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The paper provides a detailed analysis of excess mortality during the 'Spanish Flu' in a developing German economy and the effect of poverty and air pollution on pandemic mortality. The empirical analysis is based on a difference‐in‐differences approach using annual all‐cause mortality statistics at the parish level in the Kingdom of Württemberg. The paper complements the existing literature on urban pandemic severity with comprehensive evidence from mostly rural parishes. The results show that middle‐ and high‐income parishes had a significantly lower increase in mortality rates than low‐income parishes. Moreover, the mortality rate during the 1918 influenza pandemic was significantly higher in highly polluted parishes compared with least polluted parishes. Furthermore, the paper provides a detailed description of mortality statistics in Württemberg and new excess mortality rate estimates for Germany and its states.

This paper shows that 19th-century industrialization is an important determinant of the significant changes in Germany's economic geography observed in recent decades. Using novel data on economic activity in 163 labor market regions in West Germany, we establish that nearly half of them experienced a reversal of fortune between 1926 and 2019, i.e., they moved from the lower to the upper median of the income distribution or vice versa. Economic decline is concentrated in North Germany, economic ascent in the South. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in access to coal, we show that early industrialization turned from an advantage for economic development to a burden after World War II. The dominant position of heavy industry, supported by the local political-administrative system, limited regional adaptability when the old industries fell into crisis. Today, the early industrialized regions suffer from low innovation and deindustrialization. The (time-varying) effect of industrialization explains most of the decline in regional inequality observed in the 1960s and 1970s and about half of the current north-south gap in economic development.

This paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. We show that the growth-enhancing effect of the railway was much greater in parishes that were larger and more industrial at the outset. However, such early industrial parishes were rare in the relatively poor German state. This might explain why we find small average growth effects, which only increase at the end of the nineteenth century. Heterogeneity in the impact of the railway thus increased economic disparities within Württemberg and contributed to the state’s relatively sluggish growth.

Die Zahl der Flüchtlinge ist 2015 drastisch gestiegen und stellt Deutschland vor große Herausforderungen. Erleichterung erhofft man sich dadurch, dass nun auch Albanien, Kosovo und Montenegro auf die Liste der sicheren Herkunftsstaaten gesetzt wurden - wie dies vor einem Jahr für Serbien, Bosnien-Herzegowina und Mazedonien geschah. Ob die Klassifizierung einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Zahl der gestellten Asylanträge hat, wird von den Autoren untersucht. This article analyses the effect of declaring states to be safe countries of origin on the number and processing time of asylum applications. We use a differences-in-differences approach to compare the number of asylum applications made from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia and Serbia, which were all declared safe countries in 2014, with the applications received from the neighbouring states of Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro, which are not yet designated safe countries. The comparison indicates that the declaration has substantially reduced the number of asylum applications from Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia and Serbia, but not their processing time.

This article gives the details and results of an investigation into the properties of the temperature and relative humidity errors from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System for a 4-month period from March to June 1998. The spatial covariance data for temperature errors and for relative humidity errors were fit using eight different approximation functions/weighting methods. From these, two were chosen as giving good estimates of the parameters and variances of the prediction and observation errors and were used in further investigations. The vertical correlation between temperature errors at different levels and relative humidity errors at different levels was approximated using a combination of functional fitting and transformation of the pressure levels. The cross covariance between temperature and relative humidity errors at various pressure levels were approximated in two ways: 1) by directly computing and approximating the cross-covariance data, and 2) by approximating v...

Height innovation data for a 2-month period from NOGAPS was analyzed to obtain height prediction and observation error covariances. Different methods of weighting the data in least squares approximations of the spatial covariance data were investigated using the second-order autoregressive (SOAR) correlation function, both with and without an additive constant (varying with pressure level). Based on the properties of the derived covariance matrices and the SOAR parameters, the SOAR without an additive constant was used for the horizontal approximations. The vertical correlations were fit using a combination of SOAR plus an additive constant and a transformation of the logP coordinate to another coordinate to achieve a best fit. The resulting three-dimensional approximation is partially separable, being the product of the horizontal covariance function (which depends on height) and the vertical correlation function. Figures demonstrating various aspects of the process and the results are given.

