouragement a l activite physique et des conseils alimentaires identiques a ceux donnes en prevention primaire doivent etre formules. Le maintien d’une cohesion familiale est important et passe par le retour a une vie sexuelle normale et une proposition de preservation de la fertilite avec conservation des gametes. Chez l’enfant, avant la puberte, une proposition de conservation de tissu germinal est possible mais sa reutilisation reste du domaine de la recherche. Ce rapport est un plaidoyer pour coordonner toutes les mesures existantes garantissant au maximum de patients un retour a la « vie normale ».

Introduction The aim of this study was to examine changes in therapeutic practices for early breast cancer T0-2 N0 managed by upfront surgery and SLNB. Population Between 1999 and 2012, 15.508 patients were treated. Four periods were determined: 1999–2003, 2004–2006, 2007–2009 and > 2009. Five tumor subtypes were defined according to hormonal receptors (HR) and Her2: Luminal A (HR + Her2- Grade 1–2), Her2 (Her2+ HR-), Triple-negative (HR- Her2-), Luminal B Her2- (HR + Her2- Grade 3), Luminal B Her2+ (HR + HER2+). Methods Rates of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), adjuvant chemotherapy ± trastuzumab, endocrine treatment, mastectomy and post mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) were analyzed according to treatment periods with univariate and multivariate analysis. Overall and disease-free survivals were analyzed according to treatment periods adjusted for HR and then for tumor subtypes. Results Rates of ALND, adjuvant chemotherapy and endocrine treatment varied significantly according to treatment periods, for HR positive and negative tumors. ALND rate decreased for all tumor subtypes with a decrease of adjuvant chemotherapy rate for Luminal A tumors and an increase for Luminal B Her2+ and Her2-tumors. Endocrine treatment rate decreased for Luminal A and increased for Luminal B Her2+ tumors. In multivariate analysis, these modifications with time remained significant. Mastectomy and PMRT rates increased. In multivariate analysis, overall and disease-free survivals increased during successive periods. Conclusion A global therapeutic de-escalation in ALND and adjuvant systemic treatment, combined with an actual escalation in some specific subsets was demonstrated, but without negative impact on survival.

Background Omission of completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is a standard practice in patients with breast cancer (BC) and negative sentinel nodes (SNs) but has shown insufficient evidence to be recommended in those with SN invasion. Methods A retrospective analysis of a cohort of patients with BC and micrometastases (Mic) or isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in SN. Factors associated with ALND were identified, and patients with ALND were matched to patients without ALND. Overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were estimated in the overall population, in Mic and in ITC cohorts. Findings Among 2009 patients analysed, 1390 and 619 had Mic and ITC in SN, respectively. Factors significantly associated with ALND were SN status, histological type, age, number of SN harvested and absence of adjuvant chemotherapy. After a median follow-up of 60.4 months, ALND omission was independently associated with reduced OS (hazard ratio [HR] 2.41, 90 confidence interval [CI] 1.36–4.27, p = 0.0102), but not with increased RFS (HR 1.21, 90 CI 0.74–2.0, p = 0.52) in the overall population. In matched patients, the increased risk of death in case of ALND omission was found only in the Mic cohort (HR 2.88, 90 CI 1.46–5.69), not in the ITC cohort. The risk of recurrence was also significantly increased in the subgroup of matched Mic patients (HR 1.56, 90 CI 0.90–2.73). Interpretation A separate analysis of Mic and ITC groups, matched for the determinants of ALND, suggested that patients with Mic had increased recurrence rates and shorter OS when ALND was not performed. Our results are consistent with those of previous studies for patients with ITC but not for those with Mic. Randomised controlled clinical trials are still warranted to show with a high level of evidence if ALND can be safely omitted in patients with micrometastatic disease in SN.

