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The third flight of the High-Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C 2.1) occurred on May 29, 2018, the Sounding Rocket was launched from White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The instrument has been modified from its original configuration (Hi-C 1) to observe the solar corona in a passband that peaks near 172 Angstrom and uses a new, custom-built low-noise camera. The instrument targeted Active Region 12712, and captured 78 images at a cadence of 4.4 sec (18:56:22 - 19:01:57 UT; 5 min and 35 sec observing time). The image spatial resolution varies due to quasi-periodic motion blur from the rocket; sharp images contain resolved features of at least 0.47 arcsec. There are coordinated observations from multiple ground- and space-based telescopes providing an unprecedented opportunity to observe the mass and energy coupling between the chromosphere and the corona. Details of the instrument and the data set are presented in this paper., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures, submitted to Solar Physics

The High-Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) was flown on a NASA sounding rocket on 11 July 2012. The goal of the Hi-C mission was to obtain high-resolution (≈ 0.3 – 0.4′′), high-cadence (≈ 5 seconds) images of a solar active region to investigate the dynamics of solar coronal structures at small spatial scales. The instrument consists of a normal-incidence telescope with the optics coated with multilayers to reflect a narrow wavelength range around 19.3 nm (including the Fe xii 19.5-nm spectral line) and a 4096×4096 camera with a plate scale of 0.1′′ pixel−1. The target of the Hi-C rocket flight was Active Region 11520. Hi-C obtained 37 full-frame images and 86 partial-frame images during the rocket flight. Analysis of the Hi-C data indicates the corona is structured on scales smaller than currently resolved by existing satellite missions.

The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) provides multiple simultaneous high-resolution full-disk images of the corona and transition region up to 0.5 R ⊙ above the solar limb with 1.5-arcsec spatial resolution and 12-second temporal resolution. The AIA consists of four telescopes that employ normal-incidence, multilayer-coated optics to provide narrow-band imaging of seven extreme ultraviolet (EUV) band passes centered on specific lines: Fe xviii (94 A), Fe viii, xxi (131 A), Fe ix (171 A), Fe xii, xxiv (193 A), Fe xiv (211 A), He ii (304 A), and Fe xvi (335 A). One telescope observes C iv (near 1600 A) and the nearby continuum (1700 A) and has a filter that observes in the visible to enable coalignment with images from other telescopes. The temperature diagnostics of the EUV emissions cover the range from 6×104 K to 2×107 K. The AIA was launched as a part of NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) mission on 11 February 2010. AIA will advance our understanding of the mechanisms of solar variability and of how the Sun’s energy is stored and released into the heliosphere and geospace.