Prepared in conjunction with research conducted for the Naval Postgraduate School and funded by the Naval Postgraduate School.

Corporate cultural emphasis on long-term competitiveness as opposed to shorter-term rofitability is evaluated in terms of effectiveness in achieving higher profit margins, real profitability, and survival in the long term. Competitive orientation continues to have adverse impact even with a lag of four decades. If supported by further, multivariate analyses, this finding suggests amendments to what has become standard strategic management thinking, perhaps in favor of earlier and more conventional microeconomic focus on profits.

The Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture (Center) was founded in 1963 to "give life to a completely new way of realizing the EAST-WEST-NORTH-SOUTH collaboration, without discrimination and above any ideological, political, or racial barrier." The Italian Ministry of Education, the Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research, and the Sicilian Regional Government sponsor the center, located in Erice, Sicily. The center is named for an Italian theoretical unclear physicist, of whom Enrico Fermi said "... and then there are the geniuses like Galileo and Newton. Ettore Majorana was one of these."

Techniques are presented for the construction and visualization of a function defined over a closed surface domain which depends on a discrete sample of measurements at arbitrary locations on the domain surface. The interpolating function is constructed by first finding a one-to-one correspondence between the closed surface domain and a sphere, and then a corresponding scattered data interpolation problem over the sphere is solved. Visualization techniques include color blended contour regions on the domain surface and transparent surface graphs projected from the domain.

This chapter presents some techniques for solving scattered data interpolation for functional data. It describes the way interpolants are computed and evaluated using radial basis functions and some other local methods. The overall idea for the evaluation of the interpolant is to break down the evaluation into two parts: contributions from the near terms and contributions from the far term. To define what is near and what is far, the data is structured hierarchically. The chapter briefly describes some existence and uniqueness properties of the interpolants. Scattered data interpolation and approximation problems arise in a variety of applications including meteorology, hydrology, oceanography, computer graphics, computer-aided geometric design, and scientific visualization. There exist several variants of the basic problem. The basic problem, referred to as the functional scattered data problem, is to find a surface that interpolates or approximates a finite set of points. Solutions to the scattered data interpolation or approximation problem are equally varied.

This report gives the results of an investigation into the approximation of a two-month history of pressure height innovation data from NOGAPS. Two ideas were investigated. The first investigation was prompted by the fact that all positive definite functions on the sphere have an expansion in terms of Legendre functions with positive coefficients. It was found that for all levels the approximation of the covariance data for pressure height innovations by Legendre functions led to positive coefficients for up to 25 terms except at the some low and high levels. The approximation was constrained to be near zero at distances greater than about 0.6 radians. The interlevel data was approximated indirectly using thickness approximations and these approximations also predominantly led to positive coefficients except when some of the high and low levels were involved. Positive aspects of the scheme are that the least squares approximation is linear and that the interlevel approximations are obtained by a transformation on the coefficients of the single level and thickness approximations without regard to parameters related to correlation distance used by some other methods.

A previous paper by the authors [2] noted that there was a strong tendency to obtain near-repeated knots in their algorithm for least squares approximation of scattered data by multiquadric functions. In this paper we observe that this leads naturally to the inclusion of derivatives of the multiquadric basis function in the approximation, and give an algorithm for accomplishing this. A comparison of the results obtained with this algorithm and the previous one is made. While the multiple knot algorithm usually has the advantage in terms of accuracy and computational stability, there are datasets for which this is reversed.

A test for outliers is discussed and a computer program for its application to meteorological data for purposes of quality control is given. The data for the examples is from the NOARL database of observation minus forecast increments. The program will tag outliers from a group of stations based on daily values over a period of time, mean values over that time period, and standard deviations over that time period.