Background: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are the most deadly form of breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Axillary lymph node involvement (ALNI) has been described to be prognostic in BC taken as a whole, but its prognostic value in each subtype is unclear. We explored the prognostic impact of ALNI and especially of small size axillary metastases in early TNBCs. Methods: We analysed in this multicentre study all patients treated for early TNBC in 12 French cancer centres. We explored the correlation between clinicopathological data and ALNI, with a specific focus on the dichotomisation between macrometastases and occult metastases, which is defined as the presence of isolated tumour cells or micrometastases. The prognostic value of ALNI both in terms of disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was also explored. Results: We included 1237 TNBC patients. Five-year DFS and OS were 83.7% and 88.5%, respectively. The identified independent prognostic features for DFS were tumour size >20 mm (hazard ratio (HR)=1.86; 95% CI: 1.11–3.10, P=0.018), lymphovascular invasion (HR=1.69; 95% CI: 1.21–2.34, P=0.002) and ALNI both in case of macrometastases (HR=1.97; 95% CI: 1.38–2.81, P

Introduction and hypothesis: Descending Perineum Syndrome (DPS) is a coloproctologic disease and the best treatment for it is yet to be defined. DPS is frequently associated with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and it is reasonable to postulate, that treatment of POP will also have an impact on DPS. We aimed to evaluate the subjective satisfaction and improvement of DPS for patients who have undergone a sacral colpoperineopexy associated with retrorectal mesh for concomitant POP. Methods: This retrospective cohort study, conducted between February 2010 and May 2016 included all women who had undergone surgery to treat POP and DPS. Improvement of POP was assessed clinically and subjective satisfaction was assessed with a survey. Results: Among the 37 operated patients, 31 responded to the questionnaire and 77.4% were satisfied with this surgical procedure. 94.6% were objectively cured for POP. There was a 60% improvement rate for constipation, 63.5 and 68% were cured or improved for ODS and the need for digital maneuvers respectively. Conclusion: Sacral colpoperineopexy associated with retrorectal dorsal mesh appears to objectively and subjectively improve POP associated with DPS.

The prevalence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is increasing. The number of women aged 70–80 years requiring surgical management for POP is also increasing. The purpose of this study was to compare the complications associated with three pelvic organ prolapse repair methods, sacrocolpopexy (SCP), native tissue repair (NTR), and vaginal mesh repair (VMR), in women aged 70–80 years. We performed a multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 213 women who underwent POP surgical repairs between December 2012 and December 2017. Treatment-related complications were classified using the ClavienDindo grading system and compared among the three groups. Perioperative data, anatomical success rates, patient satisfaction, and postoperative complication data were collected during the follow-up period, which lasted up to 12 months. Of 213 patients, 70 (33%) underwent SCP, 85 (40%) underwent NTR, and 58 (28%) underwent VMR. By postoperative day 30, the all-inclusive complication rate was lower in the SCP group than in the NTR or VMR group; however, there was no between-group difference in complication grade. The VMR group underwent fewer concomitant hysterectomies than the other groups, and operative time was the longest for SCP. Overall, recovery time, anatomical success rate, and patient satisfaction were comparable for all three repairs. All three surgical techniques were equivalent in patient satisfaction, anatomical success rate, and complication rate. SCP should be recommended to elderly women who meet criteria for prolonged general anesthesia, as it was associated with fewer perioperative complications than NTR and VMR.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) remains under discussion for large size tumors. The aim of this work has been to study the false negative rate (FNR) of SLNB for large tumors and predictive factors of false negative (FN).A study of a multicentric cohort, involved patients presenting N0 breast cancer with a SLNB eventually completed by complementary axillary lymph node dissection (cALND). The main criteria were the FNR and the predictive factors of FN.12.415 patients were included: 748 with tumors ≥30 mm, 1101 with tumors20 and 30 mm and 10.566 with tumors ≤20 mm, with a cALND respectively for 501 patients (67%), 523 (62.1%) and 2775 (26.3%). The FNR were respectively: 3.05% (IC95%: 1.3-4.8) for tumors ≥30 mm*, 3.5% (1.8-5.2) for tumors20 and 30 mm*, 1.8% (1-2.4) for tumors ≤20 mm (p 0.05) (*Not significant). At multivariate analysis, SN number harvested ≤2 (OR:2.0, p = 0.023) and tumor size20 and 30 mm (OR:2.07, p = 0.017) were significant predictive factors of FN, without significant value for tumor size ≥30 mm (OR:1.83, p = 0.073).The FNR of SLNB was not higher amongst large size tumors compared to tumors of a smaller size. These results support the validation of SNLB for tumors up to 50 mm.

