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In this study, a new species of Moenkhausia is described from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajos basin, Brazil. It is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of minute bony hooks in all fins of both mature females and males and combination of a prepelvic region flattened, dorsal portion of the humeral blotch extending two scales horizontally and vertically, lateral line with 28-32 scales, five scale series above and below lateral line; circumpeduncular scales 13-14, anal-fin rays 16-19 and dorsal portion of eyes blue in live specimens. The new species is also supported by high divergence in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). The presence of minute fin bony hooks in both females and males, population variations and late development of the lateral line in Moenkhausia andrica are discussed.

The ribeirão Sucuri, a tributary of the rio Tietê, and part of the upper rio Paraná basin, is located in the municipalityof Pongaí, São Paulo state. The ichthyofauna of ribeirão Sucuri was sampled at nine collection sites in May 2018.Our study captured 408 specimens representing five orders, 11 families, and 35 species. Among the species collected,two have not been previously reported from the rio Tietê basin: Eigenmannia guairaca Peixoto, Dutra & Wosiacki,2015 and Hoplias misionera Rosso, Mabragaña, González-Castro, Delpiani, Avigliano, Schenone & Días de Astarloa,2016. Additionally, four species were found that are non-native: Hoplias misionera, Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859,Roeboides descalvadensis Fowler, 1932, and Satanoperca sp. This study represents the first fish inventory of a tributaryon the left margin of the Tietê-Batalha sub-basin and only the second for this portion of the rio Tietê. Our resultsincrease to 55 the number of species recorded from this sub-basin and add data on the putative morphological variationin several species.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-10T19:55:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-04-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A new species of Brachychalcinus is described from the Rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. It differs from congeners by possessing a conspicuous rounded second humeral spot. Additionally, our new species differs from Brachychalcinus nummus, B. orbicularis and B. reisi by having a higher number of branched dorsal-fin rays, and from Brachychalcinus parnaibae by having a lower head depth. Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Morfol, Lab Biol & Genet Peixes, R Prof Dr Antonio CW Zanin S-N, BR-18618689 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Ictiol, Setor Zool, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Morfol, Lab Biol & Genet Peixes, R Prof Dr Antonio CW Zanin S-N, BR-18618689 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Lab Ictiol, Setor Zool, Campus Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil

In this study, a new species of Moenkhausia is described from the upper rio Juruena, rio Tapajós basin, Brazil. It is distinguished from all congeners by the presence of minute bony hooks in all fins of both mature females and males and combination of a prepelvic region flattened, dorsal portion of the humeral blotch extending two scales horizontally and vertically, lateral line with 28-32 scales, five scale series above and below lateral line; circumpeduncular scales 13-14, anal-fin rays 16-19 and dorsal portion of eyes blue in live specimens. The new species is also supported by high divergence in the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). The presence of minute fin bony hooks in both females and males, population variations and late development of the lateral line in Moenkhausia andrica are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-26T06:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-04-28 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Center for Scientific Computing (NCC/GridUNESP) of the Sao Paulo State University Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Heptapteridae is composed of 228 valid species allocated in 24 genera, making it the most diverse family within superfamily Pimelodoidea, a clade endemic to the Neotropical freshwaters. Heptapterids are widely distributed from southern Mexico to the Pampas of Argentina and occupy a variety of habitats generally in small- to medium-sized rivers. To evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of Heptapteridae, we used a matrix with 1,319 ultraconserved elements (UCEs) from the genome from 56 specimens spanning 42 species and 24 genera of Heptapteridae and 19 related siluriform taxa. Maximum likelihood, Bayesian and coalescent-based analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Heptapteridae and confirmed previous hypotheses of a sister relationship between Heptapteridae and Conorhynchos conirostris. We provide the evidence to recognize two subfamilies: (1) Rhamdiinae (Goeldiella, Rhamdella, Rhamdia, Brachyrhamdia, Pimelodella) and (2) Heptapterinae; with two tribes: Brachyglaniini new tribe (Gladioglanis, Myoglanis, Brachyglanis and Leptorhamdia) and Heptapterini (Mastiglanis, Chasmocranus, Cetopsorhamdia, Pariolius, Phenacorhamdia, Nemuroglanis, Imparfinis, Taunayia, Rhamdioglanis, Acentronichthys, Rhamdiopsis and Heptapterus). Inside Heptapterini, we recognize five subclades and provide putative morphological synapomorphies. This paper represents the first molecular hypothesis of intergeneric and interspecific relationships helping to better delineate heptapterid taxa. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Biol, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Programa Posgrad Biol Comparada, Fac Filosofia Ciencias & Letras Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Drexel Univ, Dept Ichthyol, Acad Nat Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Univ Estadual Londrina, Ctr Ciencias Biol, Museu Zool, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Botucatu, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2015/00691-9 FAPESP: 2016/11313-8 FAPESP: 2016/50375-9 FAPESP: 2016/19075-9 FAPESP: 2014/26508-3 CNPq: 440621/2015-1 CNPq: 312687/2018-4 CNPq: 200159/2020-8 CNPq: 306054/2006-0

