Author: "Richard L. Gardner" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

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370 results on '"Richard L. Gardner"'

1. Wildflowers of the Atlantic Southeast

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Plant Science
Published: 2021

2. Sir Henry Harris. 28 January 1925—31 October 2014

Author: Richard L. Gardner and Eric Sidebottom
Subjects: History, 060102 archaeology, 060105 history of science, technology & medicine, 0601 history and archaeology, 06 humanities and the arts, General Medicine, Classics
Abstract: Henry Harris was the first member of his family to attend university, where he initially read modern languages before embarking on medicine. During the course of his medical studies he developed a passion for experimental work that led him to forsake clinical medicine for a career in research. His most significant and enduring legacy was the demonstration that a virus causing respiratory disease in mice could be used to fuse cells together almost regardless of type or species of origin. This not only opened up novel approaches to the study of both normal and cancer cell genetics and biology but also enabled the production of monoclonal antibodies, reagents that are of increasing value clinically as well as in biomedical research. From very early in his career he showed striking independence in the choice of topics that he regarded as important and interesting, entirely ignoring evanescent trends that determine the course of all too many research careers. Moreover, he continued to engage in benchwork up to, and even beyond, retirement.
Published: 2018

3. Normal bias in the direction of fetal rotation depends on blastomere composition during early cleavage in the mouse.

Author: Richard L Gardner
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Interest in establishing the basis of left/right asymmetry during embryogenesis has burgeoned in recent years. Relevant studies in mammals, focused largely on the mouse, have revealed involvement of a variety of genes that are common to the process in other animals. In the mouse, lateral differences in gene expression are first evident late in gastrulation when directional rotation of nodal cilia has been implicated in effecting the normally very strong bias in handedness. Reconstructing cleavage stages with correspondingly positioned blastomeres from appropriate numbers of conceptuses with similar division planes provides a way of testing whether they differ in potency without the confounding effects of reduced cell number. In a study using this strategy, 4-cell stage conceptuses reconstructed from blastomeres produced by equatorial as opposed to meridional second cleavage were found to be compromised in their ability to support normal development. Here, in more refined reconstructions undertaken at both the 4- and 8-cell stage, no significant impairment of development to the 9(th) or 12(th) day of gestation was found for products of equatorial second cleavage or their 8-cell stage progeny. Most surprisingly, however, a significant increase in reversal of the direction of axial rotation was found specifically among fetuses developing from conceptuses reconstructed from 8-cell stage progeny of products of equatorial second cleavage. Hence, manipulations during early cleavage some 6 days before fetal asymmetries are first evident can perturb the normally very strong bias in specification of a facet of left-right asymmetry.
Published: 2010
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4. Scirpus expansus

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1558264%5DMICH-V-1558264, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1558264/MICH-V-1558264/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2015

5. Carex albolutescens

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1558260%5DMICH-V-1558260, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1558260/MICH-V-1558260/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2015

6. Carex jamesii

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1558262%5DMICH-V-1558262, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1558262/MICH-V-1558262/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2015

7. Experimental analysis of the transdifferentiation of visceral to parietal endoderm in the mouse

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Youichirou Ninomiya, and Timothy J. Davies
Subjects: Mesoderm, Time Factors, animal structures, Population, Ectoderm, Germ layer, Histogenesis, Biology, Tissue Culture Techniques, Mice, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, medicine, Animals, education, In Situ Hybridization, reproductive and urinary physiology, education.field_of_study, Endoderm, Cell Differentiation, Anatomy, Cell biology, Viscera, medicine.anatomical_structure, Epiblast, embryonic structures, Female, NODAL, Developmental Biology
Abstract: The visceral endoderm (VE) of isolated extraembryonic regions (ExEmbs) of 7 days postcoitum (dpc) prestreak mouse conceptuses have been shown to convert readily to parietal endoderm (PE). The present study addresses the following three unanswered questions. On what does conversion depend, how rapidly does it occur, and is it an enduring general property of a residual small population of relatively immature cells? In situ hybridization reveals that change in cell state occurs within 2 days of culture. Deprivation of the mesoderm also promotes it in later ExEmbs. Conversely, the conversion to PE in isolated 7 dpc ExEmbs is suppressed by grafting 8 dpc or 9 dpc mesoderm. Hence, the conversion provides an example of transdifferentiation that is promoted by the absence of extraembryonic mesoderm. The presence of mesoderm seems to be necessary to enable the VE to grow rather than convert to PE, as occurs if it retains contact with the extraembryonic ectoderm.
Published: 2016