Benefit of adjuvant trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for node-positive and/or1 cm human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (HER2+) breast carcinomas has been clearly demonstrated in randomized clinical trials. Yet, evidence that adjuvant chemotherapy with or without trastuzumab is effective in pT1abN0 HER2+ tumors is still limited. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy ± trastuzumab on outcome in this subpopulation.A total of 356 cases of pT1abN0M0 HER2 + breast cancers were retrospectively identified from a large cohort of 22,334 patients, including 1248 HER2+ patients who underwent primary surgery at 17 French centers, between December 1994 and January 2014. The primary end point was disease-free survival (DFS). A multivariate Cox model was built, including adjuvant chemotherapy, tumor size, hormone receptor status, and Scarff Bloom Richardson (SBR) grade.A total of 138 cases (39%) were treated with trastuzumab-based chemotherapy, 29 (8%) with chemotherapy alone, and 189 (53%) received neither trastuzumab nor chemotherapy. Adjuvant chemotherapy ± trastuzumab was associated with a significant DFS benefit (3-year 99 vs. 90%, and 5-year 96 vs. 84%, Hazard ratio, HR 0.26 [0.10-0.67]; p = 0.003, logrank test) which was maintained in multivariate analysis (HR 0.19 [0.07-0.52]; p = 0.001). Metastasis-free survival was also increased (HR 0.25 [0.07-0.86]; p = 0.018, logrank test) at 3-year (99 vs. 95%) and 5-year (98 vs. 89%) censoring. Exploratory subgroup analysis found DFS benefit to be significant in hormone receptor-negative, hormone receptor-positive, and pT1b tumors, but not in pT1a tumors.Adjuvant chemotherapy ± trastuzumab is associated with a significantly reduced risk of recurrence in subcentimeter node-negative HER2+ breast cancers. Most of the benefit may be driven by pT1b tumors.

To define the prognostic value of isolated tumor cells (ITC), micrometastases (pN1mi) and macrometastases in early stage breast cancer (ESBC). We conducted a retrospective multicenter cohort study at 13 French sites. All the eligible patients who underwent SLNB from January 1999 to December 2008 were identified, and appropriate data were extracted from medical records and analyzed. Among 8001 patients, including 70% node-negative (n = 5588), 4% ITC (n = 305), 10% pN1mi (n = 794) and 16% macrometastases (n = 1314) with a median follow-up of 61.3 months, overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates at 84 months were not statistically different in ITC or pN1mi compared to tumor-free nodes. Axillary recurrence (AR) was significantly more frequent in ITC (1.7%) and pN1mi (1.5%) compared to negative nodes (0.6%). Survival and AR rates of single macrometastases were not different from those of ITC or pN1mi. In case of 2 macrometastases or more, survival rates decreased and recurrence rates increased significantly. Micrometastases and ITC do not have a negative prognostic value. Single macrometastases might have an intermediate prognostic value while 2 macrometastases or more are associated with poorer prognosis.

Although benign, pelvic organ prolapse is a real public health problem, affecting mostly women above sixty-five. Eighty-year-old women have an 11.1% lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for prolapse or stress urinary incontinence and 29% will need a second procedure. Surgical approach may be abdominal (sacrocolpopexy by laparotomy, laparoscopy or robot-assisted) or vaginal (autologous, or prosthetic reinforcement). In addition to anatomical correction, surgical objectives include: improvement of the patient's quality of life, prolapse symptoms relief, normal urinary, digestive and sexual functions and especially, avoiding iatrogenic sequelae. Thus, the choice of the surgical approach does not only depend upon the site and the severity of the prolapse. Urogynecological surgeons should take into consideration the patient's expectations and life style, her age--a determinant factor in deciding upon the best approach -, and her relapse risk factors. They should master both approaches, and the management of surgical complications. Therefore, an apprenticeship in a reference pelviperineology center is a must. In addition, surgeons should be aware of and consider contraindications to each procedure, for instance contraindications to transvaginal prosthesis reinforcement like risk factors of bad healing or infection. Urogynecology specialists have to take into consideration known anatomical and functional results of each technique as cited in the medical literature and act in accordance with international recommendations. The surgery's main objective is to ameliorate the patient's discomfort and her quality of life without causing iatrogenic dysfunctional symptoms (urinary, digestive, sexual). The pelvic organ prolapse being a benign pathology, the patient's satisfaction is the main marker of the procedure success. In short, regarding the surgical management of pelvic organ prolapse in women the answer to the question How to choose the best approach? is not binary. It depends on several factors, and regardless of the choice, it must