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T09:47:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-01-01 The Neotropics harbor the most species-rich freshwater fish fauna on the planet, but the timing of that exceptional diversification remains unclear. Did the Neotropics accumulate species steadily throughout their long history, or attain their remarkable diversity recently? Biologists have long debated the relative support for these museum and cradle hypotheses, but few phylogenies of megadiverse tropical clades have included sufficient taxa to distinguish between them. We used 1288 ultraconserved element loci spanning 293 species, 211 genera, and 21 families of characoid fishes to reconstruct a new, fossil-calibrated phylogeny and infer the most likely diversification scenario for a clade that includes a third of Neotropical fish diversity. This phylogeny implies paraphyly of the traditional delimitation of Characiformes because it resolves the largely Neotropical Characoidei as the sister lineage of Siluriformes (catfishes), rather than the African Citharinodei. Time-calibrated phylogenies indicate an ancient origin of major characoid lineages and reveal a much more recent emergence of most characoid species. Diversification rate analyses infer increased speciation and decreased extinction rates during the Oligocene at around 30 Ma during a period of mega-wetland formation in the proto-Orinoco-Amazonas. Three species-rich and ecomorphologically diverse lineages (Anostomidae, Serrasalmidae, and Characidae) that originated more than 60 Ma in the Paleocene experienced particularly notable bursts of Oligocene diversification and now account collectively for 68% of the approximately 2150 species of Characoidei. In addition to paleogeographic changes, we discuss potential accelerants of diversification in these three lineages. While the Neotropics accumulated a museum of ecomorphologically diverse characoid lineages long ago, this geologically dynamic region also cradled a much more recent birth of remarkable species-level diversity. [Biodiversity; Characiformes; macroevolution; Neotropics; phylogenomics; ultraconserved elements.] Department of Structural and Functional Biology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University Department of Fisheries Wildlife and Conservation Sciences Oregon State University Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Yale University Sector of Zoology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Valle del Cauca Department of Ichthyology American Museum of Natural History Instituto de Biologiìa Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico School of Biological Sciences Monash University Department of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural Science Louisiana State University Cornell Lab of Ornithology Cornell University Museum of Vertebrates Department de Biología Facultad de Ciencias Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras Universidade de São Paulo SP Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Department of Structural and Functional Biology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University Sector of Zoology Institute of Biosciences São Paulo State University

Una nueva especie de Monogenea Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp. fue reportada parasitando las branquias de Astyanax fasciatus, conocido popularmente como "lambarí de rabo rojo", capturado en el río Paranapanema, reservatorio Jurumirim, São Paulo, Brasil. La nueva especie se asigna al género Trinibaculum por la presentación de una barra ventral doble y la apertura vaginal dextrolateral. Esta es la segunda especie, junto con T. altiparanae, perteneciente a este género que parasita las branquias de los peces del género Astyanax. Esta especie se parece con T. altiparanae en las partes del haptor y la presencia de la vagina distal con el bulbo, pero difiere por tener: (1) un órgano copulador masculino enrollado, (2) pieza accesoria en forma de pinza, (3) proceso posteroventral ausente en la barra dorsal, (4) ganchos con el pulgar deprimido. La filogenia hipotética de especies de Trinibaculum (Índice de Consistencia = 87%, Índice de Retención = 80%, longitud = 16) sobre la base de 13 series de transformación es (Trinibaculum rotundus (T. brazilensis (T. altiparanae, Trinibaculum pinctiarum n. sp.))). Esta hipótesis se corrobora con la actual filogenia de los peces characiformes. Además en este estudio se presenta una nueva clave de identificación para las especies del género Trinibaculum basada en caracteres morfológicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:49:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-05-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A new species of Poptella is described from the Río Putumayo, Upper Río Amazon basin, Peru. The new species is distinguished from congeners by having a dense field of dark chromatophores homogeneously spread over the posterior half of the body, posterior humeral blotch extending to three to four horizontal scale rows below the lateral line, and a higher number of branched dorsal-fin rays. The new species can be readily distinguished from P. paraguayensis by having a comparatively shorter predorsal spine. Laboratório de Ictiologia Setor de Zoologia Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista – IBB-UNESP Laboratório de Ictiologia Setor de Zoologia Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista – IBB-UNESP CNPq: 140606/2015-7 CNPq: 153924/2018-7 CNPq: 307975/2019-3

