7 results on '"Richard J. Morse"'
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2. Structure of Cry2Aa Suggests an Unexpected Receptor Binding Epitope
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T. Yamamoto, Robert M. Stroud, and Richard J. Morse
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Models, Molecular ,Bacterial Toxins ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Bacillus thuringiensis ,Mutagenesis (molecular biology technique) ,Receptors, Cell Surface ,Genetically modified crops ,Crystallography, X-Ray ,medicine.disease_cause ,Protein Structure, Secondary ,Epitope ,Hemolysin Proteins ,Protein structure ,Bacterial Proteins ,Structural Biology ,medicine ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Molecular Biology ,Peptide sequence ,Binding Sites ,Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins ,biology ,business.industry ,Toxin ,fungi ,biology.organism_classification ,Biotechnology ,Endotoxins ,Biochemistry ,Insect Proteins ,business ,Delta endotoxin - Abstract
Background: Genetically modified (GM) crops that express insecticidal protein toxins are an integral part of modern agriculture. Proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) during sporulation mediate the pathogenicity of Bt toward a spectrum of insect larvae whose breadth depends upon the Bt strain. These transmembrane channel-forming toxins are stored in Bt as crystalline inclusions called Cry proteins. These proteins are the active agents used in the majority of biorational pesticides and insect-resistant transgenic crops. Though Bt toxins are promising as a crop protection alternative and are ecologically friendlier than synthetic organic pesticides, resistance to Bt toxins by insects is recognized as a potential limitation to their application. Results: We have determined the 2.2 A crystal structure of the Cry2Aa protoxin by multiple isomorphous replacement. This is the first crystal structure of a Cry toxin specific to Diptera (mosquitoes and flies) and the first structure of a Cry toxin with high activity against larvae from two insect orders, Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera. Cry2Aa also provides the first structure of the proregion of a Cry toxin that is cleaved to generate the membrane-active toxin in the larval gut. Conclusions: The crystal structure of Cry2Aa reported here, together with chimeric-scanning and domain-swapping mutagenesis, defines the putative receptor binding epitope on the toxin and so may allow for alteration of specificity to combat resistance or to minimize collateral effects on nontarget species. The putative receptor binding epitope of Cry2Aa identified in this study differs from that inferred from previous structural studies of other Cry toxins.
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- 2001
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3. Energetic Contributions of Four Arginines to Phosphate-Binding in Thymidylate Synthase Are More than Additive and Depend on Optimization of 'Effective Charge Balance'
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Daniel V. Santi, Janet Finer-Moore, Shido Kawase, Robert M. Stroud, and Richard J. Morse
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Threonine ,Binding Sites ,Stereochemistry ,Hydrogen bond ,Chemistry ,Static Electricity ,Cooperative binding ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Hydrogen Bonding ,Thymidylate Synthase ,Crystal structure ,Arginine ,Crystallography, X-Ray ,Biochemistry ,Effective nuclear charge ,Phosphates ,Kinetics ,Lacticaseibacillus casei ,Structure-Activity Relationship ,Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ,Thermodynamics ,Moiety ,Transferase ,Binding site ,Deoxyuracil Nucleotides - Abstract
In thymidylate synthase, four conserved arginines provide two hydrogen bonds each to the oxygens of the phosphate group of the substrate, 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate. Of these, R23, R178, and R179 are far removed from the site of methyl transfer and contribute to catalysis solely through binding and orientation of ligands. These arginines can be substituted by other residues, while still retaining more than 1% activity of the wild-type enzyme. We compared the kinetics and determined the crystal structures of dUMP complexes of three of the most active, uncharged single mutants of these arginines, R23I, R178T, and R179T, and of double mutants (R23I, R179T) and (R178T, R179T). The dramatically higher K(m) for R178T compared to the other two single mutants arises from the effects of R178 substitution on the orientation of dUMP; 10-15-fold increases in for R23I and R178T reflect the role of these residues in stabilizing the closed conformation of TS in ternary complexes. The free energy for productive dUMP binding, DeltaG(S), increases by at least 1 kcal/mol for each mutant, even when dUMP orientation and mobility in the crystal structure is the same as in wild-type enzyme. Thus, the four arginines do not contribute excess positive charge to the PO(4)(-2) binding site; rather, they ideally complement the charge and geometry of the phosphate moiety. More-than-additive increases in DeltaG(S) seen in the double mutants are consistent with quadratic increases in DeltaG(S) predicted for deviations from ideal electrostatic interactions and may also reflect cooperative binding of the arginines to the phosphate oxygens.