Background: quantifying the rate of pollutant emissions, such as ammonia (NH3), from naturally ventilated animal production buildings in structures, such as those used in South America, is challenging mainly due to the challenge of determining building ventilation rate. Some methods have been developed to reduce this difficulty, but most are costly and complex, preventing their implementation.. Objective: the present work aimed to adapt and validate the Saraz method for the determination of ammonia emissions (SMDAE) from naturally ventilated poultry houses. Methods: to validate the proposed method, the ammonia emission rate (ER; NH3 mass emitted per unit time) was computed using the adjusted equation proposed by Wheeler et al.(2006; ER2). For evaluation purposes, the data obtained from the two measuring methods (SMDAE and ER2)were statistically analyzed. Results: the proposed method was considered adequate for use under conditions of natural ventilation with wind speeds greater than 0.1 m/s-1 and NH3 concentrations greater than 1 ppm. Conclusion: the method demonstrated a good correlation between its values and those obtained by the standard equation for calculating emissions based on NH3 concentration, air speed and temperature, which makes the Saraz method a reliable approach to develop ammonia inventories for naturally-ventilated poultry facilities. Antecedentes: la cuantificación de la tasa de emision de contaminantes tales como el amoniaco (NH3) en instalaciones de producción animal con ventilación natural como las utilizadas en América del Sur es un reto, en parte debido a la dificultad para determinar la tasa de ventilación. Algunos métodos han sido desarrollados para reducir esta dificultad, pero la mayoría de ellos son costosos y complejos, lo que impide su aplicación. Objetivo: el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo adaptar y validar el método Saraz para calcular el flujo de amoniaco (SMDAE) generado en galpones avícolas con ventilación natural. Métodos: para validar el método propuesto, el flujo de amoniaco (ER; masa de NH3 emitida por unidad de tiempo) fue comparado con los resultados obtenidos por medio de la ecuación ajustada propuesta por Wheeler et al. (2006; ER2). Para su evaluación, los valores obtenidos con los dos métodos (SMDAE y ER2) fueron comparados mediante análisis estadístico. Resultados: el método propuesto se considera adecuado para ser utilizado en las condiciones de ventilación natural con vientos superiores a 0,1 m/s-1 y concentraciones de NH3 superiores a 1 ppm. Conclusión: el método presentó una buena correlación entre los valores determinados y los obtenidos mediante la ecuación estandar para el cálculo de emisiones basada en la concentración de NH3, velocidad del aire y temperatura, lo que lo convierte en una alternativa confiable para hacer inventarios de amoníaco en instalaciones avícolas con ventilación natural. Antecedentes: a quantificação da taxa de emissão de poluentes, tais como a amônia (NH3) em instalações animais abertas e com ventilação natural, como são usadas na América do Sul, é um desafio, em parte devido a dificuldade de determinação da taxa de ventilação. Assim, alguns métodos têm sido desenvolvidos para reduzir esta dificuldade, mas a maioria deles são onerosos e complexos, inviabilizando a sua aplicação. Objetivo: o presente trabalho objetivou-se adaptar e validar o método Saraz para determinar o fluxo de NH3 (SMDAE) emitida dos galpões avícolas submetidos à ventilação natural. Métodos: para fazer a validação do método proposto, o fluxo de amônia (ER; massa de NH3 gerada por unidade de tempo) foi comparada com os resultados obtidos por meio de equação ajustada proposta por Wheeler et al. (2006; ER2). Para a avaliação proposta, os valores obtidos com os dois métodos usados (SMDAE e ER2) foram comparados mediante analise estadística. Resultados: o método proposto mostrou poder ser usado com confiabilidade em condições de ventilação natural com ventos maiores que 0,1 m/s-1 e concentrações de NH3 maiores que 1 ppm. Conclusão:o método apresentou uma boa correlação entre os valores encontrados pelo método proposto e aqueles obtidos na equação característica para o cálculo de emissões a qual é baseada no conhecimento da concentração de NH3, velocidade e temperatura do ar, o que torna o método como uma alternativa viável para fazer inventários de amônia em instalações aviárias com ventilação natural.

This paper discusses the advantages of Halton sequences over pseudorandom uniform numbers when using simulation to approximate integrals numerically. We describe two types of sequences and give Mata examples. Finally, we document the Mata function halton(), currently in release 9.1 of Stata, which computes both a Halton sequence and its Hammersley variant. Options to use these point sets are available in the Stata 9 program asmprobit, a multinomial-probit estimator, and in the Stata 9.1 Mata function ghk(), the Geweke–Hajivassiliou–Keane multivariate-normal simulator.

An accurate and efficient numerical approximation of the multivariate normal (MVN) distribution function is necessary for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates for models involving the MVN distribution. Numerical integration through simulation (Monte Carlo) or number-theoretic (quasi-Monte Carlo) techniques is one way to accomplish this task. One popular simulation technique is the Geweke–Hajivassiliou–Keane MVN simulator. This paper reviews this technique and introduces a Mata function that implements it. It also computes analytical first-order derivatives of the simulated probability with respect to the variables and the variance–covariance parameters.

The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) is a complementary follow-on to Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO-AIA) and funded as a member of the NASA SMEX program. This paper presents the thermal design of the IRIS telescope front end, with a focus on the IRIS door and entrance aperture assembly. The challenge of the IRIS entrance aperture, including the door design, was to manage the solar flux, both before and after the door was opened. This is especially a problem with instruments that are permanently pointed directly at the sun. Though there is an array of effective flux-rejecting coatings, they are expensive, hard to apply, harder to measure, delicate, prone to unpredictable performance decay with exposure, and very often a source of contamination. This paper presents a thermal control and protection method based on robust, inexpensive coatings and materials, combined to produce high thermal and structural isolation. The end result is a first line of thermal protection whose performance is easy to predict and well isolated from the instrument it is protecting.