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-11-26 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A new shallow-bodied species of Moenkhausia is described from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil. The new species is diagnosed from all congeners by the combination of a body depth not surpassing 33% in SL in adult specimens, seven scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, five scale rows between pelvic-fin insertion and lateral line, a single conspicuous vertically elongated humeral blotch, and a conspicuous caudal peduncle blotch extending to the distal margin of the median caudal-fin rays. The new species was collected together with Jupiaba zonata, with which it shares a very similar color pattern. The similarity between these two taxa is interpreted as an additional case of Batesian mimicry between Moenkhausia and Jupiaba. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus de Botucatu Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Ictiologia. R., Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus de Botucatu Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Ictiologia. R., Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr CNPq: 308784/2016–2

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T01:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-10-22 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The species Moenkhausia australis was described based on two specimens from arroyos Trementina and Chagalalina, Rio Paraguai basin, Paraguay. Its taxonomic history is complex and for many years the species was considered a synonym of Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae. Moenkhausia australis shares a reticulated color pattern with the Moenkhausia oligolepis/M. sanctaefilomenae complex, being more similar within the species included in the complex to M. oligolepis, M. sanctaefilomenae, and M. forestii, with which it shares a prepelvic region laterally compressed, a feature also observed in Bario steindachneri. The laterally compressed prepelvic region is inferred to be putatively synapomorphic for the subgroup herein denominated as Moenkhausia oligolepis group. Our results, based on both molecular and morphological data, support the validity of Moenkhausia australis, which can be readily distinguished from the other members of the group by possessing the following combination of characters: complete lateral line, 23–27 scales in the lateral line, and five scales series above and below the lateral line. Our analysis also indicates three genetic structured populations of M. australis, from Rio Paraguai, upper Rio Paraná, and Rio Madeira basins. Since they are not diagnosable by morphological characters, we conservatively maintain these three genetic lineages as a single species. Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus de Botucatu Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Ictiologia, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus de Botucatu Departamento de Morfologia Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus de Botucatu Departamento de Zoologia Laboratório de Ictiologia, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Instituto de Biociências Campus de Botucatu Departamento de Morfologia Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr FAPESP: 2014/26508-3 CNPq: 306054/2006-0

A new species of Hemigrammus is described from the upper Rio Negro, Amazon basin, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by its unique color pattern consisting of a single humeral blotch clearly spaced from a conspicuous midlateral dark stripe, which extends from fifth or sixth anteriormost vertical scale row to the basis of the middle caudal-fin rays. Comments on its putative relationships are provided.

The Rio Sapucaí basin, in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, is one of the many watersheds of the upper Rio Paraná system. Ichthyofauna surveys in this basin, in general, are scarce. In addition, small rivers and streams of the region have been targets of anthropogenic actions (e.g., pollution) - which suggest that more ichthyological studies must be performed within the watershed. In this study we provide a survey of species that occur within three streams of the lower Rio Sapucaí basin. Samples were collected in April, July, and November 2017 and in May 2018. Collections resulted in 349 individuals belonging to 28 species, five orders, and 12 families. Among our findings are three putatively undescribed species and the first record of Oligosarcus argenteus and Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis within the Rio Paraná system. Resumo: A bacia do Rio Sapucaí, no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, é uma das muitas bacias hidrográficas do sistema do alto Rio Paraná. Levantamentos de ictiofauna nessa bacia, em geral, são escassos. Além disso, rios de pequeno porte e córregos da região têm sido alvos de ações antrópicas (e.g., poluição) - o que sugere que mais estudos ictiológicos devem ser realizados na bacia. Neste trabalho nós fornecemos um levantamento de espécies que ocorrem em três riachos da porção baixa da bacia do Rio Sapucaí. As amostras foram coletadas em Abril, Julho, e Novembro de 2017 e em Maio de 2018. As coletas resultaram em 349 indivíduos pertencentes a 28 espécies, cinco ordens e 12 famílias. Dentre os nossos achados estão três espécies possivelmente não descritas e o primeiro registro de Oligosarcus argenteus e Pareiorhina hyptiorhachis no sistema do Rio Paraná.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-10-06T16:37:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:35:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252019000200202.pdf: 7211393 bytes, checksum: cbcc13a283fb44b3530b9f45f41991d4 (MD5) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) A new species of Poptella is described from the Rio Juma, a tributary of the lower Rio Aripuanã, Rio Madeira basin, Amazonas, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all congeners, except P. brevispina, by having a lower number of scale rows between the lateral line and dorsal-fin origin (7 vs. 8-10). The new species can be readily distinguished from P. brevispina by the lower number of branched dorsal-fin rays (9 vs. 10). This is the first description of a new species of Poptella since the revisionary study of the Stethaprioninae, published 30 years ago. Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista-IBB-UNESP, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista-IBB-UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista-IBB-UNESP, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Estadual Paulista-IBB-UNESP, Campus de Botucatu, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr FAPESP: 09/54931-0 CNPq: 308784/2016-2

A new species of the genus Moenkhausia is described from the Içá River, Amazon Basin. Moenkhausia britskii sp. n. is most similar to M. grandisquamis and M. xinguensis. From these two species it is readily distinguished by the pigmentation pattern of the humeral spot. Moenkhausia britskii further differs from M. xinguensis by the pattern of radii on the scales, which curve upward and downward (vs. scales with straight radii). Discussions on the putative relationship of the new species with M. grandisquamis and M. xinguensis, and on the peculiar upward and downward arched scale radii are provided.

Oil exploitation poses a significant threat to freshwater biodiversity, and future plans to develop petroleum leases in the Amazon Basin should be seem with caution. A series of oil spills have significantly affected biodiversity and human activities in some Amazonian basins, indicating that disturbances by petroleum activities will increase in the region, particularly in upper basins and river headwaters. Measures are needed to reduce the risk of spills and to minimize their impacts. More fundamentally, changes in decision making are needed that give proper weight to these impacts.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T16:18:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-01-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Tetragonopterinae encompasses characid species of the genus Tetragonopterus, which are widely distributed throughout east of the Andes in South America. While taxonomy has recently clarified the species diversity and molecular evidence strongly supports the monophyly of Tetragonopterus, no interspecific relationship studies are currently available. Here we used a large molecular dataset composed of two mitochondrial and three nuclear loci containing an extensive taxon sampling within the family Characidae and included eleven species of Tetragonopterus to generate the first time-calibrated phylogeny for Tetragonopterinae. Our results support monophyly of the subfamily represented solely by Tetragonopterus and corroborate previous molecular hypothesis of close relationship with Exodon plus Roeboexodon and the subfamily Characinae. Internally, we found Moenkhausia georgiae as sister species to all remaining species followed by T. rarus, being both species endemic to the Guiana Shield drainages. Species-level relationships are first hypothesized and putative morphological apomorphies are discussed as support to monophyletic clades. Our time-calibrated phylogeny suggested an origin of the genus during the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene. We hypothesized that the Andean geological activity followed by transformations in the Amazonian hydrographic scenario during the Miocene may have promoted most of the lineage diversification within the Tetragonopterus. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Morfol, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-18618970 Botucatu, SP, Brazil CNPq: PDJ 40258/2014-7 FAPESP: 2011/08374-1 FAPESP: 2006/00545-3 FAPESP: 2012/01622-2 FAPESP: 2011/17746-0 FAPESP: 2010/17009-2 FAPESP: 04/09219-6 FAPESP: 11/50282-7

Summary Length–weight relationships (LWR) were estimated for seven fish species from the Napo River and its main tributaries, Arabela and Curaray rivers, Amazon basin, Peru. A total of 652 specimens were sampled between 2012 and 2014 using seines and gillnets. This study reports new maximum total length for four species and new LWR and maximum total weight records for three and five species, respectively.

A new species of Moenkhausia is described from the upper rio Tocantins basin, States of Goiás and Tocantins, Brazil. Moenkhausia goya, new species, can be distinguished from its congeners by the shape of the humeral blotch in combination with a uniform dark pigmentation covering the interradial membranes of the dorsal and anal fins. Among congeners, the new species is most similar to M. britskii Azevedo-Santos & Benine, M. grandisquamis (Müller & Troschel) and M. xinguensis Steindachner by presenting a deep body, a large, round humeral blotch and fins without discrete patches of dark pigmentation (i.e., without well-defined blotches or stripes). With the description of M. goya, the number of species endemic to the upper rio Tocantins basin (considered upstream from the mouth of the rio Paranã) is raised to 51. Of these, some are widespread in the upper rio Tocantins basin, while others seem to be restricted to one of its sub-basins.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2019-10-09T18:31:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1679-62252018000200205.pdf: 4573784 bytes, checksum: 791ebcc4b1d2c48fe345a80afd710db2 (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) A new species of Tetragonopterus is described from lowland rivers of Central Amazon. It differs from congeners by having a vertically-oriented patch of dark pigmentation limited to posterior portion of the caudal peduncle and by bearing five thin and sharp teeth on dentary, along with other morphometric and meristic features. We hypothesize that the new taxon belongs to the herein named “Tetragonopterus anostomus clade” that includes T. anostomus, T. denticulatus, T. kuluene, and T. juruena. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista – IBB-UNESP, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista – IBB-UNESP, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista – IBB-UNESP, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr Departamento de Morfologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista – IBB-UNESP, R. Prof. Dr. Antonio C. W. Zanin, s/n, Rubião Jr FAPESP: 09/54931-0 CNPq: 150027/2017-6 FAPESP: 2014/26508-3 CNPq: 2016/11313-8 CNPq: 308784/2016-2

Brachychalcinus reisi, a new species of characid fish, is described from the rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriri, rio Xingu basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará State, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a series of longitudinal black wavy stripes on the entire body and by a lower number of longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line (7-8 vs. 8-12). Additionally, the new species differs from B. copei, B. parnaibae, and B. retrospina by the lower number of branched dorsal-fin rays (9 vs.10). This is the first description of a new species of the subfamily since the revisionary study of Stethaprioninae, published almost 30 years ago.

Brachychalcinus reisi, a new species of characid fish, is described from the rio Curuá, tributary of rio Iriri, rio Xingu basin, Serra do Cachimbo, Pará State, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of a series of longitudinal black wavy stripes on the entire body and by a lower number of longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line (7–8 vs. 8–12). Additionally, the new species differs from B. copei, B. parnaibae, and B. retrospina by the lower number of branched dorsal-fin rays (9 vs.10). This is the first description of a new species of the subfamily since the revisionary study of Stethaprioninae, published almost 30 years ago.

Moenkhausia currently comprises 90 valid species and represents one of the very species-rich genera in Characidae. Most of these species need to be revised since their original descriptions are out-of-date and are uninformative. In this sense, Moenkhausia megalops is redescribed based on the examination of the holotype and additional specimens from drainages of the Amazon basin and the type locality. The species is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of the following characters: a conspicuous boot-shaped humeral spot, ventrally curved to anterior region of the body, followed by a second inconspicuous vertically elongated humeral spot; a dark longitudinal midlateral stripe on body extending from immediately posterior to the second humeral spot to the middle caudal-fin rays; a dark blotch on the upper caudal-fin lobe; and teeth with seven cusps on inner series of premaxilla and dentary.

Moenkhausia is one of the most speciose genera in Characidae, currently composed of 75 nominal species of small fishes distributed across South American hydrographic basins, primarily the Amazon and Guyanas. Despite the large number of described species, studies involving a substantial number of its species designed to better understand their relationships and putative monophyly are still lacking. In this study, we analysed a large number of species of Moenkhausia to test the monophyly of the genus based on the phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of two mitochondrial and three nuclear genes. The in-group included 29 species of Moenkhausia, and the out-group was composed of representatives of Characidae and other members of Characiformes. All species of Moenkhausia belong to the same clade (Clade C); however, they appear distributed in five monophyletic groups along with other different genera, which means that Moenkhausia is polyphyletic and indicates the necessity of an extensive revision of the group.

The combination of morphological and molecular data of Tetragonopterus species collected in the Rio Araguaia basin allows the recognition of two undescribed species that are presented in this article. These species are distinguished from their congeners (Tetragonopterus anostomus, Tetragonopterus argenteus, Tetragonopterus carvalhoi, Tetragonopterus chalceus and Tetragonopterus rarus) by characters related to the number and morphology of the teeth, the numbers of gill rakers on the upper and lower limbs of the first gill arch, the number of predorsal scales and the overall colour pattern. In addition, the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences identified an accentuated genetic distance between these two new species and their congeners. A discussion of the phylogenetic relationships within Tetragonopterus is provided.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T12:17:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-11-23 Villanova Univ, Dept Biol, Villanova, PA 19085 USA Museu Nacl Hist Nat & Ciencia, Lisbon, Portugal Univ Brasilia, Dept Zool, Inst Ciencias Biol, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA Sorbonne Univ, Museum Natl Hist Nat, ISYEB, Paris, France Univ Nacl Tucuman, San Miguel De Tucuman, Argentina King Saud Univ, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Diadema, Brazil Upper Austrian Museum, Ctr Biol, Linz, Austria Villanova Univ, Villanova, PA 19085 USA Univ Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Plazi, Bern, Switzerland Univ Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil Zool Forsch Museum A Koenig, Bonn, Germany Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil Russian Acad Sci, St Petersburg, Russia Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Museo Reg Sci Nat, Turin, Italy Univ Fed Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Royal Museum Cent Africa, Tervuren, Belgium Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Mexico City, DF, Mexico Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ecol, Innsbruck, Austria Hasselt Univ, Hasselt, Belgium Univ Fed Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil Univ Fed Espirito Santo, Vitoria, ES, Brazil Univ Nacl Misiones, Felix De Azara, Argentina Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa Natl Museum, Bloemfontein, South Africa Senckenberg Nat Hist Sammlungen, Dresden, Germany Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Stephen F Austin State Univ, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA Landesmuseum, Leonding, Austria Univ Camerino, Camerino, Italy Univ Fed ABC, Sao Bernardo, Brazil Univ Estadual Londrina, Museu Zool, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Senckenberg Res Inst, Frankfurt, Germany Museo Civ Storia Nat, Carmagnola, Italy Polskiej Akad Nauk, Muzeum & Inst Zool, Warsaw, Poland Museo Civ Storia Nat, Genoa, Italy Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, St Petersburg, Russia Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Vicente, Brazil Sorbonne Univ, ISYEB, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Paris, France Port Elizabeth Museum, Port Elizabeth, South Africa Sam Noble Museum, Norman, OK USA Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA North West Univ, Potchefstroom, South Africa Museu Nacl, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Nat Hist Museum, Basel, Switzerland Senckenberg Nat Kundemuseum, Gorlitz, Germany North Carolina Museum Nat Sci, Raleigh, NC USA Univ Rennes 1, Rennes, France Univ Sao Paulo, Museu Zool, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Amer Museum Nat Hist, New York, NY 10024 USA Univ Huddersfield, Huddersfield, W Yorkshire, England North Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND USA Univ Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Fac Sci Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia DPTC PC, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Louisiana State Univ, Museum Nat Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA Zool Survey India, Kolkata, India Univ Tennessee, Chattanooga, TN USA Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA Univ Luterana Brasil, Museu Ciencias Nat, Canoas, Brazil Univ Firenze, Florence, Italy Univ Ovidius Constanta, Constanta, Romania Univ Mississippi, Oxford, MS USA Royal Belgian Inst Nat Sci, Brussels, Belgium Univ New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA Inst Nacl de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Univ Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil CIBIO Ctr Invest Biodiversidade & Recursos Genet, Vairao, Portugal Museum Hist Nat, Geneva, Switzerland Univ Fed Mato Grosso, Cuiaba, Brazil Univ Austral Chile, Valdivia, Chile Univ Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia Indian Inst Sci, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Scottish Assoc Marine Sci, Oban, Argyll, Scotland Sam Houston State Univ, Huntsville, TX 77340 USA Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat, Madrid, Spain Sorbonne Univ, CR2P, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Paris, France Drexel Univ, Acad Nat Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA Univ Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173 USA Ctr Pesquisas Cacau, Itabuna, Brazil Univ Torino, Turin, Italy Soc Hist Nat Alcide dOrbigny, Aubiere, France Wolfden Sci Consulting, Murcia, Spain Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Macae, Brazil Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN USA Inst Humboldt, Villa De Leyva, Colombia Escuela Politec Nacl, Quito, Ecuador Calif Acad Sci, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA Museum Dept Hist Nat Var, Toulon, France Nat Environm & Wildlife Soc, Angul, India Univ Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Univ Fed Paraiba, Joao Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil Univ Fed Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Nat Hist Museum Narodini Museum, Prague, Czech Republic Nat Hist Museum Zimbabwe, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe Ateneo Manila Univ, Quezon City, Philippines Pontificia Univ Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia RACINE, St Maugan, France Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Univ Paris, ISYEB, Paris, France Ocean Univ China, Qingdao, Peoples R China Museo Nacl Hist Nat Paraguay, San Lorenzo, Paraguay Univ Carabobo, Valencia, Venezuela Natl Ctr Biol Sci, Bengaluru, India Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA CENAK Ctr Nat Kunde, Hamburg, Germany Ohio Hist Connect, Columbus, OH USA Univ Fed Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Univ Malaga, Malaga, Spain Chinese Acad Sci, Qingdao, Shandong, Peoples R China Benemerita Univ Autonoma Puebla, Puebla, Mexico Natl Polytech Inst, Ctr Res & Adv Studies, Irapuato, Mexico Field Museum Nat Hist, Chicago, IL 60605 USA Univ Texas El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA Univ Fed Lavras, Lavras, Brazil Nat Hist Museum, Vienna, Austria La Sierra Univ, Riverside, CA USA Univ San Francisco Quito, Quito, Ecuador Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China CUNY, New York, NY 10021 USA CAS, Inst Vertebrate Biol, Brno, Czech Republic Sorbonne Univ, MECADEV, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Paris, France Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil Zool Staatssammlung Munchen, Munich, Germany Univ Michigan, Dearborn, MI 48128 USA Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC USA Helmholtz Ctr Environm Res, Leipzig, Germany Santa Rosa Jr Coll, Santa Rosa, CA USA George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20037 USA Inst Teknol Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Earlham Coll, Richmond, IN USA Senckenberg Forschungsinst & Nat Museum, Frankfurt, Germany Univ Estadual Londrina, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Univ Koblenz Landau, Koblenz, Germany Nat Hist Museum, London, England Ditsong Natl Museum Nat Hist, Pretoria, South Africa Bombay Nat Hist Soc, Bombay, Maharashtra, India Philipps Univ Marburg, Marburg, Germany Hess Landesmuseum, Darmstadt, Germany Smithsonian Conservat Biol Inst, Washington, DC USA Univ Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary Staatliches Museum Nat Kunde, Stuttgart, Germany UFT, Tocantins, Portugal Museum Nat Kunde, Berlin, Germany Nat Hist Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden Hikarigaoka, Munakata, Japan Inst Agr & Environm Sci, Tartu, Estonia Univ Los Andes, Merida, Venezuela Bat Jungle, Monteverde, Costa Rica Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Museo Nacl Hist Nat, Montevideo, Uruguay Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Fdn Miguel Lillo, San Miguel De Tucuman, Argentina Roger Tory Peterson Inst Nat Hist, Jamestown, VA USA Univ Fed Reconcavo Bahia, Cruz Das Almas, Brazil South China Normal Univ, Guangzhou 510631, Guangdong, Peoples R China Museu Ciencias Tecnol PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Univ Fed Tocantins, Porto Nacl, Brazil Univ Toronto, Scarborough, ON, Canada Univ Nacl Colombia, Inst Ciencias Nat, Bogota, Colombia Natl Museum Philippines, Manila, Philippines NOVA Univ Lisbon, Caparica, Portugal Royal Saskatchewan Museum, Regina, SK, Canada Deutsch Zentrum Marine Biodiversitatsforsch, Hamburg, Germany Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico Naturalis Biodivers Ctr, Leiden, Netherlands Univ Douala, Douala, Cameroon Vet & Farmaceut Univ Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Univ Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Eswatini Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil Univ Claude Bernard, Lyon, France Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA USA Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA Nat Hist Museum & Inst, Chiba, Japan Senckenberg Biodiversitat & Klima Forschunsgzentr, Frankfurt, Germany Marquette Univ, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA Univ Firenze, Museo Storia Nat, Florence, Italy Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil Fed Univ ABC, Sao Bernardo, Brazil Univ Fed Goias, Goiania, Go, Brazil Univ Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, AK USA Egerton Univ, Egerton, Kenya Museo Hist Nat, Lima, Peru IKIAM Univ Reg Amazon, Tena, Ecuador Univ Hyogo, Sanda, Japan Inst Rech Dev, Paris, France Univ Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil Niedersachs Landesbetrieb Wasserwirtschaft Kusten, Hannover, Germany Univ Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Ctr Nacl Patagon, Puerto Madryn, Argentina Roosevelt Univ, Coll Profess Studies, Chicago, IL 60605 USA Western Kentucky Univ, Bowling Green, KY 42101 USA Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy Univ Fed Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil Inst Bio & Geociencias Noroeste Argentino, Salta, Argentina Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Caracas, Venezuela Umweltbundesamt, Vienna, Austria Penclen, Plumelec, France CNRS MNHN UPMC, Ctr Rech Paleobiodivers & Paleoenvironm, Paris, France Staatl Museum Nat Kunde, Stuttgart, Germany Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivada, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina Ctr Biol Gest Populat INRA, Montferrier Sur Lez, France Loyola Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL USA Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Durban Museum Nat Sci, Durban, South Africa Univ Estado Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA Museo Hist Nat La Salle, Caracas, Venezuela Univ Vet Med Hannover, Hannover, Germany Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA Francis Marion Univ, Florence, SC USA Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA Univ Connecticut, Groton, CT USA Fed Univ ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Uberlandia, Uberlandia, MG, Brazil Fed Univ Para, Belem, Para, Brazil Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, CT USA Univ Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA Senckenberg Deutsch Entomol Inst, Muncheberg, Germany CSIRO, Natl Res Collect, Canberra, ACT, Australia Univ Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa Univ Ulsan, Ulsan, South Korea Univ Estadual Sao Paulo, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Senckenberg Forsch Inst & Nat Museum, Frankfurt, Germany Ocean Univ China, Inst Marine Biodivers & Evolut, Qingdao, Shandong, Peoples R China Univ Fed Para, Altamira, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Assis, Brazil UPMC, Ctr Rech Paleobiodiversite & Paleoenvironm, CNRS, MNHN, Paris, France Tech Univ Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany Charles Univ Prague, Dept Zool, Prague, Czech Republic Univ Nacl Expt los Llanos Occident Ezequiel Zamor, Guanare, Venezuela Long Isl Univ, Brooklyn, NY USA Univ Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Museo Zool, Escuela Ciencias Biol, Quito, Ecuador Indiana Univ Penn, Indiana, PA USA IRD, Dakar, Senegal State Museum Nat Hist Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany Univ Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France Univ Ghent, Ghent, Belgium Univ Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Karlsruhe, Germany Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, Hyderabad, India Univ Fed ABC, Santo Andre, Brazil Yale Peabody Museum Nat Hist, New Haven, CT USA Univ Innsbruck, Mondsee, Austria Bethune Cookman Univ, Daytona Beach, FL USA Natl Museum Nat & Sci, Tokyo, Japan Zool Garten Koln, Cologne, Germany Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Vicente, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose Do Rio Preto, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Assis, Brazil

The Amazon Basin occupies a vast portion of northern South America and contains some of the highest species richness in the world. The northern Brazilian state of Amapá is delimited by the Amazonas River to the south, the Oyapock River to the northern boundary with French Guyana, and the Atlantic northeastern coast to Amazon estuary. Despite several expeditions to the Amazon in recent decades, little is known about the freshwater ichthyofauna from Amapá, with records limited to local inventories and species descriptions. This paper presents a compilation of the freshwater fish diversity sampled in fifteen sites covering two major Amapá ecoregions during the dry season of 2015. 120 species representing eight orders and 40 families are reported upon in this work. Eight species appear for the first time in the Brazilian territory providing new information for future conservation status evaluations.

Moenkhausia venerei is described from the rio Araguaia, Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. The new species differs from its congeners, except M. collettii and M. copei, by the combination of the following characters: a longitudinal dark band extending from the tip of the snout to the base of caudal fin; a dark line along the base of the anal fin; and a conspicuous humeral spot. Moenkhausia venerei is distinguished from M. collettii by having a wider and more conspicuous longitudinal dark band and from M. copei by the higher number of anal-fin rays. A discussion about the overall similarity and putative relationship with M. collettii, M. copei, Hemigrammus ulreyi, H. ataktos, and H. barrigonae is provided.

Graduate Program on General and Applied Biology Instituto de Biociencias Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, CEP 18618-000

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Department of Natural Sciences Gardner-Webb University Department of Biology Villanova University Potato Research Center Georgikon Faculty University of Pannonia Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologia 'Charles Darwin' Sapienza Università di Roma Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Johns Hopkins University Department of Environmental Science and Technology University of Maryland Department of Plant Medicine Chungbuk National University Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology University of Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Zoology Eszterházy Károly University Herbarium School of Biological Sciences University of Reading Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Department of Biosciences University of Helsinki Ornithological Nomenclature Expert Green Plant Herbarium Department of Natural History Royal Ontario Museum Nomenclature Specialist CITES Animals Committee; Turtle Conservancy Global Wildlife Conservation Department of Plant Anatomy Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University Department of Biosciences (Plant Biology) Viikki Plant Science Centre Illinois Natural History Survey Institute of Biodiversity Science and Sustainability California Academy of Sciences Royal Botanic Gardens Kew NTNU University Museum Norwegian University of Science and Technology Institut de Biologia Evolutiva Universitat Pompeu Fabra Bioveyda Biodiversity Inventories and Research Department of Plant Biology Ecology & Evolution and Herbarium Oklahoma State University Research School of Earth Sciencesn National Universityn Capital Territory Departamento de Biologia Animal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Department of Botany Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food and Agriculture PPG Zoologia Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Macleay Museum University of Sydney Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Edinburgh Research Station Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas Instituto Butantan Environmental Management School of Applied and Biomedical Science Federation University PPG Biodiversidade Animal Universidade Federal de Santa Maria National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Department of Terrestrial Zoology Western Australian Museum Museu Nacional da História Natural e da Ciência Universidade de Lisboa The Kyoto University Museum Kyoto University Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany) University of Helsinki Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh School of Biological Sciences and Environment Institute University of Adelaide Nees Institut für Biodiversität der Pflanzen Universität Bonn Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology University of Pannonia Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum National University of Singapore Denver Botanic Gardens Department of Biology Earlham College Montana Entomology Collection Montana State University School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Instituto de Ambiente de Montaña y Regiones Áridas Universidad Nacional de Chilecito Martha N. and John C. Moser Chair in Arthropod Systematics and Biological Diversity The Ohio State University Department of Biology Victor Valley College Identification and Naming Department Royal Botanic Gardens Kew Natural History Laboratory Faculty of Science Ibaraki University Natural History Museum and Botanical Garden University of Tartu Plant Protection Institute Centre for Agricultural Research Hungarian Academy of Sciences Department of Zoology Denver Museum of Nature & Science Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Universität Wien FishBase Department of Zoology Swedish Museum of Natural History Department of Zoology Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Verona Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal do Paraná Sezione di Zoologia degli Invertebrati e Idrobiologia MUSE-Museo delle Scienze di Trento Centro de Ciências Agrárias Ambientais e Biológicas Universidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia Department of Biological Sciences University of Toronto Department of Environmental Science and Policy George Mason University Natural History Museum of Geneva Department of Genetics and Evolution University of Geneva Departamento de Zoologia Universidade de Brasília Department of Integrative Biology Oregon State Arthropod Collection Oregon State University Henares 16 Velilla de San Antonio Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution International Committee on Bionomenclature Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Jaboticabal Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária Faculty of Biology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași