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Dynamic behavior of the Missoula Floods, which inundated the Scablands of Washington about 15,000 years ago, cannot be understood by field observations alone. It is necessary to link such observations to a model of the physics of fluid motion. Such models can direct investigations and formulation of hypotheses. Controls upon flood dynamics that must be understood include: ice sheet configuration and dynamic behavior, topographic boundary conditions and the physics of ice dam breakup. In the study reported here, a digital elevation model (DEM) at a spacing of 2 arc minutes of latitude and longitude is used to represent the topographic controls. Volume-depth-area relations, ice sheet configuration and fluid flow are all constrained by this DEM. A simple kinematic model of ice sheet dynamics is used to represent the control of ice margin configuration upon lake volume, ice dam elevation and flood flow paths. Global controls upon the growth of the ice sheet are represented with an empirical global ice volume model coupled to insolation variations due to the changing orbit of the earth. This model predicts a cycle of at least 35 floods during the Fraser glaciation; even if the discharge of the Clark Fork River was no different than today. A doubling of its discharge as suggested by Waitt (1980) would produce 67 floods, about the number that Atwater’s (1986) data suggest. Floods were first very small, then increased, reached a peak magnitude and fell off in size more quickly than the rise. The largest floods within the Pasco Basin lasted about 11 days and were never close to an equilibrium condition during hydraulic ponding.

To date, two dozen differential equations have been suggested to describe slope behavior. A. Young recognizes four classes of slope evolution models: based upon direct recession, based upon creep and flow mechanisms, involving form interaction, and based on process measurements. Among the first two sets of models, there appears to be a convergence of approach yielding two basic equations. The first equation is applicable under any conditions in which the rate of denudation is proportional to slope. A second equation is capable of describing the form of accumulation slopes such as alluvial fans. These equations implicitly assume the ergodic principle, namely that one can substitute space for time. This chapter shows a method of extracting information from the landform in a fashion that lends itself readily to construction of useful models of landform behavior. Stated bluntly, the ergodic principle is: ‘time can be equated with space.’ More exactly, the statement should read: ‘time averages can be replaced by space averages.’

BackgroundFractures of the distal humerus are a common fragility fracture in older adults. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature to produce pooled estimates of the outcomes of treatment using total elbow arthroplasty (TEA), open reduction and locking plate fixation (ORIF), hemiarthroplasty or with conservative management.MethodsA systematic review of PUBMED and EMBASE databases was conducted for studies reporting outcomes of intra-articular fractures in older adults. Data extracted included patient-reported outcome measures as well as clinical outcomes including ROM, adverse events and all-cause reoperation rates.ResultsForty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria and included 1838 acute, intra-articular distal humeral fractures. There was no clinically important difference in patient-reported pain and function measured on the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (TEA = 89.3 (SD 20.0), Hemi = 88.4 (SD 10.6), internal fixation = 85.0 (SD 14.7), non-operative = 85.1 (SD 11.0)).DiscussionEach of the treatment modalities studies resulted in a reasonable level of elbow function. The included studies were largely non-comparative and at considerable risk of bias. As elbow replacement surgery becomes centralised in the UK, there is a real need for high-quality comparative research studies to inform practice.

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate whether massive lumbar disc herniations (LDH) can be managed safely with non-operative treatment. Whilst most LDH are treated successfully with analgesia and physiotherapy, there is little literature regarding the treatment of massive LDH. Their impressive size raises the suspicion that they may cause cauda equina syndrome and are therefore often treated surgically. Methods: Patients were referred to our tertiary unit by either their general practitioner or the musculoskeletal service. To be included in the study, patients had to have a diagnosis of massive LDH on their initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and opt for non-operative treatment. Seventeen patients with a diagnosis of massive LDH with an average follow-up of 209 days (0 to 1,005 days) were reviewed. Results: One patient was listed for surgery due to persisting radicular pain only. However, they were deemed unfit for surgery and this was therefore cancelled. One patient developed impending cauda equina syndrome and underwent urgent discectomy with no complications. All remaining patients were managed safely non-operatively with no complications. Conclusions: We conclude that the massive LDH can be safely managed non-operatively, providing patients are examined for cauda equina syndrome and are fully educated on the need to represent urgently should red-flag symptoms develop.