Increasing competition and accreditation pressures on MBA programmes throughout the world to perform, in terms of competitive pricing and “world’s best practice” curricula, may produce outcomes inimical to the very goals being pursued. Two major themes of management education are considered in light of this trend. First, management education content and process is critically reviewed from an evolutionary non‐linear systems perspective particularly with respect to incorporating more effective yet deliberately destabilising double‐loop learning processes in the educative system. Business schools fail to incorporate such approaches because they over‐rely on single‐loop learning processes which ignore dynamic complexities in the human condition and in organisational systems. This helps explain why business schools and consultants readily incorporate management fads and fashions into their curricula. Second, the structure and delivery of management education programmes is reviewed. Conventional approaches here fail to take account of the more demanding experiential side of human learning and development which may be just as important as the rational approach which so often captures the delivery agenda. Again, the attraction of management fads and fashions is implicated as a major reason why business schools fail to incorporate double‐loop learning into their own agendas. In the words of the sages, you often get what you pay for and what you get is often simplistic, linear, de‐contextualised, and strongly prone to over‐application.

This paper describes the implementation of a solar simulator, know as the Solar Environment Simulator (SES), that can simulate solar flux levels up to those encountered at 9.8 solar radii. The paper outlines the design, and the challenges of realizing the SES. It also describes its initial uses for proving out the design of the Solar Winds Electrons, Alphas, and Protons (SWEAP) Faraday cup. The upcoming Solar Probe Plus (SPP) mission requires that its in-situ plasma instrument (the Faraday Cup) survive and operate over an unprecedented range of temperatures. One of the key risk mitigation activities during Phase B has been to develop and implement a simulator that will enable thermal testing of the Faraday Cup under flight-like conditions. While still in the initial start-up, the SES has proven to be an instrumental component in the process of predicting the inflight performance of the SWEAP Faraday Cup. With near continuously variable power control above the threshold of 1.6kW/lamp up to approximately 6.5kW/lamp, the SES has been used to determine the system response to a wide range of incoming flux, thereby making it possible to correlate detailed thermal models to a high degree of certainty (see Ref. [1], Figure 1.1). The SES consists of a set of repurposed, and slightly re-designed standard movie projectors. The projectors have proven to be an economical and effective means to safely hold and control the xenon short-arc lamps that are the basis of the SES. This paper outlines the key challenges controlling the extremely high flux levels (~70w/cm^2) necessary to make the SES a useful test facility.

In regions of tropical and subtropical climates, nearly all installations used for intensive broiler chicken production and other animals of economic interest operate as curtain-sided open structures with assisted mechanical ventilation. The lack of ventilation control in these facilities, along with wind direction and velocity effects on ventilation uniformity, complicates calculation of the quantity of gases (ammonia and others) generated by the litter at a given moment. This fact constitutes a pitfall when evaluating the polluting potential of open environments, and when comparisons with data encountered in closed environment facilities used in temperate climates need to be done. All developed countries of Europe and North America already possess methodologies to determine gas emissions in closed installations commonly found in these regions. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate some specific methodologies used for determining ammonia emissions from broiler houses located in countries of Europe and the United States, and verify the possibility for application of these methodologies to open structures commonly found in Brazil and other countries of South America. A quantitative evaluation showed that the methods with best characteristics for adaptability to the operational conditions and the different types of conditioned environments of buildings with positive pressure or natural ventilation systems were the internal tracer gas, the portable monitoring unit (PMU) and the mobile air emissions monitoring unit (MAEMU). According to the results, model-based approaches that use mass balance and passive diffusion samplers such as the "Ferm Tube" and the Saraz Method for Determination of Ammonia Emissions (SMDAE) proposed by Osorio (2010), can also be adapted to different operational conditions for open buildings. En regiones de clima tropical, como es el caso de Brasil, básicamente todas las instalaciones usadas en la producción intensiva de pollos de engorde y de otros animales de interés económico que trabajan gran parte del tiempo con instalaciones abiertas y con ventilación forzada. La falta de control sobre la masa de aire renovada en cada intervalo de tiempo, bien como de la velocidad y uniformidad del aire de la ventilación que dificulta el cálculo de la cantidad de gases (amoniaco y otros) generados por la actividad en determinado momento. Este hecho constituye una dificultad en la evaluación del potencial contaminante ocurrido en estos ambientes abiertos, bien como en la comparación con los datos encontrados en los galpones cerrados utilizados en climas templados, ya que todos los países desarrollados de Europa y América del Norte disponen de metodologías para determinar el valor de las emisiones de gases en las instalaciones cerradas utilizadas en este tipo de regiones. Por lo tanto, este trabajo, busco analizar algunas metodologías usadas para determinarlas tasas de emisión de amoniaco en galpones de pollos de engorde cerrados, en países de Europa y de Estados Unidos de América (USA), y verificar la posibilidad de aplicarlas, a través de su adaptación y empleo en estructuras abiertas usadas en el Brasil y en otros países de América del Sur. Una evaluación cuantitativa, mostro quelos métodos con mayores características de adaptación a las condiciones de operación y a los diferentes tipos de acondicionamiento ambiental de galpones con sistemas de ventilación de presión positiva o con ventilación natural, son el método de trazado de sistemas de gases interno y de unidades de monitoreo continuo con las unidades portátiles de monitoriamiento (PMU) y unidades de monitoreo móviles para emisiones al aire (MAEMU). Métodos tales como el método que usa balance de masa y aquellos de difusión pasiva como el "Ferm Tube" y el método Saraz, para la determinación de emisiones de amoniaco (Saraz method for determination of ammonia emissions - SMDAE) propuesto por Osorio (2010), indican también que pueden ser adaptados para las diferentes condiciones de operación de los galpones abiertos.