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- 2000
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4. Contribution of a salt bridge to binding affinity and dUMP orientation to catalytic rate: mutation of a substrate-binding arginine in thymidylate synthase
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Daniel V. Santi, Richard J. Morse, Janet Finer-Moore, Eric B. Fauman, and Robert M. Stroud
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Models, Molecular ,Protein Conformation ,Stereochemistry ,education ,Glutamic Acid ,Bioengineering ,Arginine ,Crystallography, X-Ray ,Protein Engineering ,complex mixtures ,Biochemistry ,Thymidylate synthase ,Catalysis ,Cofactor ,Phosphates ,Escherichia coli ,Transferase ,Enzyme kinetics ,Binding site ,Molecular Biology ,Ternary complex ,Binding Sites ,Molecular Structure ,biology ,Chemistry ,Substrate (chemistry) ,Hydrogen Bonding ,Thymidylate Synthase ,Recombinant Proteins ,Kinetics ,Lacticaseibacillus casei ,Mutagenesis ,biology.protein ,Salt bridge ,Deoxyuracil Nucleotides ,Protein Binding ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Invariant arginine 179, one of four arginines that are conserved in all thymidylate synthases (TS) and that bind the phosphate moiety of the substrate 2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (dUMP), can be altered even to a negatively charged glutamic acid with little effect on kcat. In the mutant structures, ordered water or the other phosphate-binding arginines compensate for the hydrogen bonds made by Arg179 in the wild-type enzyme and there is almost no change in the conformation or binding site of dUMP. Correlation of dUMP Kds for TS R179A and TS R179K with the structures of their binary complexes shows, that the positive charge on Arg179 contributes significantly to dUMP binding affinity. kcat/K(m) for dUMP measures the rate of dUMP binding to TS during the ordered bi-substrate reaction, and in the ternary complex dUMP provides a binding surface for the cofactor. kcat/K(m) reflects the ability of the enzyme to accept a properly oriented dUMP for catalysis and is less sensitive than is Kd to the changes in electrostatics at the phosphate binding site.
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- 1996
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5. Pleiotropy: the BAFFling truth of the TNF superfamily
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Richard J. Morse and Eugene A. Zhukovsky
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Genetics ,Pleiotropy (drugs) ,Drug Discovery ,Tnf superfamily ,medicine ,Cancer ,Inflammation ,medicine.symptom ,Biology ,medicine.disease - Published
- 2004
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6. Caspase-6
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Richard J. Morse and Martin Renatus
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Chemistry ,Caspase 6 ,Cell biology - Published
- 2013
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7. Contributors