Experimental work was carried out to study the effect of surface enhancement on the crystallization fouling in a double pipe heat exchanger under forced convective heat transfer. The experiments were performed using a hot fluid (salt solution) that had a temperature of 40 °C and Reynolds number range between Re h = 5300 and 20,000. The normal solubility salt (sodium sulfate, Na 2 SO 4 ) was used at its saturation concentration. The temperature of the cold fluid (distilled water) was 10 °C and Reynolds number (Re c ) range was between 13,000 and 22,000. The cold fluid was pumped through the inner tube and the hot fluid was pumped counter currently through the outer tube. This caused the sodium sulfate to precipitate on the outside surface of the tube. The impact of scale fouling on the heat transfer coefficient and fouling resistance was investigated for both a smooth and an enhanced surface. The effect of surface enhancement on the fouling process was studied by installing a coiled wire insert on the inside or outside surface of the inner tube. The results revealed that the surface enhancement increased the heat transfer rate by 150%–80% depending on Re h and Re c . In addition, it significantly decreased the fouling resistance (R f ). It was found that installing the coiled wire insert onto the outer surface of the inner tube is more effective in reducing fouling resistance than installing it on the inside surface of the inner tube. At low Re c and Re h , the surface enhancement is more effective in reducing fouling than at higher Re c and Re h . The reduction in fouling resistance due to the surface enhancement was up to 86% at low Re c and Re h and 46% at high Re c and Re h .

Rap music, once associated with low-income urban communities, has become a staple in contemporary pop culture extending globally beyond the ghettos, and projects from where it began. Along with the transcendence of the art, those who master the art are repositioning themselves in a social context. This analysis observed the content of rap lyrics to understand how the genre depicts the rappers’ regards toward and relationships with women they know intimately, particularly content that portrays these young men as “thugs.” This observation explores the characteristics put forth by the rapper, specifically those demonstrating thug characteristics, as a potential dating and mating partner for young women. This analysis takes into consideration psychological concepts offering knowledge into peoples’ perceived and real reasons for establishing relationships. Psychological theories contribute to the analysis of the observed actions and principles found in the content of the reviewed lyrics. At the core of this study are concepts of Black male masculinity and intimate relationships. This study analyzed rap lyrics to understand how the “thug” is presented to the female audience.

With every Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, the predicted consequences of global warming become increasingly dire. Yet public engagement on the issue, particularly in the United States, lags far behind what is required for collective action. There is therefore an urgent need for vigorous and engaging journalism on climate science and policy-making. Unfortunately, the profession of journalism is currently experiencing an unprecedented period of ferment, as media firms experiment with new ways to expand profits in a rapidly changing media ecosystem. Drawing on in-depth interviews, this article examines how environmental journalists have coped with the challenge of covering climate change in the context of a restructuring news industry. The interviews reveal that, despite the challenges they face – particularly regarding the complexity of the issue and their own economic insecurity – environmental journalists have developed a number of creative strategies for getting climate change stories past editors and in front of audiences. A concluding section draws on a cultural industries approach to studying media institutions in order to evaluate both the promise and limits of these individual acts of creativity.

Who filters through information and determines what information is shared with media audiences? Who filters through information and determines what information will not be shared with media audiences? Ultimately, who controls the flow of information in the media? At times commentary pertaining to media content references media as an omnipotent individual entity selecting the content transmitted to the public, reminiscent of a Wizard of Oz manner of the all-powerful being behind the curtain. Overlooked in this perception is the reality that in mass media, there are various individuals in positions of power making decisions about the information accessed by audiences of various forms of media. These individuals are considered gatekeepers: wherein the media functions as a gate permitting some matters to be publicized and included into the public discourse while restricting other matters from making it to the public conscience. Media gatekeepers (i.e., journalists, editors) possess the power to control the gate by determining the content delivered to audiences, opening and closing the gate of information. Gatekeepers wield power over those on the other side of the gate, those seeking to be informed (audiences), as well as those seeking to inform (politics, activists, academics, etc.). The earliest intellectual explanation of gatekeeping is traced to Kurt Lewin, describing gatekeeping as a means to analyze real-world problems and observing the effects of cultural values and subjective attitudes on those problems like the distribution of food in Lewins’s seminal study, and later modified by David Manning White to examine the dissemination of information via media. In an ideal situation, the gatekeepers would be taking on the challenge of weighing the evidence of importance in social problems when selecting among the options of content and information to exhibit. Yet, decisions concerning content selection are not void of subjective viewpoints and encompass values, beliefs, and ideals of gatekeepers. The subjective attitudes of gatekeepers influence their perspective of what qualifies as newsworthy information. Hence, those in the position to determine the content transmitted through media exercise the power to shape social reality for media audiences. In the evolution of media gatekeeping theory three models have resulted from the scholarship: (1) examination of the one-way flow of information passing through a series of gates before reaching audiences, (2) the process of newsroom personnel interacting with people outside of the newsroom, and (3) the direct communication of private citizens and public officials. In traditional media and newer forms of social media, gatekeeping examination revolves around analysis of these media organizations’ news routines and narratives. Gatekeeping analysis observes human behavior and motives in order to make conceptualizations about the social world.

This paper describes an adaptive quarter wave tube used to attenuate a tone from the exhaust noise of a large diesel engine. A sliding-Goertzel algorithm was used to calculate the phase angle of the transfer function between a microphone in the adaptive quarter wave tube and in the main exhaust duct. The control system adjusted the length of the adaptive quarter wave tube until the phase angle was 90 and caused the sound pressure level at the cylinder ring frequency in the exhaust duct to be minimized. The system was able to adapt to changes in engine speed, exhaust gas temperature, and load applied to the engine. The results demonstrate that the sliding-Goertzel algorithm can be used eectively to estimate the phase angle in an adaptive

It is well known that the acoustic performance of silencing elements decreases with an increase in exhaust gas flow. Tests were conducted on three orifice geometries of side-branches on an adaptive quarter-wave tube to determine which was the least compromised by the high-speed exhaust gas passing over the side-branch. The side-branch geometries that were tested were a sharp edge, a backward inclined branch, and a bell mouth. The experimental results show that the side-branch with a bell-mouth geometry resulted in the greatest noise reduction by an adaptive quarter-wave tube.

Crystallization fouling experiments were performed in a channel for a cross flow of hot saturated sodium sulphate (Na 2 SO 4 ) solution over a pipe containing cold water. The heat transfer coefficient and fouling thermal resistance were determined from measurements of local surface temperature and the thickness of the crystalline fouling layer. A systematic assessment of the asymptotic variation of these parameters with time was obtained for a range of hot salt solution Reynolds number based on pipe diameter ( Re hD ) of 165–485, salt solution bulk temperature of 30 °C–50 °C, and cold water (at 5 °C) Reynolds number in the pipe ( Re c ) of 7500–25000. It was found that the temperature of the salt solution has a large effect on the fouling rate. Increasing the pipe surface temperature decreases the crystallization fouling rate. Increasing the hot solution Reynolds number, via the velocity, decreases the fouling thermal resistance, while increasing the cold water Reynolds number, via the velocity, decreases the fouling thermal resistance, but at the same time it increases the fouling layer thickness. The crystallization process that applies here was found to be under activation control (i.e. chemical kinetic control) so that the mass transport of salt plays only a minor role.

Impacts of initial conditions on the characteristics of premixed moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion from a single jet burner in a laboratory-scale furnace are investigated through Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) modeling and experiments. Different initial conditions examined include the area of the nozzle (A), equivalence ratio (Φ), thermal input (P), and initial dilution of reactants (f). Very low emissions of NOx, CO, and H2 are measured for the MILD conditions when the furnace is operated under the premixed mode. The numerical results have shown that premixed MILD combustion can occur at the present furnace and burner system only when Re exceeds a critical value (Rec). When Re ≥ Rec, a stable MILD combustion can be established, irrespective of the variation of A, Φ, or f. The diagram of the stability limits for the premixed MILD combustion based on the furnace temperature and recirculation rate is also presented.

The purpose of this work is to extend the applicability of moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion to solid biomass fuels. A laboratory-scale furnace fitted with a parallel jet bu...

This paper reports an investigation on the influences of air−fuel injection momentum rate and the air−fuel premixing on the moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion in a 20-kW recuperative furnace. Various patterns of partially and fully premixed reactants have proven experimentally to work extremely well in the present furnace. H2 recorded for a variety of equivalence ratios at a firing rate of 10 kW. The present numerical study suggests that there is a critical momentum rate of the inlet fuel−air mixture below which the MILD combustion cannot occur. Also, it is revealed, both experimentally and numerically, that, above the critical rate, both the inlet fuel−air mixedness and momentum rate impose insignificant influence on the stability of and emissions from the MILD combustion.