8. The timing of monozygotic twinning: a pro-life challenge to conventional scientific wisdom

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Genetics, Zygote, Reproductive Medicine, Twinning, Monozygotic, Evolutionary biology, Monozygotic Twinning, Humans, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Embryo, Fertilization in Vitro, Biology, Pro life, Developmental Biology
Abstract: A recent paper in Zygote criticizes the ‘theory of origins' of the various classes of monozygotic twins originally proposed and developed by Corner. It does so on the basis of recent observations on human IVF embryos. Here, the validity of one of the evidential sources is upheld, but an alternative explanation is proposed that is more plausibly based on evidence than the explanation offered in Zygote .
Published: 2014

9. Bothriochloa laguroides

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1593356%5DMICH-V-1593356, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1593356/MICH-V-1593356/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2012

10. New cell lines from mouse epiblast share defining features with human embryonic stem cells

Author: Josh G. Chenoweth, Richard L. Gardner, David L. Mack, Paul J. Tesar, Timothy J. Davies, Edward P. Evans, F. A. Brook, and Ronald D.G. McKay
Subjects: Pluripotent Stem Cells, Genetics, Multidisciplinary, Cellular differentiation, Rex1, Cell Culture Techniques, Gene Expression, Cell Differentiation, Embryoid body, Biology, Embryonic stem cell, Cell Line, Cell biology, Mice, P19 cell, embryonic structures, Animals, Humans, Embryo Implantation, Stem cell, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Cell potency, Embryonic Stem Cells, Signal Transduction, Transcription Factors
Abstract: The application of human embryonic stem (ES) cells in medicine and biology has an inherent reliance on understanding the starting cell population. Human ES cells differ from mouse ES cells and the specific embryonic origin of both cell types is unclear. Previous work suggested that mouse ES cells could only be obtained from the embryo before implantation in the uterus. Here we show that cell lines can be derived from the epiblast, a tissue of the post-implantation embryo that generates the embryo proper. These cells, which we refer to as EpiSCs (post-implantation epiblast-derived stem cells), express transcription factors known to regulate pluripotency, maintain their genomic integrity, and robustly differentiate into the major somatic cell types as well as primordial germ cells. The EpiSC lines are distinct from mouse ES cells in their epigenetic state and the signals controlling their differentiation. Furthermore, EpiSC and human ES cells share patterns of gene expression and signalling responses that normally function in the epiblast. These results show that epiblast cells can be maintained as stable cell lines and interrogated to understand how pluripotent cells generate distinct fates during early development.
Published: 2007

11. Stem cells and regenerative medicine: principles, prospects and problems

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Graft Rejection, General Immunology and Microbiology, Cellular differentiation, Clinical uses of mesenchymal stem cells, General Medicine, Biology, Regenerative Medicine, Bioinformatics, Regenerative medicine, Embryonic stem cell, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Transplantation, Haematopoiesis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Immunology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Bone marrow, Stem cell, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Stem Cell Transplantation
Abstract: Stem cells have been used routinely for more than three decades to repair tissues and organs damaged by injury or disease, most notably haematopoietic stem cells taken from bone marrow, umbilical cord or, increasingly, from peripheral blood. Other examples, such as grafts of skin to treat severe burns, entail transplantation of stem cells within organized tissue rather than following isolation. The prospect of exploiting stem cells more widely in regenerative medicine was encouraged both by the development of human assisted conception and growing evidence that various adult cells retained greater versatility than had been suspected hitherto. The aim is to employ stem cells as a source of appropriately differentiated cells to replace those lost through physical, chemical or ischaemic injury, or as a result of degenerative disease. This may entail transplantation of just a single type of cell or, more challengingly, require a complex of several different types of cells possessing a defined architecture. Cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes or neuronal cells producing specific transmitters offer promising examples of the former, although how transplanted healthy cells will function in a perturbed tissue environment remains to be established. Recent success in repairing urinary bladder defects with grafts of urothelial and muscle cells seeded on a biodegradable collagen scaffold is an encouraging step towards assembling organs in vitro. Nevertheless, this is still far removed from the level of sophistication required to counter the ever increasing shortfall in supply of kidneys for transplantation. Various problems must be addressed if recent advances in the laboratory are to be translated into clinical practice. In many cases, it has yet to be established that cells derived from adults that retain plasticity are actually stem cells. There is also a pressing need for appropriate assays to ensure that, regardless of source, stem cells maintained in vitro are safe to transplant. Assays currently available for human ES cells are far from ideal. It is, in addition, important to ensure that differentiated cultures are pure and, depending on whether cell renewal is required or to be avoided, retain or lack appropriate stem cells. Neither autografts nor those obtained by so-called 'therapeutic cloning' are options for treating condition with an obvious genetic basis. Moreover, claims that some stem cells are more likely than others to yield successful allografts have yet to be confirmed and explained.
Published: 2007