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Catherine Anne Abbott, Carmela R. Abraham, Hideki Adachi, Osao Adachi, Zach Adam, Michael W.W. Adams, Michael J. Adang, Ibrahim M. Adham, Patrizia Aducci, David A. Agard, Alexey A. Agranovsky, Tetsuya Akamatsu, Yoshinori Akiyama, Reidar Albrechtsen, Alí Alejo, Sean M. Amberg, Alexander Y. Amerik, Piti Amparyup, Felipe Andrade, Germán Andrés, Daniel M. Andrews, Robert K. Andrews, Toni M. Antalis, Colin S. Anthony, Naoya Aoki, Suneel S. Apte, Kazunari Arima, Gérard Arlaud, Raghuvir Krishnaswamy Arni, Pascal Arnoux, Nathan N. Aronson, Michel Arthur, Yasuhisa Asano, Paolo Ascenzi, Marina T. Assakura, David S. Auld, Veridiana de Melo Rodrigues Ávila, Francesc X. Avilés, William M. Awad, Anand K. Bachhawat, Shan Bai, Teaster T. Baird, S. Paul Bajaj, Susan C. Baker, Agnieszka Banbula, Alan J. Barrett, Jemima Barrowman, John D. Bartlett, Jörg W. Bartsch, Nikola Baschuk, Isolda P. Baskova, Jyotsna Batra, Karl Bauer, Ulrich Baumann, Wolfgang Baumeister, Cédric Bauvois, Alex Bayés, Anne Beauvais, Christoph Becker-Pauly, Tadhg P. Begley, Miklós Békés, Robert Belas, Daniah Beleford, Teruhiko Beppu, Ernst M. Bergmann, Bruno A. Bernard, Dominique Bernard, Michael C. Berndt, Giovanna Berruti, Colin Berry, Greg P. Bertenshaw, Christian Betzel, Chetana Bhaskarla, Manoj Bhosale, Gabriele Bierbaum, B. Bjarnason Jón, Michael Blaber, Michael J. Blackman, Alexander Blinkovsky, Jef D. Boeke, Matthew Bogyo, Stefan Bohn, Guy Boileau, Mike Boland, Tové C. Bolken, Judith S. Bond, Jan Bondeson, Javier Bordallo, Claudia Borelli, Tiago O. Botelho, Richard R. Bott, David G. Bourne, Niels Bovenschen, Ralph A. Bradshaw, Klaus Breddam, Keith Brew, Paul J. Brindley, Diane L. Brinkman, Collette Britton, Jeff R. Broadbent, Anne Broadhurst, Dieter Brómme, Murray Broom, Jeremy S. Brown, Mark A. Brown, Iris Bruchhaus, Barbara A. Burleigh, Kristin E. Burns, James F. Burrows, Michael J. Butler, David J. Buttle, Chelsea M. Byrd, Tony Byun, Sandrine Cadel, Conor R. Caffrey, Santiago Cal, Javier Caldentey, Thomas Candela, Clemente Capasso, Daniel R. Capriogilio, Vincenzo Carginale, Adriana Karaoglanovic Carmona, Vern B. Carruthers, Francis J. Castellino, Joseph J. Catanese, Bruce Caterson, George H. Caughey, Naimh X. Cawley, Tim E. Cawston, Juan José Cazzulo, Jijie Chai, Karl X. Chai, Olga Meiri Chaim, L.S. Chang, Julie Chao, Marie-Pierre Chapot-Chartier, Jean-Louis Charli, Paulette Charlier, Karen J. Chave, Jian-Min Chen, Jinq-May Chen, Li-Mei Chen, Ya-Wen Chen, Yu-Yen Chen, Bernard Chevrier, Jean-François Chich, Jeremy Chien, Suneeta Chimalapati, Ki Joon Cho, Kwan Yong Choi, Woei-Jer Chuang, Chin Ha Chung, Ivy Yeuk Wah Chung, Christine Clamagirand, Ian M. Clark, Adrian K. Clarke, Nicola E. Clarke, Steven Gerard Clarke, Philippe Clauziat, Judith A. Clements, Catherine Coffinier, Paul Cohen, Alain Colige, Anne Collignon, Sean D. Colloms, Andreas Conzelmann, Graham H. Coombs, Jakki C. Cooney, Jonathan B. Cooper, Max D. Cooper, Nikki A. Copeland, Graeme S. Cottrell, Joseph T. Coyle, Charles S. Craik, John W.M. Creemers, Daniela Cretu, Jenifer Croce, Keith J. Cross, Rosario Cueva, Sheng Cui, Luis Cunha, Simon Cutting, Christophe d’Enfert, Hugues D’Orchymont, Björn Dahlbäck, Shujia Dai, Ross E. Dalbey, John P. Dalton, Pam M. Dando, R.M. Daniel, Sergei M. Danilov, Donna E. Davies, Heloisa S. De Araujo, Teresa