The systemic association of race and crime has a negative impact on individuals and groups in general and people of color specifically. This analysis of race and crime attempts to describe and explain the phenomenon. The impact of race and crime includes racial stereotyping, racial profiling, driving while black or brown, redlining in jobs and housing, disproportionate arrests and incarceration, and violence and death. Keywords: African American; crime; discrimination; race; racism

An online monitor has been designed, built, and tested that is capable of measuring the residual transuranic concentrations in processed high-level wastes with a detection limit of 370 Bq/ml (10 nCi/ml) in less than six hours. The monitor measures the (α,n) neutrons in the presence of gamma-ray fields up to 1 Sv/h (100 R/h). The optimum design was determined by Monte Carlo modeling and then tempered with practical engineering and cost considerations. A multiplicity counter is used in data acquisition to reject the large fraction of coincident and highly variable cosmic-ray-engendered background events and results in an S/N ratio ~1.

Substituted 3-amino-2-hydroxyamides and related hydroxyamides and acylhydrazines were identified as inhibitors of human methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2). Examination of substituents through parallel synthesis and iterative structure-based design allowed the identification of potent inhibitors with good selectivity against MetAP1. Diacylhydrazine 3t (A-357300) was identified as an analogue displaying inhibition of methionine processing and cellular proliferation in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC).

Symmetrical bis(quinolylmethoxyphenyl)alkylcarboxylic acids were investigated as inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis and 4, 4-bis(4-(2-quinolylmethoxy)phenyl)pentanoic acid sodium salt (47.Na) met our design parameters for a drug candidate (ABT-080). This compound was readily synthesized in three steps from commercially available diphenolic acid. Against intact human neutrophils, 47.Na inhibited ionophore-stimulated LTB(4) formation with an IC(50) = 20 nM. In zymosan-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages producing both LTC(4) and PGE(2), 47.Na showed 9000-fold selectivity for inhibition of LTC(4) (IC(50) = 0.16 nM) over PGE(2) (IC(50) = 1500 nM). Preliminary pharmacokinetic evaluation in rat and cynomolgus monkey demonstrated good oral bioavailability and elimination half-lives of 9 and 5 h, respectively. Pharmacological evaluation of leukotriene inhibition with oral dosing was demonstrated in a rat pleural inflammation model (ED(50) = 3 mg/kg) and a rat peritoneal passive anaphylaxis model (LTB(4), ED(50) = 2.5 mg/kg; LTE(4), ED(50) = 1.0 mg/kg). In a model of airway constriction induced by antigen challenge in actively sensitized guinea pigs, 47.Na dosed orally blocked bronchoconstriction with an ED(50) = 0.4 mg/kg, the most potent activity we have observed for any leukotriene inhibitor in this model. The mode of inhibitory action of 47.Na occurs at the stage of 5-lipoxygenase biosynthesis as it blocks both leukotriene pathways leading to LTB(4) and LTC(4) but not PGH(2) biosynthesis. However, 47.Na does not inhibit 5-lipoxygenase catalysis in a broken cell enzyme assay; therefore it is likely that 47.Na acts as a FLAP inhibitor.

The alkylation of (4,6-heptadien-3-one)- and (methyl 3,5-hexadienoate)Fe(CO) 3 ( 1 and 2 ) were examined (0–42% de and 69–92% de respectively). Optically active (methyl 3,5-hexadienoate)Fe(CO) 3 (−)- 2 was prepared by resolution of the corresponding carboxylic acid complex with α-methylbenzylamine.

A field test of a complicated statically indeterminate floor system on a historic steel truss bridge has been conducted to obtain a more accurate load rating of the structure than possible using calculated predic­ tions of wheel load distributions. The empirically determined wheel load distributions resulted in the identifi­ cation of the floor system, particularly the transverse floor beams, as the element governing the load rating of the structure. Favorable lateral distribution of wheel loads among the stringers by a glued laminated treated timber deck was noted. The experimental determination of wheel load distributions has provided an inexpensive means of intelligently allocating limited county resources for the maintenance and rehabilitation of an inventory of aging bridges.

The authors initiated a closed-ended group for inmates in Patuxent Institution, a maximum security correctionalfacility located in Jessup, Maryland. This group was designed to provide aformat, by which inmates could examine and discuss a series of moral dilemmas in the Kohlbergian tradition, as well as provide a vehicle by which the authors could assess the level of moral judgment employed by the group members. Based on this experience, it was determined that the participants' moral judgments essentially reflected Stage 2 thinking, the stage often referred to as Instrumental Relativism. Furthermore, the analysis showed that a significant correlation existed between the inmates'stage of moral development and recorded institutional infractions, a general measure of institutional adjustment. The present essay summarizes observations related to the nature of these moral judgments made by the inmate participants and speculates on the interrelationship of these judgments to past criminality and institutional adjustment.

Scintillator materials are widely used for the detection of ionizing radiation in a variety of applications including high energy and nuclear physics, astrophysics, geophysical exploration, medical imaging, security inspection, and industry. Research involving the use of photoluminescence, radioluminescence, thermoluminescence, and synchrotron radiation is underway to further our fundamental understanding of the factors affecting scintillator performance and to discover improved materials. The importance of defects and their effects on energy transfer and overall scintillation efficiency are illustrated by considering recent results for cerium-activated crystals and glasses.

Structure-activity optimization of inhibitory potency and duration of action of N-hydroxyurea containing 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors was conducted. The lipophilic heteroaryl template and the link group connecting the template to the N-hydroxyurea pharmacophore were modified. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase was evaluated in vitro in a human whole blood assay. An in vitro assay using liver microsomes from monkey was used to evaluate congeners for comparative rates of glucuronidation. (3-Heteroaryl-1-methyl-2-propynyl)-N-hydroxyureas were found to be more resistant to in vitro glucuronidation. The promising inhibitor N-[3-[5-(4-fluorophenoxy)-2-furyl]-1-methyl-2-propynyl]-N- hydroxyurea (6) was found to have stereoselective glucuronidation in monkey and man. The R enantiomer 7 provided longer duration of inhibition as evaluated by an ex vivo whole blood assay. Further optimization of the lipophilic template led to the discovery of (R)-(+)-N-[3-[5-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2- thienyl]-1-methyl-2-propynyl]-N-hydroxyurea (11) with more effective and prolonged inhibition of leukotriene biosynthesis than zileuton (1) and 7 in monkey and man. The optimized 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor 11 was selected for development as an investigational drug for leukotriene-mediated disorders.

Epithermal/thermal boron neutron-capture therapy (BNCT) is a promising treatment method for malignant tumors. Because the doses and dose rates for medical therapeutic radiation are very close to the normal tissue tolerance, small errors in radiation delivery can result in harmful overdoses. A substantial need exists for a device that will monitor, in real time, the radiation dose being delivered to a patient. Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) has developed a scintillating glass optical fiber that is sensitive to thermal neutrons. The small size of the fibers offers the possibility of in vivo dose monitoring at several points within the radiation field. The count rate of such detectors may approach 10 MHz because the lifetime of the cerium activator is fast. Fluxes typical of those in BNCT (i.e., 10/sup 9/ n/cm/sup 2//sec) may be measured with a single fiber because of this potentially high count rate and the small diameter of the fiber. >

In order to determine the physical processes that govern the production of light in scintillating glasses, it is necessary to work with as-produced samples which have not been subjected to heat treatment, polishing, or other preparation. A combination of an optical system, which is insensitive to sample size and shape, and a Compton backscatter coincidence technique provides a method which gives precise and reproducible results when working with such samples.

The scintillation light output of a series of silicate glasses has been determined for a fixed electron energy deposition. The glasses are cerium-doped lithium-aluminosilicates. Scintillation light output measurements were made as a function of lithium and alumina concentration and of annealing history. In this system, the cerium outer electron cloud serves as a sensitive probe of the local glass structure. From these measurements, a sensitivity matrix relating the light output to the structure is developed and presented. A conceptual model for the behavior of the light output is also presented.

A pilot plant operation at the Savannah River Site will remove 90Sr, 137Cs, and transuranics from a high-level liquid waste stream prior to encapsulation in a Saltstone Facility. Monitors are required to determine the concentrations of all radionuclides, including transuranics, in real-time on this processed waste stream. A neutron counter used to measure the concentration of each actinide isotope present in the stream is described. The neutron counter assembly consists of nested annular layers of shielding, reflectors, detectors, and moderators. On-line, live-time system control and calibration is provided by a time-tagged neutron source embedded in the moderator assembly.

Alkylation of the anion of the title compound with iodomethane, benzylbromide, or allyl bromide proceeds in a highly diastereoselective fashion to afford tricarbonyl(2S*,3R* methyl 2-substituted-3,5-hexadienoate) iron complexes. The relative stereochemistry of the methylation product 2a was determined by single X-ray crystallographic analysis of the corresponding diastereomeric carboxylic acid 4b.

The discovery of second generation N-hydroxyurea 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors was accomplished through the development of a broad structure−activity relationship (SAR) study. This study identified requirements for improving potency and also extending duration by limiting metabolism. Potency could be maintained by the incorporation of heterocyclic templates substituted with selected lipophilic substituents. Duration of inhibition after oral administration was optimized by identification of structural features in the proximity of the N-hydroxyurea which correlated to low in vitro glucuronidation rates. Furthermore, the rate of in vitro glucuronidation was shown to be stereoselective for certain analogs. (R)-N-[3-[5-(4-Fluorophenoxy)-2-furyl]-1-methyl-2-propynyl]-N-hydroxyurea (17c) was identified and selected for clinical development.

Amplitude noise spectra from the nonclassical output of an injection-locked low-temperature quantum-well laser analyzed along orthogonal polarization axes reveals correlated polarization-dependent noise. Using polarization-preserving balanced homodyne detection to suppress these effects, we demonstrate photon-number fluctuations 4.5 dB below the semiclassical shot-noise limit (within 95% of the expected squeezing based on the device efficiency). Polarization mixing through birefringent components and, more significantly, correlated fluctuations originating in the laser gain medium are shown to account for the observations.

We demonstrate the conversion of a time-varying (50-400-MHz) electrical current into an optical power with fidelity 0.8 dB (1.35 dB after correction for detection efficiency) beyond the standard quantum limit by drive-current modulation of an injection-locked quantum-well laser.

Fingerling diploid (mean ± SD: 63 ± 14 g) and triploid (45 ± 17 g) channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) were stocked into 0.04-hectare earthen ponds at a density of 11,000 fish/hectare, with three replicate ponds for each ploidy level. Fish were fed a pelleted commercial catfish ration (32% protein) to satiation daily. Ponds were drained and fish harvested after 185 d. No significant differences were found between diploid and triploid catfish for harvest weight and dress-out percentage; however, triploids had significantly (P < 0.05) lower survival and yield, and higher feed conversion (weight of feed fed/weight gain) than diploids. Macroscopic examination of gonads revealed the expected lack of sexual development and gonadal maturation in triploids.

Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined for 15 feedstuffs in formulated diets for red swamp crayfish (P. clarkii) using a reference diet and test diets composed of 70% reference diet and 30% test ingredient. Digestibility coefficients for dry matter (DM), protein (P) and energy (E) were: (1) alfalfa meal: 34.7% DM, 75.6% P, 35.6% E; (2) corn grain: 100% DM 97.3% P, 100% E; (3) cottonseed meal: 64.8% DM, 83.7% P, 67.9% E; (4) crab meal: 61.9% DM, 81.1% P, 68.1% E; (5) meat and bone meal: 61.3% DM, 76.5% P, 78.1% E; (6) menhaden fish meal: 71.6% DM, 80.7% P, 82.5% E; (7) milo (grain sorghum): 87.5% DM, 86% P, 82.7% E; (8) rice bran: 71% DM, 93.5% P, 73.7% E; (9) rice grain: 70.8% DM, 87.7% P, 70.8% E; (10) soybean meal: 78.6% DM, 94.8% P, 83.1% E; (11) wheat flour: 100% DM, 96.4% P, 99.5% E; (12) wheat gluten: 100% DM, 100% P, 100% E; (13) wheat middlings: 74.8% DM, 92.5% P, 75.3% E; (14) wheat shorts: 81.6% DM, 92.2% P, 79.5% E; and (15) dried yeast: 61.6% DM, 69.8% P, 55.3% E. Dry matter, crude protein and energy digestibility coefficients indicated starchy seed meals and grain by-products were more digestible for crayfish than high-fiber roughage or animal protein products containing high levels of chitin and ash. Dry matter and energy digestibility of feedstuffs varied inversely with fiber and ash content, indicating that high-fiber roughages may be of little value as crayfish feeds. High-starch feedstuffs, however, appeared to be excellent sources of dietary energy for crayfish. Dry matter digestibility of animal protein products was generally lower than that of non-fibrous plant meals. However, protein and energy (lipid and nitrogen-free extract) components of animal protein products were well digested by crayfish, indicating that animal protein products may be used effectively as protein supplements in formulated crayfish feeds, and may be selected primarily on the basis of crude protein content and amino acid composition, since protein digestibility coefficients for most available supplements are adequate.

Kringle 5, a proteolytic fragment of human plasminogen has been shown to potently inhibit angiogenesis. The tetrapeptide KLYD derived from kringle 5 has been shown to capture many activities of kringle 5 in vitro. Further simplification has been achieved by replacement of the two central amino acids with a 4-aminobenzoic acid spacer group. Molecules displaying the required recognition groups on this core show similar in vitro properties to kringle 5, and are able to displace radiolabeled protein from a high affinity binding site on endothelial cells.