12. Weaknesses in the case against prepatterning in the mouse

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Mice, Blastocyst, medicine.anatomical_structure, Reproductive Medicine, medicine, Animals, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anatomy, Psychology, Zona pellucida, Neuroscience, Body Patterning, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Serious weaknesses are exposed regarding recent claims to have demonstrated that there is no prepatterning of axes in the mouse. That the orientation of the axis of polarity of the blastocyst is dictated by the shape of the zona pellucida is contradicted by systematic observations on living conceptuses. Moreover, this ‘mechanical constraint' hypothesis fails to account for key findings on which the case for prepatterning is based.
Published: 2006

13. Equisetum variegatum

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1581336%5DMICH-V-1581336, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1581336/MICH-V-1581336/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2010

14. Delayed and disturbed morphogenesis of the umbilical blood vessels in insulin-like growth factor-II deficient conceptuses (Igf2m+/p?)

Author: Jason Burns, Chris Graham, Richard L. Gardner, and Amatul Mateen Ahmad
Subjects: Umbilical Veins, medicine.medical_specialty, Morphogenesis, Biology, Umbilical cord, Umbilical Arteries, Mice, Fetus, Allantois, Insulin-Like Growth Factor II, Internal medicine, Placenta, medicine.artery, medicine, Animals, Conceptus, reproductive and urinary physiology, Umbilical artery, Chorion, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, embryonic structures, Developmental Biology, Artery
Abstract: Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) deficiency occurs when a conceptus inherits an inactive gene from the father (Igf2m+/p-): fetal wet weight is reduced to 60% of wild-type, with the decline starting at E11. The umbilical cord vessels of mutant and wild-type were compared. At E8.0-E8.5, the timing of somite formation and chorioallantoic fusion was not altered. At E14.5-E16.5, the left umbilical artery degenerated approximately 1 day later in Igf2m+/p- conceptuses when compared with the wild-type. In the common umbilical artery at E15.5, muscle volume was reduced by one third in IGF-II deficiency. Treating the umbilical arteries as ideal tubes, the values of radius(4)/length suggest that blood flow through the placenta may be reduced by more than half in the Igf2m+/p- conceptuses.
Published: 2005

15. Carex leersii

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1367345%5DMICH-V-1367345, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1367345/MICH-V-1367345/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2008

16. Carex blanda × ?

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1364077%5DMICH-V-1364077, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1364077/MICH-V-1364077/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

17. Lycopodiella × gilmanii

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1608594%5DMICH-V-1608594, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1608594/MICH-V-1608594/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

18. Carex squarrosa

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1387446%5DMICH-V-1387446, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1387446/MICH-V-1387446/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

19. Carex hirtifolia

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1373007%5DMICH-V-1373007, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1373007/MICH-V-1373007/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

20. Carex davisii

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1367731%5DMICH-V-1367731, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1367731/MICH-V-1367731/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

21. Carex brunnescens

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1364706%5DMICH-V-1364706, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1364706/MICH-V-1364706/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

22. Eleocharis quinqueflora

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1459567%5DMICH-V-1459567, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1459567/MICH-V-1459567/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

23. Eleocharis indet.

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1399318%5DMICH-V-1399318, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1399318/MICH-V-1399318/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

24. Eleocharis rostellata

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1398509%5DMICH-V-1398509, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1398509/MICH-V-1398509/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

25. Eleocharis erythropoda

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1397453%5DMICH-V-1397453, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1397453/MICH-V-1397453/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