The multivariate scattered data interpolation problem is introduced and the reasons for the difficulty of the problem compared to the one dimensional case are discussed. Basic ideas for interpolation (or approximation) of scattered data are introduced. Various types of data sets and some strategies for dealing with some of them are given. Readily available algorithms for the solution of the problem are discussed and suitability for various types of data, along with discussion of situations where they have been useful is given. Some related ideas are briefly mentioned. Throughout there are bountiful references to the existing literature.

The problem of combining observed and predicted values of meteorological variables, all with error, to obtain current weather conditions is considered. Statistical interpolation is in common use for this problem. Properties of isotropic spatial covariance functions are developed. The performance of several families of covariance functions in fitting published data is investigated. The second-order autoregressive covariance function is identified as having suitable theoretical and excellent approximation properties. Sensitivity of the errors in statistical interpolation to misspecification of the statistical parameters is explored, showing that the process is quite stable under such perturbations. R. Franke was supported by the Office of Naval Research under Program Element 61153N, project No. BR033-02-WH.

Methods for solving the following data fitting problems are discussed: Given the data (xi,yi,fi), i = 1,...,N construct a smooth bivariate function S with the property that S(xi,yi) = fi, i = 1,...,N. Because the desire to fit this type of data is encountered frequently in many areas of scientific applications, an investigation of the available methods for solving this problem was undertaken. Several aspects, such as computational efficiency, fitting characteristics and ease of implementation, were analyzed and compared. Within the context of a general purpose method for large sets of data, two of these methods emerged as being generally superior to the others. It is the purpose of this paper to describe these two methods and present examples illustrating their use and application. FORTRAN programs which implement these methods are available upon request. (Author)

A class of methods for local interpolation at irregularly spaced points for functions of two or more variables is developed. The methods are based on a weighted average of the values of local interpolating functions, with the local interpolating functions and the weighting functions chosen so as to incorporate the desired smoothness. Numerical results for several interpolation functions from this class are compared with global approximations, some of which are local when implemented on a computer.

We consider the nonlinear differential equation ( ∂u / ∂t ) = L ( u ) + f ( t ). Use of Galerkin FEM with u(x,t)≈v(x,t)= ∑ j=1 n γ j (t)N j (x) , where the N j (x) are specified basis functions, results in the implicit system of ordinary differential equations, ( ∗ ) ∑ j=1 n A ij γ j −B i (γ 1 ,…,γ n ,f) = 0 , i =1,…, n where A ij = 〈 N i , N j 〉, B i = 〈 N i , L ( v ) + f 〉. The method chosen for solution of stiff systems ( ∗ ), is a version of Gear's method which solves the system in its implicit form. This leads to the necessity of being able to solve (repeatedly) linear algebraic equations whose coefficient matrix has the same sparse and banded nature as ( A ij ). Storage requirements for various orders of polynomial trangular elements under compact storage mode, profile storage mode, and banded symmetric storage mode are given and compared. For large systems ( ∗ ), compact storage mode leads to significantly reduced requirements. Consideration of the linear algebraic systems which arise in Gear's method reveals that iteration should be computationally efficient. A comparison between various solutions methods is given for a nonlinear reactor dynamics problem. Associated with each solution method is a different storage mode.

We investigate the power properties of a new goodness-nf-fit test proposed by rontz (1980). This new test is compared with the (The squared test and the Kolmogoma Smirnov (K-S) test for normality when the samples come from (i) the family of asymmetric stable distributions, (ii) mixtures of normal distributions, and (iii) the Pearson family. The general conclusion is that the new test performs better than the Chi squared and the K-S test when the parent distribution is heavy-tailed. If the hypothesized distribution differs from the true distribution in location only, the new test does not do as well as the other two.

The errors in objective analysis methods that are based on corrections to first-guess fields are considered. An expression that gives a decomposition of an error into three independent components is derived. To test the magnitudes of the contributions of each component, a series of computer simulations was conducted. The grid-to-observation-point interpolation schemes considered ranged from simple piecewise linear functions to highly accurate spline functions. The observation-to-grid interpolation methods considered included most of those in present meteorological use, such as optimum interpolation and successive corrections, as well as proposed schemes such as thin plate splines, and several variations of these schemes. The results include an analysis of cost versus skill; this information is summarized in plots for most combinations. The degradation in performance due to inexact parameter specification in statistical observation-to-grid interpolation schemes is addressed. The efficacy of the me...

This paper is concerned with the evaluation of methods for scattered data interpolation and some of the results of the tests when applied to a number of methods. The process involves evaluation of the methods in terms of timing, storage, accuracy, visual pleasantness of the surface, and ease of implementation. To indicate the flavor of the type of results obtained, we give a summary table and representative perspective plots of several surfaces. Supported in part by the Foundation Research Program at the Naval Postgraduate School.

Anthropologists have long noted the special problems which arise from the attempt to apply 'W stern' economic th ory to technologically simple economies. Though part of the confusion in this matter has arisen fro the fact t at Western conomic theory has itself been cha ging L Clair's revisions make obsolete the ajor thrust of Polanyi's critiques1 a certain middl ground has been eached on which interpr tations can be built. Accordi g to this synthesis as offered in the writi gs of Firth, Salisbu y, and Nash among others,2 the law of supply and dem nd can be pplied to many transaction patterns in small, partially isolated, and inward-oriented village economies. Other sets of transac ions, o the other hand, do not seem interpretabl by this ordinary device, thoug we may perhaps assume th t at some theoretical extremes of production there would be either a cutff of supply to ven the nearest kinsman o bond friend, or so much of the good in question that no transaction would be equired. Wi in these extremes, however, ' there] appears to be a flat spot on the supply and demand curves. The economist might gr ph such a phenomenon as follows

Ward H. Goodenough, Frederick Barth, Models of social organization. Royal Anthropological Institute Occasional Paper No. 23. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London 1966. Pp. vi, 33. - E. Postel-Coster, Carl A. Schmitz, Grundformen der Verwandtschaft. Basler Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnologie, Ethnologische Reihe Heft I. Pharos-Verlag Hansrudolf Schwabe AG, Basel 1964. 134 pp. - B. Siertsema, John J. Gumperz, “The ethnography of communication”; Special publication of American Anthropologist, Part 2, Vol. 66, no. 6, December 1964. American Anthropological Association, Menasha, Wisconsin, U.S.A., 1964, 186 pp., Dell Hymes (eds.) - J. Voorhoeve, William J. Samarin, Field Linguistics. A guide to linguistic fieldwork. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc., New York, etc., 1967. X + 246 pp. - P.J.R. Modderman, André Leroi-Gourhan, La geste et la parole. Albin Michel, Paris 1964. 2 dln., 300 en 268 pp. Vele ills. - David F. Pocock, Andre Beteille, Caste, class and power. Changing patterns of stratification in a Tanjore village. University of California Press, Berkeley 1965. 225 pp. - A. Trouwborst, P.C. Lloyd, The new elites of tropical Africa. Studies presented and discussed at the sixth international African seminar at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, July 1964 . Foreword by Daryll Forde. Introduction by P.C. Lloyd. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press. London 1966. X + 390 pp. - F.L. van Holthoon, Darryll Forde, West African Kingdoms in the 19th. century. O.U.P. for the International African Institute, London 1967. 281 pp., P.M. Kaberry (eds.) - J.J. Romkes, David W. Brokensha, Social change at Larteh, Ghana. Clarendon Press. Oxford University Press. London 1966. 294 pp., 5 plates, 3 maps. - A.J.C. Lach de Bère, Merran Fraenkel, Tribe and class in Monrovia. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, London, Ibadan, Accra, 1964; 244 blz. - F.L. van Holthoon, P. Pierson-Mathy, La politique raciale de la République d’Afrique du Sud. Chronique de Politique Étrangère vol. XVII. Institut Royal des Relations Internationales, Brussel. 1964. - G.J.F. Bouritius, Sidonius Schoenaker, Die ideologischen Hintergründe im Gemeinschaftsleben der Pogoro. Acta Ethnologica et Linguistica Nr. 7. Wien 1965. 176 pp. - G. van den Steenhoven, N.J. Gubser, The Nunamiut Eskimos: Hunters of Caribou. Yale University Press, New Haven & London 1965. 384 pp. - J. Huizinga, R. Herrera Fritot, Nueva Tecnica para calcular la capacidad craneana. Academia de Ciencas de Cuba. Departamento de Antropologia. La Habana, 1965. 30 pag. - R.A.N. van Zantwijk, Frank Cancian, Economics and prestige in a Maya community, The religious cargo system in Zinacantan. Stanford University Press, Stanford. California, U.S.A. 1965. IX + 238 blz., geïllustreerd. - K.E. de Haan, Luc de Heusch, A la découverte des Tsiganes, Une expédition de reconnaissance (1961). Institut de Sociologie, Bruxelles 1966. 207 p., 9 zwart/wit foto’s. - C.H.M. Nooy-Palm, Margrit de la Sablonière, Staphorst; Het levenspatroon van een creatief-traditionele geneenschap. Wereld-bibliotheek, Amsterdam-Antwerpen 1966. 77 bladzijden, met kaarten, foto’s en tekstfiguren. - Richard Franke, The journal of the Papua & New Guinea Society, Vol. 1, No. 1. Port Moresby, Summer 1966-67. 82 pp.