Background To estimate the proportion of elderly patients (>70 years) with breast cancer eligible for an Exclusive IntraOperative RadioTherapy (E-IORT) and to evaluate their local recurrence-free survival rate. Methods This retrospective study examining two cohorts focuses on patients over 70 years old: a multi-centric cohort of 1411 elderly patients and a mono-centric cohort of 592 elderly patients. All patients underwent conservative surgery followed by external radiotherapy for T0-T3 N0-N1 invasive breast cancer, between 1980 and 2008. Results Within each cohort two groups were identified according to the inclusion criteria of the RIOP trial (R group) and TARGIT E study (T group). Each group was divided into two sub-groups, patients eligible (E) or non-eligible (nE) for IORT. The population of patients that were eligible in the TARGIT E study but not in the RIOP trial were also studied in both cohorts. The proportion of patients eligible for IORT was calculated, according to the eligibility criteria of each study. A comparison of the 5-year local or locoregional recurrence-free survival rate between eligible vs non-eligible patients was made. In both cohorts, the proportion of patients eligible according to the RIOP trial’s eligibility criteria was 35.4 and 19.3%, and according to the TARGIT E study criteria was 60.9 and 45.3%. The 5-year locoregional recurrence-free survival rate was not significantly different between RE and RnE groups, TE and TnE groups. In both cohorts RE and (TE-RE) groups were not significantly different. Conclusions Our results encourage further necessary studies to define and to extend the eligibility criteria for per operative exclusive radiotherapy.

Controversy exists about the prognosis of breast cancer in young women. Our objective was to describe clinicopathological and prognostic features to improve adjuvant treatment indications.We conducted a retrospective multi centre study including fifteen French hospitals. Disease-free survival's data, clinical and pathological criteria were collected.5815 patients were included, 15.6% of them where between 35 and 40 years old and 8.7% below 35. In 94% of the cases, a palpable masse was found in patients ≤35 years old. Triple negative and HER2 tumors were predominantly found in patients ≤35 (22.2% and 22.1%, p 0.01). A young age ≤40 years (p 0.001; hazard ratio [HR]: 2.05; 95% confidence limit [CL]: 1.60-2.63) or ≤35 years (p 0.001; [HR]: 3.86; 95% [CL]: 2.69-5.53) impacted on the indication of chemotherapy. Age ≤35 (p 0.001; [HR]: 2.01; 95% [CL]: 1.36-2.95) was a significantly negative factor on disease-free survival. Chemotherapy (p 0.006; [HR]: 0.6; 95% [CL]: 0.40-0.86) and positive hormone receptor status (p 0.001; [HR]: 0.6; 95% [CL]: 0.54-0.79) appeared to be protector factors. Patients under 36, had a significantly higher rate of local recurrence and distant metastasis compared to patients35-40 (21.5 vs. 15.4% and 21.8 vs. 12.6%, p 0.01).Young women present a different distribution of molecular phenotypes with more luminal B and triple negative tumors with a higher grade and more lymph node involvement. A young age, must be taken as a pejorative prognostic factor and must play a part in indication of adjuvant therapy.

This study was designed to assess the safety and outcomes achieved with stapled transanal rectal resection vs. biofeedback training in obstructed defecation patients.A total of 119 women patients who suffered from obstructed defecation with associated rectocele and rectal intussusception were randomized to stapled transanal rectal resection or biofeedback training. Stapled transanal rectal resection was performed by using two circular staplers to produce transanal full-thickness rectal resection. Primary outcome was symptoms of obstructed defecation resolution at 12 months; secondary outcomes included safety, change in quality of life score, and anatomic correction of rectocele and rectal intussusception.Fourteen percent (8/59) stapled transanal rectal resection and 50 percent (30/60) biofeedback training patients withdrew early. Eight (15 percent) patients treated with stapled transanal rectal resection and 1 (2 percent) biofeedback patient experienced adverse events. One serious adverse event (bleeding) occurred after stapled transanal rectal resection. Scores of obstructed defecation improved significantly in both groups as did quality of life (both P0.0001). Successful treatment was observed in 44 (81.5 percent) stapled transanal rectal resection vs. 13 (33.3 percent) evaluable biofeedback training patients (P0.0001). Functional benefit was observed early and remained stable during the study.In this controlled trial, stapled transanal rectal resection was well tolerated, was more effective than biofeedback training for the resolution of obstructed defecation symptoms, and improved quality of life, with minimal risk of impaired continence. Thus, stapled transanal rectal resection offers a new treatment alternative for obstructed defecation after failure of conservative measures including biofeedback training, a noninvasive approach.