26. Dichanthelium yadkinense

Author: Richard L. Gardner, et al., Richard L. Gardner, et al., Richard L. Gardner, et al., and Richard L. Gardner, et al.
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1452004%5DMICH-V-1452004, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1452004/MICH-V-1452004/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2007

27. The Derivation of Highly Germline-Competent Embryonic Stem Cells Containing NOD-Derived Genome

Author: John A. Todd, F. A. Brook, Paul A. Lyons, Sarah Howlett, Edward P. Evans, Richard L. Gardner, Linda S. Wicker, Christopher J. Lord, and Daniel B. Rainbow
Subjects: Male, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mice, Inbred Strains, Nod, Biology, Germline, Cell Line, Mice, Chimera (genetics), Germline mutation, Mice, Inbred NOD, Internal Medicine, Animals, Gene, Germ-Line Mutation, Genetics, Genome, Chimera, Stem Cells, Homozygote, Gene targeting, Embryo, Mammalian, Embryonic stem cell, Hybridization, Genetic, Female, Stem cell
Abstract: It would be extremely advantageous to the analysis of disease mechanisms in the spontaneous mouse model of type 1 diabetes, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) strain, if genes in this strain could be modified in vivo using embryonic stem (ES) cells and homologous recombination. However, a NOD ES cell line with adequate germline transmission has not yet been reported. We report the development of highly germline-competent ES cell lines from the F1 hybrid of NOD and 129 for use in NOD gene targeting. Consequently, we developed ES cell lines derived from (NOD × 129)F1 × 129 backcross 1 mice, which were intercrossed to select for homozygosity of particular regions of NOD genome known to contain disease loci.
Published: 2003

28. Carex crinita var. brevicrinis

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1367081%5DMICH-V-1367081, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1367081/MICH-V-1367081/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2006

29. Carex aggregata

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1359969%5DMICH-V-1359969, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1359969/MICH-V-1359969/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2006

30. Experimental analysis of second cleavage in the mouse

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Genetics, Blastomeres, Zygote, Rotation, Cell division, Cleavage Stage, Ovum, Rehabilitation, Embryogenesis, Cell Polarity, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Blastomere, Biology, Cleavage (embryo), Microspheres, Cell biology, Mice, Fluorescent microspheres, Reproductive Medicine, Animals, Female, Gels, Vitelline Membrane, Cell Division, Cytokinesis, Fluorescent Dyes
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Mammalian conceptuses typically have an approximately regular tetrahedral shape at the 4-cell stage. In the rabbit, this has been attributed to both 2-cell blastomeres dividing meridionally, but with the animal– vegetal axis of the second blastomere to divide rotating through roughly 90° before or during cytokinesis. The aim of the present study was to ascertain whether this was also true for the mouse. METHODS AND RESULTS: First, the distribution in regular tetrahedral 4-cell conceptuses of fluorescent microspheres applied to the vegetal polar region of one or both blastomeres at the 2-cell stage was analysed. Second, the ability of 2-cell stages to form regular tetrahedral 4-cell conceptuses after the previtelline space had been gelated to prevent blastomeres from rotating was also investigated. Neither experiment yielded evidence supporting blastomere rotation during second cleavage. Rather, the findings were consistent with the regular tetrahedral form of 4-cell conceptus resulting from meridional division of one blastomere and approximately equatorial division of the other. CONCLUSIONS: Second cleavage in the mouse typically yields 4-cell conceptuses with three distinct types of blastomere. While both products of the meridional division include all axial levels of the zygote, those of the equatorial division acquire only its vegetal or animal half.
Published: 2002

31. Carex lupulina

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1377331%5DMICH-V-1377331, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1377331/MICH-V-1377331/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

32. Carex scoparia

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1386339%5DMICH-V-1386339, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1386339/MICH-V-1386339/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

33. Carex pensylvanica

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1382730%5DMICH-V-1382730, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1382730/MICH-V-1382730/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

34. Carex mesochorea

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1378675%5DMICH-V-1378675, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1378675/MICH-V-1378675/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

35. Carex crinita var. brevicrinis

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1367101%5DMICH-V-1367101, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1367101/MICH-V-1367101/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

36. Carex atlantica subsp. capillacea

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1362334%5DMICH-V-1362334, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1362334/MICH-V-1362334/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

37. Carex albicans

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1360355%5DMICH-V-1360355, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1360355/MICH-V-1360355/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

38. Scirpus pendulus

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1402270%5DMICH-V-1402270, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1402270/MICH-V-1402270/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

39. Eriophorum virginicum

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1395739%5DMICH-V-1395739, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1395739/MICH-V-1395739/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

40. Carex tonsa var. rugosperma

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1392504%5DMICH-V-1392504, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1392504/MICH-V-1392504/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

41. Carex typhina

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1390995%5DMICH-V-1390995, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1390995/MICH-V-1390995/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

42. Asplenium trichomanes

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Pteridophytes, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1602880%5DMICH-V-1602880_1, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1602880/MICH-V-1602880_1/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

43. Patis racemosa

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1431552%5DMICH-V-1431552, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1431552/MICH-V-1431552/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

44. Dichanthelium columbianum

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1431460%5DMICH-V-1431460, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1431460/MICH-V-1431460/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2005

45. List of Contributors

Author: Russell C. Addis, Piero Anversa, Judith Arcidiacono, Anthony Atala, Joyce Axelman, Ashok Batra, Helen M. Blau, Susan Bonner-Weir, Mairi Brittan, Hal E. Broxmeyer, Mara Cananzi, Constance Cepko, Tao Cheng, Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes, Gregory O. Clark, Maegen Colehour, Paolo de Coppi, Giulio Cossu, George Q. Daley, Jiyoung M. Dang, Natalie Direkze, Yuval Dor, Gregory R. Dressler, Charles N. Durfor, Ewa C.S. Ellis, Martin Evans, Donna M. Fekete, Donald Fink, Elaine Fuchs, Margaret T. Fuller, Richard L. Gardner, Zulma Gazit, Dan Gazit, John D. Gearhart, Victor M. Goldberg, Rodolfo Gonzalez, Deborah Lavoie Grayeski, Ronald M. Green, Markus Grompe, Stephen L. Hilbert, Marko E. Horb, Jerry I. Huang, Jaimie Imitola, D. Leanne Jones, Jan Kajstura, David S. Kaplan, Pritinder Kaur, Kathleen C. Kent, Candace L. Kerr, Ali Khademhosseini, Nadav Kimelman, Irina Klimanskaya, Jennifer N. Kraszewski, Mark A. LaBarge, Robert Langer, Robert Lanza, Ellen Lazarus, Jean Pyo Lee, Mark H. Lee, Annarosa Leri, Shulamit Levenberg, S. Robert Levine, John W. Littlefield, Richard McFarland, Jill McMahon, Douglas A. Melton, Mary Tyler Moore, Franz-Josef Mueller, Christine L. Mummery, Bernardo Nadal-Ginard, Hitoshi Niwa, Keisuke Okita, Jitka Ourednik, Vaclav Ourednik, Kook I. Park, Ethan S. Patterson, Gadi Pelled, Christopher S. Potten, Sean Preston, Philip R. Roelandt, Valerie D. Roobrouck, Nadia Rosenthal, Janet Rossant, Maurilio Sampaolesi, Maria Paola Santini, David T. Scadden, Holger Schlüter, Gunter Schuch, Michael J. Shamblott, Dima Sheyn, Richard L. Sidman, Evan Y. Snyder, Shay Soker, Stephen C. Strom, Lorenz Studer, M. Azim Surani, Francesco Saverio Tedesco, Yang D. Teng, David Tosh, Alan Trounson, Tudorita Tumbar, Edward Upjohn, George Varigos, Catherine M. Verfaillie, Zhan Wang, Gordon C. Weir, Kevin J. Whittlesey, J. Koudy Williams, James W. Wilson, Celia Witten, Nicholas A. Wright, Shinya Yamanaka, and Jung U. Yoo
Published: 2014

46. Pluripotent Stem Cells from Vertebrate Embryos

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Embryonic Germ Cells, Epiblast, biology.animal, Vertebrate, Embryo, Biology, Induced pluripotent stem cell, Embryonic stem cell, Regenerative medicine, Cell biology
Abstract: Many have contributed to the various discoveries that brought recognition of the enormous potential of cells of early embryonic origin for genetic modification of organisms, regenerative medicine, and investigation of facets of development that are difficult to explore in vivo. Historically, the work of two researchers stands out as forming a foundation for our current understanding of embryonic stem cells and their potential. Leroy Stevens and Barry Pierce were pioneers in the study of tumors that arose from germ cells in mice: teratomas and teratocarcinomas, from which embryonic carcinomas cells (or EC cells) were eventually identified.
Published: 2014

47. Specification of embryonic axes begins before cleavage in normal mouse development

Author: Richard L. Gardner
Subjects: Male, Body Patterning, Zygote, In Vitro Techniques, Biology, Cleavage (embryo), Embryonic and Fetal Development, Mice, Pregnancy, medicine, Animals, Blastocyst, Molecular Biology, reproductive and urinary physiology, Ovum, Fetus, Bilateral symmetry, Blastomere, Anatomy, Embryonic stem cell, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, embryonic structures, Mice, Inbred CBA, Female, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Studies on the development of aggregated, isolated and rearranged blastomeres have engendered the view that in mammals, unlike most other animals, egg organization has no role in the genesis of asymmetries that are essential for cellular diversification and the specification of embryonic axes. Such asymmetries are assumed to arise post- zygotically through interactions between initially naive cells. However, various findings are difficult to reconcile with this view. Here, a consistent relationship between the structure of the blastocyst and the two-cell stage in the mouse has been found using a strictly non-invasive marking technique: injection of small oil drops into the substance of the zona pellicuda. This has revealed that both the embryonic-abembryonic axis of the blastocyst and its plane of bilateral symmetry are normally orthogonal to the plane of first cleavage. This relationship was also seen when denuded two-cell conceptuses were prevented from rotating during subsequent cleavage by immobilizing them in a gel. Therefore, during normal mouse development the axes of the blastocyst, which have been implicated in establishing those of the fetus, are already specified by the onset of cleavage.
Published: 2001

48. Spiranthes ovalis

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1655766%5DMICH-V-1655766, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1655766/MICH-V-1655766/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2004

49. Acorus americanus

Author: Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, Richard L. Gardner, and Richard L. Gardner
Abstract: Angiosperms, http://name.umdl.umich.edu/IC-HERB00IC-X-1662580%5DMICH-V-1662580, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/api/thumb/herb00ic/1662580/MICH-V-1662580/!250,250, The University of Michigan Library provides access to these materials for educational and research purposes. Some materials may be protected by copyright. If you decide to use any of these materials, you are responsible for making your own legal assessment and securing any necessary permission. If you have questions about the collection, please contact the Herbarium professional staff: herb-dlps-help@umich.edu. If you have concerns about the inclusion of an item in this collection, please contact Library Information Technology: libraryit-info@umich.edu., https://www.lib.umich.edu/about-us/policies/copyright-policy
Published: 2004

50. A structurally defined mini-chromosome vector for the mouse germ line

Author: Austin Smith, Ming Hong Shen, Jian Yang, Richard L. Gardner, F. A. Brook, William Brown, P. Joseph Mee, and Jennifer Nichols
Subjects: Male, Somatic cell, Genetic Vectors, Cloning vector, DNA, Recombinant, Human artificial chromosome, Computational biology, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Germline, Chromosomes, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Animals, Humans, Vector (molecular biology), Gene, Germ-Line Mutation, 030304 developmental biology, Genetics, 0303 health sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences(all), Chimera, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all), Chromosome, Fibroblasts, Embryo Transfer, Mice, Inbred C57BL, chemistry, Female, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, DNA, Stem Cell Transplantation
Abstract: Yeast artificial mini-chromosomes have helped to define the features of chromosome architecture important for accurate segregation and replication [1] and have been used to identify genes important for chromosome stability [2] and as large-fragment cloning vectors. Artificial chromosomes have been developed in human cells [3,4] but they do not have defined, experimentally predictable structures. Fragments of human chromosomes have also been introduced into mice [5,6] and in one case passed through the germ line. In these experiments, however, the structure and sequence organization of the fragments was not defined. Structurally defined mammalian mini-chromosome vectors should allow large tracts of DNA to be introduced into the vertebrate germ line for biotechnological purposes and for investigations of features of chromosome structure that influence gene expression. Here, we have determined the structure and sequence organization of an engineered mammalian mini-chromosome, ST1, and shown that it is stably maintained in vertebrate somatic cells and that it can be transmitted through the mouse germ line.
Published: 2000
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