A. H. Stroud has recently shown the existence of cubature formulas for planar regions which use m 2 {m^2} points and have polynomial precision 2 m − 1 2m - 1 . In this paper, the author gives sufficient conditions for the existence of formulaa using fewer than m 2 {m^2} points, and having polynomial precision 2 m − 1 2m - 1 . An algorithm is given for computing such formulas, and is shown to be useful in a more general setting than given in the theorem. Numerical examples are given, both in terms of previously known and new cubature formulas.

Ward H. Goodenough, Frederick Barth, Models of social organization. Royal Anthropological Institute Occasional Paper No. 23. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, London 1966. Pp. vi, 33. - E. Postel-Coster, Carl A. Schmitz, Grundformen der Verwandtschaft. Basler Beiträge zur Geographie und Ethnologie, Ethnologische Reihe Heft I. Pharos-Verlag Hansrudolf Schwabe AG, Basel 1964. 134 pp. - B. Siertsema, John J. Gumperz, “The ethnography of communication”; Special publication of American Anthropologist, Part 2, Vol. 66, no. 6, December 1964. American Anthropological Association, Menasha, Wisconsin, U.S.A., 1964, 186 pp., Dell Hymes (eds.) - J. Voorhoeve, William J. Samarin, Field Linguistics. A guide to linguistic fieldwork. Holt, Rinehart & Winston Inc., New York, etc., 1967. X + 246 pp. - P.J.R. Modderman, André Leroi-Gourhan, La geste et la parole. Albin Michel, Paris 1964. 2 dln., 300 en 268 pp. Vele ills. - David F. Pocock, Andre Beteille, Caste, class and power. Changing patterns of stratification in a Tanjore village. University of California Press, Berkeley 1965. 225 pp. - A. Trouwborst, P.C. Lloyd, The new elites of tropical Africa. Studies presented and discussed at the sixth international African seminar at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, July 1964 . Foreword by Daryll Forde. Introduction by P.C. Lloyd. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press. London 1966. X + 390 pp. - F.L. van Holthoon, Darryll Forde, West African Kingdoms in the 19th. century. O.U.P. for the International African Institute, London 1967. 281 pp., P.M. Kaberry (eds.) - J.J. Romkes, David W. Brokensha, Social change at Larteh, Ghana. Clarendon Press. Oxford University Press. London 1966. 294 pp., 5 plates, 3 maps. - A.J.C. Lach de Bère, Merran Fraenkel, Tribe and class in Monrovia. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, London, Ibadan, Accra, 1964; 244 blz. - F.L. van Holthoon, P. Pierson-Mathy, La politique raciale de la République d’Afrique du Sud. Chronique de Politique Étrangère vol. XVII. Institut Royal des Relations Internationales, Brussel. 1964. - G.J.F. Bouritius, Sidonius Schoenaker, Die ideologischen Hintergründe im Gemeinschaftsleben der Pogoro. Acta Ethnologica et Linguistica Nr. 7. Wien 1965. 176 pp. - G. van den Steenhoven, N.J. Gubser, The Nunamiut Eskimos: Hunters of Caribou. Yale University Press, New Haven & London 1965. 384 pp. - J. Huizinga, R. Herrera Fritot, Nueva Tecnica para calcular la capacidad craneana. Academia de Ciencas de Cuba. Departamento de Antropologia. La Habana, 1965. 30 pag. - R.A.N. van Zantwijk, Frank Cancian, Economics and prestige in a Maya community, The religious cargo system in Zinacantan. Stanford University Press, Stanford. California, U.S.A. 1965. IX + 238 blz., geïllustreerd. - K.E. de Haan, Luc de Heusch, A la découverte des Tsiganes, Une expédition de reconnaissance (1961). Institut de Sociologie, Bruxelles 1966. 207 p., 9 zwart/wit foto’s. - C.H.M. Nooy-Palm, Margrit de la Sablonière, Staphorst; Het levenspatroon van een creatief-traditionele geneenschap. Wereld-bibliotheek, Amsterdam-Antwerpen 1966. 77 bladzijden, met kaarten, foto’s en tekstfiguren. - Richard Franke, The journal of the Papua & New Guinea Society, Vol. 1, No. 1. Port Moresby, Summer 1966-67. 82 pp.

An algorithm and the corresponding computer program for solution of the scattered data interpolation problem is described. Given points ( x k , y k , f k ), k = 1,…, N a locally defined function F ( x , y ) which has the property F ( x k , y k ) = f k , k = 1,…, N is constructed. The algorithm is based on a weighted sum of locally defined thin plate splines, and yields an interpolation function which is differentiable. The program is available from the author.

An iterative (successive correction) method for objective analysis due to Bratseth is considered. The method converges to the statistical interpolation result in the limit. The properties of the scheme and a variant of it are discussed, and the results of some simulations on it which where performed earlier for other methods, are given and compared. Office of Naval Research under Program Element 61153N, Project BR033-02-WH Office of Naval Research under Program Element 61153N, Project BR033-02-WH

This report presents the results of a test of the numerical accuracy of some Toeplitz equation-solving algorithms. A typical autocorrelation function of signal plus noise was used to form the Toeplitz coefficient matrix. Thirty separate data sets of systems of order 4 through 128 were formed, and the resulting equations were solved by each of four different algorithms. IMSL's LEQT1F Gauss elimination procedure, run in double precision, was used as the standard for comparison of accuracies. The results show that the Levinson algorithm is to be recommended for small (order 16) systems to which it is applicable. Otherwise, the algorithm of choice is the Bareiss algorithm. (Author)

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a bibliography of multivariate approximation. Multivariate interpolation and approximation have always been an important part of general Approximation Theory, however, in the past ten years or so, there has been a significant increased interest in multivariate problems. A very substantial number of both theoretical and practical results have been obtained on a variety of topics, ranging from the classical tensor-product methods to the newfangled multivariate splines. In addition to their applicability to such classical problems as data fitting and numerical solution of operator equations, modern multivariate methods have become important in several new applied areas, such as computer-aided design, robotics, and computer-aided tomography.

This report documents a program for the numerical solution of large sparse systems of algebraic and implicitly defined stiff differential equations. The principal use is intended to be the solution of differential equations arising from time dependent partial differential equations when the finite element method is used to discretize the space domain. The use of compact matrix storage techniques and iteration for the solution of the quasi-Newton iterates in Gear's method makes the program extremely efficient both in terms of storage requirements and execution times. (Author)