Organized colorectal screening in France was extended to the whole of the country in 2008. People aged from 50 to 74 years are offered fecal occult blood tests (FOBT) every two years. Patients with individual or familial risk factors for colorectal disease are excluded from the program. Despite promotion campaigns, the participation rate remains low, at about 30 %. It has been decided that a quantitative immunogical test will replace FOBT in the near future. The evaluation and use of colonoscopy and recto-sigmoidoscopy as screening tests must be re-evaluated in the light of recent research findings.

The rate of axillary recurrence (AR) after sentinel lymph node biopsy is usually low but few studies investigated its impact on survival. Our aim was to determine the rate and predictive factors of AR in a large cohort of breast cancer patients and its impact on survival.From 1999 to 2013, 14,095 patients who underwent surgery for clinically N0 previously untreated breast cancer and had sentinel lymph node biopsy were analysed. A simplified score predictive of AR was established.Median follow-up was 55.2 months. AR was observed in 0.51% of cases, with a median time to onset of 43.4 months. In multivariate analysis, the occurrence of AR was significantly correlated with grade 2 or 3 disease, absence of radiotherapy and tumour subtype (hormonal receptor [HR]- / human estrogen receptor [HER]+). AR rates were 1% for triple-negative tumours, 2.8% for HER2-positive tumours, 0.4% for luminal A tumours, 0.9% for HER2-negative luminal B tumours, and 0.5% for HER2-positive luminal B tumours. A simplified score predictive of the occurrence of AR was established. Patients could be divided into three different score groups (p0.0001). In multivariate analysis, overall survival was significantly lower in cases of AR (p0.0001), age50, lymphovascular invasion, grade 3 disease, sentinel node (SN) macrometastases, tumour size20 mm, absence of chemotherapy and triple-negative phenotype. Survival in patients with AR was significantly lower in case of early-onset (2 years) AR (p = 0.017).Isolated AR is more common in Her2-positive/HR-negative triple-negative tumours with a more severe prognosis in triple-negative and Her2-positive/HR-negative tumours, and represents an independent adverse factor justifying an indication for systemic treatment for AR treatment. However, the benefit of any systemic treatment remains to be proven.

RESUME Les troubles de la statique pelvienne interessent les trois etages du plancher pelvien et necessitent une prise en charge globale. Ils sont souvent associes car leur physiopathologie obeit au meme determinisme a savoir un desequilibre entre les forces de poussee et les forces de retenue representees par le systeme d’amarrage des visceres pelviens et le plancher pelvien forme par le fascia endopelvien et les muscles du perinee dont l’elevateur de l’anus. L’exploration clinique comprend un examen qui doit etre fonctionnel et anatomique permettant d’analyser les trois etages pour rechercher les troubles patents et masques. Lorsque l’examen clinique ne suffit pas il faut s’aider d’examens d’imagerie parmi lesquels on distingue le colpocystogramme qui est realise debout sur un perinee « verrouille » et la defecographie qui est realisee en position d’exoneration sur un perinee « relaxe » ainsi que l’imagerie par resonance magnetique nucleaire. Le traitement doit prendre en compte les dysfonctionnements, les incontinences, et les ptoses des trois etages. Les differents examens et les techniques de traitement par voie abdominale ou vaginale sont discutes en fonction des donnees et de l’experience de l’auteur. Dans tous les cas le choix therapeutique repose sur l’âge de la patiente, les degradations anatomiques, les troubles fonctionnels et l’aptitude du chirurgien.

Background A subgroup of T1N0M0 breast cancer (BC) carries a high potential of relapse, and thus may require adjuvant systemic therapy (AST). Patients and methods Retrospective analysis of all patients with T1 BC, who underwent surgery from January 1999 to December 2009 at 13 French sites. AST was not standardized. Results Among 8100 women operated, 5423 had T1 tumors (708 T1a, 2208 T1b and 2508 T1c 11–15 mm). T1a differed significantly from T1b tumors with respect to several parameters (lower age, more frequent negative hormonal status and positive HER2 status, less frequent lymphovascular invasion), exhibiting a mix of favorable and poor prognosis factors. Overall survival was not different between T1a, b or c tumors but recurrence-free survival was significantly higher in T1b than in T1a tumors (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, tumor grade, hormone therapy and lymphovascular invasion were independent prognostic factors. Conclusion Relatively poor outcome of patients with T1a tumors might be explained by a high frequency of risk factors in this subgroup (frequent negative hormone receptors and HER2 overexpression) and by a less frequent administration of AST (endocrine treatment and chemotherapy). Tumor size might not be the main determinant of prognosis in T1 BC.

Dear Editor: Chronic prolapse of intestinal mucosa appears to be the underlying mechanism behind a number of gastrointestinal conditions. We describe two cases of rectal prolapse in children aged 13 and 14 years presenting as recto-sigmoid polyposis. The underlying rectal prolapse remained undiagnosed for 3 and 4 years respectively. Rectopexy provided complete clinical and endoscopic healing in both cases.

The delegation of low-risk breast cancer patients' follow-up to non-hospital practitionners (NHP), including gynaecologists and general practitioners, has been assessed prospectively within a care network in the Paris region. Patients with early stage breast cancer were eligible. The follow-up protocol was built according to international guidelines. By 2012, 289 NHPs were following 2266 patients treated in 11 centres. Median follow-up time was 7.4 years. The mean intervals between two consecutive consultations were 9.5 [9.2–9.8] months for women supposed to be monitored every 6 months and 12.5 [12.2–12.8] for those requiring annual monitoring. The relapse rate was 3.2% [2.1–4.3] at 5 years and 7.8% [5.9–9.7] at 10 years. Seventy one percent of relapses were diagnosed on a scheduled assessment. Only 6% were lost-to-follow-up. Delegating follow-up after low risk breast cancer to NHPs in a care network is feasible, well accepted and provides an alternative to follow-up in specialized centres.

Genital prolapse is a frequent functional pathology in women. Its surgical treatment depends specially upon the suspension and fixation of the vaginal vault. Thus, sacrocolpopexy has become a gold standard technique to correct genital prolapse. Laparoscopy is a procedure resulting in less bleeding and decreased hospital stay than open sacrocolpopexy and is presently the approach of choice. Its objective and subjective correction rates are90%. Some authors proposed a dual abdominal and perineal approach to help fixing the posterior mesh and repairing the perineal body. Robotics is the actual surgeons' gadget.Its results are similar to laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy albeit a higher cost and a longer operating time. The ideal mesh is monofilamentous with large pores. Sacrocolpopexy consists in fixing two meshes, one on the anterior vaginal wall and one on the posterior vaginal wall, on the anterior sacral ligament, without tension for the posterior mesh, with or without subtotal hysterectomy, and with closure of the peritoneum at the end. In the case of associated stress urinary incontinence, proved on the clinical exam or urodynamical exam, appropriate surgical treatment is done with sacrocolpopexy. In the near future, robotics will replace laparoscopy when costs will be reduced and medical staff well trained to perform robotic or robot-assisted sacrocolpopexy.

La pratique medicale intuitive et analogique a laisse la place a la medecine fondee sur les preuves (EBM). Les actes medicaux, qu’ils soient diagnostiques ou therapeutiques, s’efforcent de reposer sur des donnees statistiques. L’essai prospectif randomise (RCT) est le seul « salut » dans la medecine moderne et la significativite de son « p » donne au « vainqueur » la possibilite de s’implanter et de devenir la solution de reference, jusqu’a etre detrone par un essai ulterieur. Exceptionnellement, certaines attitudes se sont imposees hors essai, ou tout du moins, sans l’attente des resultats de ceux-ci. Dans ce cas, l’esprit cartesien et finaliste des cancerologues notamment, les a appuyees sur des concepts biologiques et fondamentaux les rassurant quant a leurs veracites, meme si ulterieurement de nouvelles decouvertes devaient demontrer leur caractere errone. Quoiqu’il en soit, toute attitude medicale repose ainsi sur des acquis qui s’imposent parfois meme comme des dogmes. Lors des 27es Journees de la Societe Francaise de Senologie et de Pathologie Mammaire a la Baule, en 2005, les organisateurs avaient emis des doutes, quant a ces dogmes1. Face a ces doutes legitimes, il a paru interessant au comite d’organisation des 34es Journees de reflechir et de faire le point, au-dela de toute attitude dogmatique sur les « Acquis» de nos connaissances en pathologie mammaire et d’en analyser les « Limites » en particulier en cancerologie.

590Background: Benefit of adjuvant Trastuzumab-based chemotherapy for node-positive and/or > 1 cm HER2+ breast carcinomas has been clearly demonstrated in randomized clinical trials. Yet, evidences...

La valeur pronostique des micrometastases (pN1mi) et des cellules isolees (pN0i+) reste tres debattue compte tenu de resultats divergents de la litterature selon les etudes et selon les modalites d’analyse ganglionnaire. Il s’agit pourtant d’un element important pour decider des therapeutiques adjuvantes lorsque la decision repose principalement sur ce facteur. L’objectif principal de cette etude est de preciser la valeur pronostique de ces atteintes des ganglions sentinelles (GS) en reference aux atteintes par une macrometastase et a l’absence d’envahissement.

Iliac and lumboaortic lymphadenectomy is a frequent component of surgical treatment for ovarian carcinomas. These procedures carry specific risks and have poorly known immunological consequences. Two prospective randomized studies, one informs limited to the pelvis and the other in advanced disease, suggest that lymphadenectomy improves disease-free survival but not overall survival, although these findings are controversial. Modern imaging techniques (CT MRI, PET scan) and per-operative palpation are less sensitive than exhaustive histological examination of excised nodes. If lymphadenectomy is performed, it must be complete, including the external and primary iliac and lumboaortic chains up to the left renal vein, independently of the tumor location, as the lymphatic drainage pathway is difficult to predict in this setting In addition to their diagnostic value, node clearance also has therapeutic value. The risk of lymphatic invasion depends on the disease stage, grade, and histological type. Lymphadenectomy is not necessary for early-stage disease and is only warranted in advanced stages if the surgery is complete or the tumor residue is smaller than one centimeter.

The goal of this study was to assess the interest of photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) for laparoscopic detection of peritoneal micro metastasis in ovarian carcinoma. Using an experimental animal model, intraperitoneal injection of aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and hexylester of aminolevulinic acid (He-ALA) were compared in order to improve laparoscopic detection of ovarian peritoneal carcinomatosis. Twenty-one 344 Fischer female rats received an intra peritoneal injection of 106 NuTu-19 cells. At day 22, carcinomatosis with micro peritoneal metastasis was obtained. Rats were randomized in three groups concerning intra peritoneal injection before laparoscopic staging: 5-ALA hydrochloride, HE-ALA and sterile water. Using D Light system, laparoscopic peritoneal exploration was performed with white light (WL) first and then with blue light (BL). The main objective was to assess feasibility and sensibility of laparoscopic PDD for nonvisible peritoneal micro metastasis of ovarian cancer. The main parameter was the confirmation of neoplasic status of fluorescent foci by histology. Concerning PDD after intraperitoneal injection of 5-ALA, mean values of lesions seen is higher than without fluorescence (32 vs 20.7; P = 0.01). Using He-ALA, mean values of detected lesions is higher than without fluorescence (42.9 vs 33.6; P0.001). Neoplasic status of fluorescent foci was confirmed in 92.8% of cases (39/42). Using 5-ALA, fluorescence of cancerous tissue is significantly higher than that of normal tissue in all the rats (ratio 1.17) (P = 0.01). With He-ALA, intensity of fluorescence is significantly higher in cancerous tissue compared to normal tissue, irrespective of the rat studied (ratio 1.22; P0.001).

Physiopathological and clinical interpretation of the descending perineum as described by A. Parks in 1970 remains difficult. This review is based on the literature between 1966 and 2004. The observed symptoms are more often due to associated lesions. The descending perineum on X-ray is not always symptomatic. Colpocystography shows the descent of the perineum and pelvic disorders from the anterior and middle parts of the perineum whereas defecography seems to provide a better diagnosis of dyschesia due to posterior damage (such as rectocele or endo-anal intussusception). The first step of treatment is reeducation and medical treatment because there is no consensus for surgical therapy. Soft sacrocolpopexy by the abdominal approach with three meshes, one under the bladder, one in front of and one behind the rectum can be proposed for complete descending perineum. Transanal rectal resection by staple could be useful when the descending perineum is only associated with a rectocele and/or an intra-anal intussusception.

Pelvic floor disorders can involve all three parts of the pelvic floor, and must be managed holistically. They are often associated with one another, because they all involve an imbalance between counterbalancing forces, namely abdominal pressure on the one hand and mooring forces on the other hand. The mooring forces consist of 1) the visceral ligaments, which are fibrous cellular condensations around vessels and nerves, connecting the pelvic wall to the organs; 2) the endopelvic fascia; and 3) the pelvic muscles, including the levator ani. The physical examination must be both functional and anatomical, in order to detect obvious and occult disorders of the three parts of the pelvic floor. When physical examination is inadequate, standard radiography or MRI may be used. Radiographic explorations include colpocystography and defecography. The first is carried out in the standing position with a "blocked" perineum, and the second is performed in the defecation position with a "relaxed" perineum. Treatment must take into account dysfunctions, incontinence, and ptosis of the three parts. The author discusses the various examinations and treatments (by the abdominal or vaginal approach), based on published data and personal experience. The choice of treatment always depends on the patient's age, anatomical defects and functional disorders, and the surgeon's expertise

Purpose: To compare concomitant and sequential adjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens in node-positive, operable breast cancer patients. Methods and Materials: This was a randomized, French, multicenter, phase III trial enrolling 638 eligible women with prior breast surgery and positive axillary dissection. Patients in Arm A received 500 mg/m 2 5-fluorouracil, 12 mg/m 2 mitoxantrone, and 500 mg/m 2 cyclophosphamide, with concomitant radiotherapy (50 Gy ± 10–20-Gy boost). Patients in Arm B received 500 mg/m 2 5-fluorouracil, 60 mg/m 2 epirubicin, and 500 mg/m 2 cyclophosphamide, with subsequent radiotherapy. Chemotherapy was administered on Day 1 every 21 days for 4 cycles. Results: Median treatment durations were 64 and 126 days (Arms A and B, respectively), with no significant difference in overall or disease-free survival. Five-year locoregional relapse-free survival favored patients with conservative surgery (two thirds of the population), with less local and/or regional recurrence in Arm A than in Arm B (3% vs. 9%; p = 0.01). Multivariate analysis in this subgroup showed a 2.8-fold increased risk of locoregional recurrence with sequential chemoradiotherapy, independent of other prognostic factors ( p = 0.027). Febrile neutropenia and Grade 3–4 leukopenia were significantly more frequent in Arm A. Subclinical left ventricular ejection fraction events at 1 year were more frequent with concomitant radiotherapy ( p = 0.02). Conclusions: Concomitant radiotherapy with adjuvant fluorouracil, mitoxantrone, and cyclophosphamide has significantly better locoregional control in node-positive breast cancer after conservative surgery and 50% shorter treatment, albeit with slightly more acute toxicity. With mitoxantrone no longer available for adjuvant breast cancer treatment, alternative concomitant chemoradiotherapy studies are needed.

The descending perineum syndrome, described in 1970 by Alan Parks, remains difficult to interpret clinically and pathophysiologically. A general review of descending perineum was conducted, based on review of the literature published between 1966 and 2004, and retrospective analysis of 1,023 colpocystograms. The symptoms observed are usually secondary to associated lesions. Radiological signs of descending perineum are not always associated with clinical symptoms. Colpocystogram shows perineal descent and associated disorders of anterior and middle pelvic tone, while defecography provides a better explanation for dyschezia which is generally due to an associated posterior disorder (rectocele with rectal intussusception). The management of descending perineum is based on medical treatment and retraining. No consensus has been reached concerning surgical management. Surgery is generally used to treat associated lesions. In the case of complete collapse of perineum, an abdominal approach with infravesical, prerectal and retrorectal tension-free tape to the sacrum could be useful, while transanal staple repair of the rectum could be proposed when descending perineum is associated with only rectal intussusception or rectocele.