Human Resource Management (HRM), as a sub-discipline of management science, is in its infancy. HRM practices are often Utopian in expectation and fail to incorporate a realistic view of existing knowledge bases in the psychological, social, and biological sciences. The HRM discipline relies upon theoretical approaches (eg theories of motivation, satisfaction, and performance) which are: (1) almost invariably linear in conceptualisation and depend largely upon correlational evidence, (2) frequently validated within nonrepresentative contexts that are overly constrained by researchers and (3) overly simplistic in that the constraints and patterns imposed by our biological, psychological and social systems are frequently ignored or assumed to constitute random error within the models. This frequently translates into HRM practices which map reasonably well onto theory yet fall short of yielding expected outcomes. The theories do not match the realities observed. We point to nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory as a way of conceptualising how common HRM practices may translate into observable outcomes. Such an approach will force managers to pull back from simple reliance on linear predictions and realise that truly effective HRM practices should be sensitive to the unique, complex and less systematically predictable patterns of human behaviour.

This paper pursues a line of critique that was put forward by Cooksey and Gates (1995a,b). Our approach reviews, critically, the recent reports of Karpin and Hilmer. In particular we examine some of the basic assumptions underlying the approaches taken in these reports with specific emphasis on contemporary human resource management theory. We first explore the conditions under which these reports were generated and how these conditions may have impacted on report recommendations. In addition this exploration points to significant difficulties with the quality of the reports themselves. We then examine the lack of critical attention given by the reports to the vagaries of the 'human condition' which are complex and unpredictable and which tend to lead the reports to produce overly simplistic and unrealistic recommendations and expectations for business. Finally, the implications for SMEs are considered.

We discuss the details of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) telescope primary mirror assembly designcompared to its predecessor used in the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDO-AIA) telescopes. Also included are details of the structural modeling and analysis, mirror optical surface modeling, vibration analysis, and a detailed description of the optical performance verification test program and results.The primary mirror assembly of the IRIS telescope was adapted from an existing design used on the SDO-AIA telescopes. The IRIS telescope was optimized for performance at 1369A and 2810A with a required 0.4 arc-second-resolution calling for a significant improvement to the mounted mirror optical surface quality over the existing SDOAIA design.To improve the optical performance, the proven bonded flexure heritage design was augmented with a novel “kinematic” mount used to secure the assembly to the telescope tube. The 200mm diameter concave mirror was fabricated from Corning ULE/RE Code 7973 EUV Premium Grade, Ultra Low Expansion Glass material and polished to better than 12ARMS surface roughness. The mirror is supported by three bonded titanium flexures fastened to a rigid titanium cell plate.A 25A RMS figure error was allocated in the error budget for the mounted, coated primary mirror. The first moderesonance for the mirror was specified to be

We illustrate how to estimate parameters of linear state-space models using the Stata program sspace. We provide examples of how to use sspace to estimate the parameters of unobserved-component models, vector autoregressive moving-average models, and dynamic-factor models. We also show how to compute one-step, filtered, and smoothed estimates of the series and the states; dynamic forecasts and their confidence intervals; and residuals.