De los Santos, Viviana de Luca, Ingrid De Meester, Ana Karina de Oliveira, Eduardo Brandt de Oliveira, Pedro Lagerblad De Oliveira, Sarah de Vos, Jeroen Declercq, Wim Declercq, Ala-Eddine Deghmane, Niek Dekker, Sonia Del Prete, Marina Del Rosal, Bernard Delmas, Robert DeLotto, Ilya V. Demidyuk, Mark R. Denison, Jan M. Deussing, Lakshmi A. Devi, Eleftherios P. Diamandis, Isabel Diaz, Araceli Díaz-Perales, Bauke W. Dijkstra, Yan Ding, Jack E. Dixon, Johannes Dodt, Terje Dokland, Iztok Dolenc, Ningzheng Dong, Tran Cat Dong, Ying Dong, Mitesh Dongre, Mark Donovan, Timothy M. Dore, Loretta Dorstyn, Hong Dou, Zhicheng Dou, Annette M. Dougall, Marcin Drag, Edward G. Dudley, Ben M. Dunn, Bruno Dupuy, Maria Conceicāo Duque-Magalhāes, M. Asunción Durá, Yves Eeckhout, Vincent Eijsink, Arthur Z. Eisen, Azza Eissa, Sandra Eklund, Ziad M. Eletr, Vincent Ellis, Wolfgang Engel, Ervin G. Erdös, Teresa Escalante, David A. Estell, Michael Etscheid, Herbert J. Evans, Roger D. Everett, Alex C. Faesen, Falk Fahrenholz, Miriam Fanjul-Fernández, Christopher J. Farady, Georges Feller, Hong Feng, Kurt M. Fenster, Claude Férec, Silvia Ferrari, Barbara Fingleton, Jed F. Fisher, Paula M. Fives-Taylor, Loren G. Fong, F. Forneris, Brian M. Forster, Friedrich Forster, Simon J. Foster, Thierry Foulon, Stephen I. Foundling, Jay William Fox, Bruno Franzetti, Alejandra P. Frasch, Hudson H. Freeze, Jean-Marie Frère, Teryl K. Frey, Beate Fricke, Lloyd D. Fricker, Rafael Fridman, Christopher J. Froelich, Camilla Fröhlich, Hsueh-Liang Fu, Cynthia N. Fuhrmann, Satoshi Fujimura, Hiroshi Fujiwara, Jun Fukushima, Keiichi Fukuyama, Robert S. Fuller, Martin Fusek, Christine Gaboriaud, Christian Gache, Oleksandr Gakh, Peter Gal, Junjun Gao, Adolfo García-Sastre, Donald L. Gardiner, John A. Gatehouse, G.M. Gaucher, Francis Gauthier, Jean-Marie Ghuysen, Wade Gibson, Jennifer Gillies, Elzbieta Glaser, Fabian Glaser, Michael H. Glickman, Peter Goettig, Colette Goffin, Eiichi Gohda, Alfred L. Goldberg, Daniel E. Goldberg, Gregory I. Goldberg, Nathan E. Goldfarb, F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth, B. Gopal, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Stuart G. Gordon, Mark D. Gorrell, Friedrich Götz, Theodoros Goulas, Cécile Gouzy-Darmon, K. Govind, Lászlo Gráf, Robert R. Granados, Melissa Ann Gräwert, Douglas A. Gray, Thomas P. Graycar, Jonathan A. Green, Luiza Helena Gremski, Michael Groll, Tania Yu Gromova, P. Gros, Marvin J. Grubman, Amy M. Grunden, Ágústa Gudmundsdóttir, Micheline Guinand, Djamel Gully, Alla Gustchina, José María Gutiérrez, Byung Hak Ha, Jesper Z. Haeggström, James H. Hageman, Johanna Haiko, Stephan Hailfinger, Hans Michael Haitchi, Ji Seon Han, Chantal Hanquez, Minoru Harada, Ikuko Hara-Nishimura, Marianne Harboe, Torleif Härd, David A. Harris, Ulrich Hassiepen, Shoji Hata, Akira Hattori, Rong-Qiao He, Albert J.R. Heck, Dirk F. Hendricks, Bernhard Henrich, Patrick Henriet, Andrés Hernández-Arana, Irma Herrera-Camacho, Gerhard Heussipp, Toshihiko Hibino, P.M. Hicks, Bradley I. Hillman, B. Yukihiro Hiraoka, Jun Hiratake, Yohei Hizukuri, Heng-Chien Ho, Ngo Thi Hoa, Mark Hochstrasser, Kathryn M. Hodge, Theo Hofmann, Thomas Hohn, John R. Hoidal, Joachim-Volker Höltje, Koichi J. Homma, John F. Honek, Vivian Y.H. Hook, John D. Hooper, Nigel M. Hooper, Kazuo Hosoi, Christopher J. Howe, Dennis E. Hruby, James J.-D. Hseih, Chun-Chieh Hsu, Tony T. Huang, Tur-Fu Huang, Yoann Huet, Clare Hughes, Jean-Emmanuel Hugonnet, Adrienne L. Huston, Oumaïma Ibrahim-Granet, Eiji Ichishima, Yukio Ikehara, Tadashi Inagami, Jessica Ingram, R.E. Isaac, Grazia Isaya, Clara E. Isaza, Shin-ichi Ishii, Amandine Isnard, Kiyoshi Ito, Koreaki Ito, Yoshifumi Itoh, Xavier Iturrioz, Sadaaki Iwanaga, Ralph W. Jack, Mel C. Jackson, Michael N.G. James, Jiří Janata, Claire Janoir, Hanna Janska, Ken F. Jarrell, Mariusz Jaskolski, Sheila S. Jaswal, Ying Y. Jean, Dieter E. Jenne, Young Joo Jeon, Ping Jiang, John E. Johnson, Michael D. Johnson, James A. Johnston, Amanda Jones, Elizabeth W. Jones, Carine Joudiou, Luiz Juliano, Hea-Jin Jung, Ray Jupp, Todd F. Kagawa, Hubert Kalbacher, Yayoi Kamata, Shuichi Kaminogawa, Yoshiyuki Kamio, Makoto Kaneda, Sung Gyun Kang, Sung Hwan Kang, Mary Kania, Tomasz Kantyka, Nobuyuki Kanzawa, Abdulkarim Y. Karim, Takafumi Kasumi, Hiroaki Kataoka, Hardeep Kaur, Shun-Ichiro Kawabata, Mari Kawaguchi, John Kay, Murat Kaynar, Kenneth C. Keiler, R.M. Kelly, Nathaniel T. Kenton, Michael A. Kerr, Kristof Kersse, Jukka Kervinen, Benedikt M. Kessler, Efrat Kessler, Timo K. Khoronen, Simon Kidd, Marjolein Kikkert, Mogens Kilian, Do-Hyung Kim, Doyoun Kim, Eunice EunKyeong Kim, In Seop Kim, Jung-Gun Kim, Kyeong Kyu Kim, Kyung Hyun Kim, Matthew S. Kimber, Yukio Kimura, Heidrun Kirschke, Yoshiaki Kiso, Colin Kleanthous, Jürgen R. Klein, Michael Klemba, Beata Kmiec, Hideyuki Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Kodama, Gerald Koelsch, Jan Kok, P.E. Kolattukody, Fabrice A. Kolb, Harald Kolmar, Yumiko Komori, Jan Konvalinka, Brice Korkmaz, Sergey V. Kostrov, Hans-Georg Kräusslich, Gabi Krczal, Lawrence F. Kress, Magnüs Már Kristjánsson, Tomáš Kučera, Sayali S. Kukday, Hidehiko Kumagai, Sharad Kumar, Malika Kumarasiri, Takashi Kumazaki, Beate M. Kümmerer, Kouji Kuno, Markku Kurkinen, Eva Kutejová, Marie Kveiborg, Agnieszka Kwarciak, Liisa Laakkonen, Nikolaos E. Labrou, Gavin D. Laing, Gayle Lamppa, Thomas Langer, Richard A. Laursen, Richard A. Lawrenson, Matthew D. Layne, Bernard F. Le Bonniec, María C. Leal, Ronald M. Lechan, David H. Lee, Irene Lee, Jae Lee, Kye Joon Lee, Soohee Lee, Xiaobo Lei, Jonathan Leis, Ellen K. LeMosy, Thierry Lepage, Stephen H. Leppla, Adam Lesner, Ivan A.D. Lessard, Guy Lhomond, Huilin Li, Shu-Ming Li, Weiguo Li, Ta-Hsiu Liao, Robert C. Liddington, Toby Lieber, H.R. Lijnen, Christopher D. Lima, Chen-Yong Lin, Gang Lin, Ming T. Lin, Xinli Lin, Yee-Shin Lin, L.L. Lindsay, William N. Lipscomb, John W. Little, Ching-Chuan Liu, Chuan-ju Liu, Mark O. Lively, Nurit Livnat-Levanon, Per O. Ljungdahl, Catherine Llorens-Cortes, Peter Lobel, Y. Peng Loh, Jouko Lohi, G.P. Lomonossoff, Yvan Looze, Carlos López-Otin, Landys Lopez-Quezada, Alex Loukas, Long-Sheng Lu, Áke Lundwall, Liu-Ying Luo, Andrei Lupas, Dawn S. Luthe, Nicholas J. Lynch, Peter J. Lyons, Vivian L. MacKay, Jesica M. Levingston Macleod, Viktor Magdolen, Jean-Luc Mainardi, Kauko K. Mäkinen, Jeremy P. Mallari, Surya P. Manandhar, Fajga R. Mandelbaum, Anne M. Manicone, Johanna Mansfeld, Joseph Marcotrigiano, Michael Mares, Gemma Marfany, Francis S. Markland, Judith Marokházi, Hélène Marquis, Robert A. Marr, Enzo Martegani, Erik W. Martin, Manuel Martinez, L. Miguel Martins, Masato Maruyama, Masugi Maruyama, Sususmu Maruyama, Takeharu Masaki, Ramin Massoumi, Rency T. Mathew, Lynn M. Matrisian, Yoshihiro Matsuda, Osamu Matsushita, Marco Matuschek, Anna Matušková, Krisztina Matúz, Cornelia Mauch, Michael R. Maurizi, Lorenz M. Mayr, Dewey G. McCafferty, J. Ken McDonald, James H. McKerrow, David McMillan, Robert P. Mecham, Darshini P. Mehta, Chris Meisinger, Alan Mellors, Roger G. Melton, Jeffrey A. Melvin, Robert Ménard, Luis Menéndez-Arias, Milene C. Menezes, Andrew Mesecar, Stéphane Mesnage, Diane H. Meyer, Gregor Meyers, Susan Michaelis, Karolina Michalska, Wojciech P. Mielicki, Igor Mierau, Galina V. Mikoulinskaia, Charles G. Miller, Lydia K. Miller, John Mills, Kenneth V. Mills, Jinrong Min, Michel-Yves Mistou, Yoshio Misumi, Shin-ichi Miyoshi, Shigehiko Mizutani, Shahriar Mobashery, Satsuki Mochizuki, William L. Mock, Frank Möhrlen, Nathalie Moiré, Paul E. Monahan, Angela Moncada-Pazos, Véronique Monnet, Michel Monod, Cesare Montecucco, Laura Morelli, Sumiko Mori, Takashi Morita, James H. Morrissey, Richard J. Morse, John S. Mort, Uffe H. Mortensen, Rory E. Morty, Joel Moss, Hidemasa Motoshima, Jeremy C. Mottram, Ana M. Moura-da-Silva, Mary Beth Mudgett, Egbert Mundt, Kazuo Murakami, Mario Tyago Murakami, Kimiko MurakamiMurofoshi, Sawao Murao, Gillian Murphy, M.R.N. Murthy, Tatsushi Muta, Elmarie Myburgh, Nino Mzhavia, A.H.M. Nurun Nabi, Hideaki Nagase, Michael W. Nagle, Dorit K. Nägler, Rajesh R. Naik, Divya B. Nair, Toshiki Nakai, Yoshitaka Nakajima, Yukio Nakamura, Hitoshi Nakatogawa, Toru Nakayama, Natalia N. Nalivaeva, Dipankar Nandi, Maria Clara Leal Nascimento-Silva, Kim Nasmyth, Carl F. Nathan, Fernando Navarro-García, Dayane Lorena Naves, Danny D. Nedialkova, Keir C. Neuman, Jeffrey-Tri Nguyen, Ky-Anh Nguyen, Gabriela T. Niemirowicz, Toshiaki Nikai, Eiichiro Nishi, Wataru Nishii, Makoto Nishiyama, Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Masatoshi Noda, Seiji Nomura, Shigemi Norioka, Desire M.M. Nsangou, Amornrat O’Brien, Michael B. O’Connor, Kohei Oda, Irina V. Odinokova, Joyce Oetjen, Teru Ogura, Dennis E Ohman, Yoshinori Ohsumi, Mukti Ojha, Akinobu Okabe, Yasunori Okada, Keinosuke Okamoto, Kenji Okuda, Nobuaki Okumura, Takashi Okuno, Kjeld Oleson, Priscila Oliveira de Giuseppe, Martin Olivier, Yasuko Ono, Stephen Oroszlan, Nobuyuki Ota, Michael Ovadia, Jiyang O-Wang, Claus Oxvig, Jeremy C.L. Packer, Sergio Padilla-López, Mark Paetzel, Michael J. Page, Andrea Page-McCaw, Mark J.I. Paine, Byoung Chul Park, Eunyong Park, John E. Park, Pyong Woo Park, Sung Goo Park, Kirk L. Parkin, William C Parks, Thaysa Paschoalin, Annalisa Pastore, Alexander Nikolich Patananan, Sudhir Paul, Henry L. Paulson, Ulrich von Pawel-Rammingen, David A. Pearce, Mark S. Pearson, Duanqing Pei, Gunnar Pejler, Alan D. Pemberton, Jianhao Peng, Julien Pernier, Jan-Michael Peters, Thorsten Pfirrmann, Viet-Laï Pham, Iva Pichová, Darren Pickering, Christophe Piesse, David Pignol, Robert N. Pike, Lothaire Pinck, Hubert Pirkle, Henry C. Pitot, Andrew G. Plaut, Hidde Ploegh, László Polgár, Corrine Porter, Rolf Postina, Jan Potempa, Knud Poulsen, Scott D. Power, Rex. F. Pratt, Gerd Prehna, Gilles Prévost, Alexey V. Pshezhetsky, Mohammad A. Qasim, Feng Qian, Jiazhou Qiu, Víctor Quesada, Evette S. Radisky, Stephen D. Rader, Kavita Raman, Andrew J. Ramsay, Derrick E. Rancourt, Najju Ranjit, Narayanam V. Rao, Kiira Ratia, Neil D. Rawlings, Robert B. Rawson, Vijay Reddy, Colvin M. Redman, Maria Elena Regonesi, Andreas S. Reichert, Antonia P. Reichl, Han Remaut, S. James Remington, Martin Renatus, David Reverter, Eric C. Reynolds, Mohamed Rholam, Charles M. Rice, Todd W. Ridky, Howard Riezman, D.C. Rijken, Marie-Christine Rio, Alison Ritchie, Janine Robert-Baudouy, Mark W. Robinson, Michael Robinson, Adela Rodriguez-Romero, Renata Santos Rodriques, John C. Rogers, Camilo Rojas, Floyd E. Romesberg, David J. Roper, Nora Rosas-Murrieta, A.M. Rose, Philip J. Rosenthal, J. Rosing, Ornella Rossetto, Véronique Rossi, Richard A. Roth, Hanspeter Rottensteiner, Andrew D. Rowan, Mikhail Rozanov, Alexandra Rucavado, Andrea Ruecker, Françoise Rul, Till Rümenapf, Ilaria Russo, Martin D. Ryan, Elena Sacco, J. Evan Sadler, W. Saenger, Hans-Georg Sahl, Mohammed Sajid, Masayoshi Sakaguchi, Fumio Sakiyama, Maria L. Salas, Maria Cristina O. Salgado, Guy S. Salvesen, Edith Sánchez, Eladio F. Sanchez, Qing-Xiang Amy Sang, Krishnan Sankaran, Susanta K. Sarkar, Michael P. Sarras, Yoshikiyo Sasagawa, Araki Satohiko, Eric Sauvage, Loredana Saveanu, H.S. Savithri, Hitoshi Sawada, R. Gary Sawers, Isobel A. Scarisbrick, Andreas Schaller, Justin M. Scheer, Friedrich Scheiflinger, Cordelia Schiene-Fischer, Uwe Schlomann, Manfred Schlösser, Alvin H. Schmaier, Walter K. Schmidt, Anette Schneemann, Rick G. Schnellmann, Henning Scholze, Lutz Schomburg, Wilhelm J. Schwaeble, Christopher J. Scott, Rosaria Scudiero, Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa, Nabil G. Seidah, Motoharu Seiki, Junichi Sekiguchi, Andrea Senff-Ribeiro, Ihn Sik Seong, Mihaela Serpe, Solange M.T. Serrano, Peter Setlow, Tina Shahian, M. Shanks, Feng Shao, Steven D. Shapiro, Navneet Sharma, Lindsey N. Shaw, Aimee Shen, Lei Shen, Roger F. Sherwood, Yun-Bo Shi, Hitoshi Shimoi, Yoichiro Shimura, A.D. Shirras, Viji Shridhar, Jinal K. Shukla, Ene Siigur, Jüri Siigur, Natalie C. Silmon de Monerri, Robert B. Sim, James P. Simmer, William H. Simmons, Jaspreet Singh, Alison Singleton, Tatiana D. Sirakova, Titia K. Sixma, Tim Skern, Randal A. Skidgel, Jeffrey Slack, David E. Sleat, Barbara S. Slusher, Janet L. Smith, Matthew A. Smith, Mark J. Smyth, Erik J. Snijder, Solmaz Sobhanifar, Kenneth Söderhaäll, Istvan Sohar, Peter Sonderegger, Marcos Henrique Ferreira Sorgine, Hiroyuki Sorimachi, Karen E. Soukhodolets, Tatiana de Arruda Campos Brasil de Souza, Tamás Sperka, Shiranee Sriskandan, Joseph W. St. Geme, Raymond J. St. Leger, Peter Staib, James L. Steele, Bjarki Stefansson, Christian Steinkühler, Leisa M. Stenberg, Johan Stenflo, Henning R. Stennicke, Valentin M. Stepanov, Olga A. Stepnaya, Frank Steven, Richard L. Stevens, Kenneth J. Stevenson, Mathieu St-Louis, Christopher C. Stobart, Walter Stöcker, Andrew C. Storer, Norbert Sträter, Ellen G. Strauss, James H. Strauss, Kvido Stříšovský, Natalie C.J. Strynadka, Edward D. Sturrock, Dan Su, Xiao-Dong Su, Paz Suárez-Rendueles, Traian Sulea, Venkatesh Sundararajan, Ryoji Suno, Carolyn K. Suzuki, Fumiaki Suzuki, Hideyuki Suzuki, Nobuhiro Suzuki, Stephen Swenson, Rose L. Szabady, Pal Bela Szecsi, Lászlo Szilágyi, Muhamed-Kheir Taha, Eizo Takahashi, Kenji Takahashi, Toshiro Takai, Atsushi Takeda, Soichi Takeda, Jeremy J.R.H. Tame, Tomohiro Tamura, Fulong Tan, Keiji Tanaka, Carmen Tanase, Jordan Tang, Martha M. Tanizaki, Egbert Tannich, Guido Tans, Anthony L. Tarentino, Anchalee Tassanakajon, Hiroki Tatsumi, Norbert Tautz, Erin Bassford Taylor, Pedro Filipe Teixeira, Bhanu Prakash V.L. Telugu, Markus F. Templin, Shigeyuki Terada, Uchikoba Tetsuya, C. Thacker, Maulik Thaker, Heinz-Jürgen Thiel, Nicole Thielens, Gonzales Thierry, Karine Thivierge, Mark D. Thomas, Margot Thome, Mary K. Thorsness, Peter E. Thorsness, Natalie J. Tigue, Sokol V. Todi, Birgitta Tomkinson, Fiorella Tonello, Liang Tong, H.S. Toogood, Paolo Tortora, József Tözsèr, Luiz Rodolpho Travassos, James Travis, Dilza Trevisan-Silva, Francesca Trinchella, Neil N. Trivedi, Carol M. Troy, Harald Tschesche, Yu-Lun Tseng, Masafumi Tsujimoto, Anthony T. Tu, Kathleen E. Tumelty, Boris Turk, Dusan Turk, Vito Turk, Anthony J. Turner, Tetsuya Uchikoba, Takayuki Ueno, Alejandro P. Ugalde, Veli-Jukka Uitto, Sinisa Urban, Olivier Valdenaire, Adrian Valli, Jozef Van Beeumen, Bertus Van den Burg, Renier A.L. Van der Hoorn, Jan Maarten van Dijl, Peter Van Endert, Bram J. Van Raam, Harold E. Van Wart, Tom Vanden Berghe, Peter Vandenabeele, Margo Vanoni, Silvio Sanches Veiga, William H. Velander, Gloria Velasco, Josep Vendrell, I. István Venekei, Vaclav Vetvicka, F.-Nora Vögtle, Waldemar Vollmer, Kei Wada, Fred W. Wagner, Sun Nyunt Wai, Timothy Wai, Shane Wainwright, Kenneth W. Walker, Stephen J. Walker, Jean Wallach, Linda L. Walling, Peter N. Walsh, Hai-Yan Wang, Hengbin Wang, Jianwei Wang, Peng Wang, Ping Wang, Michael Wassenegger, Kunihiko Watanabe, Helen Webb, Joseph M. Weber, Niklas Weber, Daniel R. Webster, Shuo Wei, Rodney A. Welch, James A. Wells, Herbert Wenzel, Ingrid E. Wertz, Ulla W. Wewer, Alison R. Whyteside, Sherwin Wilk, Jean-Marc Wilkin, Claudia Wilmes, Jakob R. Winther, David S. Wishart, Alexander Wlodawer, J. Fred Woessner, Michael S. Wolfe, Wilson Wong, Roger Woodgate, Gerry Wright, Jiunn-Jong Wu, Qingyu Wu, Magdalena Wysocka, Chao Xu, Zhenghong Xu, Kinnosuke Yahori, Shoji Yamada, Nozomi Yamaguchi, Shinji Yamaguchi, Yoshio Yamakawa, Hiroki Yamamoto, Ikao Yana, Maozhou Yang, Na Yang, Chenjuan Yao, Tingting Yao, Noriko Yasuda, Toshimasa Yasuhara, Shigeki Yasumasu, Edward T.H. Yeh, Irene Yiallouros, Jiang Yin, Hiroo Yonezawa, Soon Ji Yoo, Tadashi Yoshimoto, Michael W. Young, Stephen G. Young, Nousheen Zaidi, Ludmila L. Zavalova, Peter Zavodszky, Aidong Zhang, Xianming Zhang, Yi-Zheng Zhang, Dominick Zheng, Guangming Zhong, Rong Zhong, Yuan Zhou, Zhaohui Sunny Zhou, Michael Zick, Paola Zigrino, and Andrei A. Zimin
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