The sensitivity of a biomarker for environmental contamination with persistent organochlorines and PAHs (cytochrome P450-1A1 induction in feral fish) was evaluated at six sites along 314 km of the Willamette River, Oregon. Whole-body contamination of Northern squaw-fish with approximately 2 pg/g of TCDD and 20 pg/g of TCDF in Portland Harbor was significantly higher than upstream sites. Carp muscle TCDF and hepatic biomarker response were also elevated at this site, as were sediment TCDD, TCDF, and PAHs concentrations. In July, cutthroat trout TCDD concentrations above and below a bleached kraft pulp mill were similar. In October cutthroat trout below the mill contained about 2-fold more TCDD than fish upstream

A sequel study to that reported by Gregson, Britton, Campbell and Gates (1990), partially replicating and extending findings which relate estimates of the dimensionality of the EEG to the complexity of task load in a visual scanning task, is described. The correlation dimensionality D2 of the attractor was computed using a variant of the Grassberger-Procaccia algorithm, and was shown to change in the expected direction, increasing as the task became more complicated. The effects are slight but consistent, and may be attenuated by nonstationarity over time, and by idiosyncratic factors. The results are numerically and qualitatively compatible with other recent reported studies, and support an interpretation linking brain dynamics to implied cognitive processes.

Infants with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) represent a challenging and high-risk group of patients when they require cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Bivalirudin offers many potential pharmacologic advantages over other nonheparin anticoagulants for such patients. We describe our protocol for the use of bivalirudin in a 5-month-old infant undergoing stage 2 Norwood for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The patient was a 5- month-old, 6-kg infant who developed HIT after a bowel resection complicating initial Norwood stage 1. After sternotomy and dissection had been redone, the child received an initial dose of bivalirudin of 1.0 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg 5 min later. The CPB circuit was primed with 50 mg/kg bivalirudn/400 cc volume. With the initiation of CPB, a continuous infusion of 2.5 mg/kg bivalirudin was begun. Activated clotting time (ACT) was targeted for over 400 s, with an examination prior to bypass and each 15 min thereafter. Bivalirudin was discontinued with separation from bypass and during modified ultrafiltration (MUF). The ACT was 286 s after the initial 1 mg/kg bolus and 597 s after the second 0.5 mg/kg bolus and initiation of CPB. At a rate of 2.5 mg/kg/min, ACT ranged between 461 and 597 s. At the completion of MUF, the ACT was 316 s. The ACT was 214 s 20 min after MUF. No clots were noted in the CPB circuit, and good hemostasis was achieved within 10 min after MUF was completed. Incision to closure time was 160 min; time from completion of MUF to sternal closure was 30 min. Post-MUF, 60 cc of processed cell saver blood was reinfused, and no clotting factors were required. Chest tube output was 10, 10, 3, and 4 ccs, respectively, at hours 1-4 post operation. Bivalirudin provides effective anticoagulation in infants requiring CPB in the presence of HIT. Bivalirudin's efficacy is effectively monitored by ACT, and, after CPB, its short half-life and ability to be ultrafiltered facilitate the ability to achieve hemostasis in a timely fashion.

The design of the 4 telescopes that make up the Solar Dynamics Observatory Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (SDOAIA) is described. This includes the optical design, optical mounting system, front aperture filters, and launch protection system. SDO-AIA is a study of taking a difficult telescope design and making four of them. We describe the technical challenges associated with the telescope mounting, mirror mounting, and the front aperture filter design and launch protection.

Comparison of the characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) records treated as realizations from a nonlinear process were compared under four different conditions: eyes shut resting, and three silent observation instructions to predict the patterns of randomly generated lights which illuminated every 10 seconds. The correlation dimension of the EEG was calculated by a method involving finding the correlation integral in m-dimensional space, and found to show some variations within time series. The degree and directions of changes in the dimensionality of the process varied between observers and did not clearly confirm some earlier reported findings, but it is demonstrable that the measures of nonlinear brain dynamics can be correlated with psychological variables. Reasons for this are discussed.

This paper discusses sex-based harassment in the nursing profession in Australia. Thepaper generates industry-specific hypotheses which may provide insights into sex-basedharassment in the Australian context. A good understanding of sex-based harassmentin health care is essential for reducing and eliminating the problem and its toxicsequelae.

A microelectrode survey was made of the midbrain auditory nuclei of the brush-tailed possum ( Trichosurus vulpecula ), a common Australian marsupial. Information was sought on the tuning characteristics of individual neurones, tonotopic organization and mechanisms of sound localization. It was felt that such information would be of use in future studies of the development and evolution of mammalian hearing. Twelve possums were anaesthetized with ketamine and chloralose-urethane, and recordings were made of extracellular unit discharges in the inferior colliculus during monaural and binaural tonal stimulation. The inferior colliculus of the possum consists of a central nucleus — a darkly stained, densely packed group of cells — flanked laterally by an external nucleus with a a lower density of paler cells. Tonotopic organization was demonstrated by discretely-tuned elements in the central nucleus, but was not observed in the external nucleus. In the latter region broad and irregular tuning was commonly seen. Most units in both divisions were influenced by binaural stimuli, with patterns of binaural interaction similar to those observed in the cat inferior colliculus. Cells influenced by changes in the interaural time and intensity difference were commonly observed, but only a subclass of these were suited in sensitivity for sound localization. In general, the midbrain auditory system of the possum was similar in unit discharge characteristics and organization to those of the eutherian mammals commonly studied.

The memory performance of 22 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) subjects and their matched controls was compared on three tasks: a perceptual memory test, a picture recognition test and a verbal recognition test. Results showed that perceptual memory does not suffer as a consequence of MS. Moreover, MS subjects are as sensitive as controls to deep semantic encoding of individual items in a picture recognition task. However, for a verbal recognition task, where a semantic encoding strategy was optional, MS subjects were less likely to report use of a strategy. Those MS subjects who did use a strategy, did more poorly on memory for verbal information than controls. The results suggest a specific inter-item semantic encoding problem in MS.

Mice of the BALB c strain were divided into three groups at 20 ± 1 days of age. One group was deprived binaurally of auditory input by destroying the tympanic membrane bilaterally. A second group was monaurally deprived of auditory input by unilateral tympanic membrane destruction. The third group of control animals was sham-operated and the membranes were left intact. At 27 ± 1 days of age, all three groups of mice were tested behaviorally for audiogenic seizures. On exposure to the loud sound, a majority of the auditory-deprived animals of both operative groups exhibited audiogenic seizure reactions, but none of the sham-operated controls showed seizure behavior. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that induction of seizure susceptibility is a result of auditory deprivation.

Cochlear microphonic (CM) potentials were recorded from the round window of the monotreme Ornithorhynchus anatinus (platypus) in response to pure tones between 500 Hz and 20 kHz. A 1.0‐μV threshold curve showed best sensitivity for the platypus at 5 kHz with a high‐frequency roll‐off of approximately 20 dB/octave and a low‐frequency rolloff of approximately 15 dB/octave. Intensity functions obtained at 2, 6, and 10 kHz were essentially parallel over the range of intensities studied. The maximum cochlear microphonic amplitude, even at the most sensitive frequency, did not exceed 100μV. The intensity function obtained at 6 kHz, close to the best frequency of the animal, was linear over a 40‐dB range, and passed through a maximum at approximately 90 dB SPL. Click responses showed a cochlear microphonic potential followed by two neural potentials analogous to the N1, N2 frequently reported in other species. This study lends support to the notion that the auditory system of the platypus is intermediate between...

Induction of audiogenic seizure susceptibility was studied in rmBALB c mice by bell priming or by destruction of their tympanic membranes. Bell priming was not so effective at 14 days of age as at 21 days. However, a high incidence of seizure was induced in the 14- and 21-day-old mice by rupturing their tympanic membranes; the incidence and severity of seizures thus induced was higher in the 14-day-old group. The rate of development of seizure susceptibility was also faster in the younger mouse. The results provide further support for the hypothesis that auditory deprivation resulting from priming is a critical factor for development of the priming effect. They also indicate that susceptibility of the cochlea to stimulation damage and the maturational stage of the mouse may influence the effect of priming for audiogenic seizures.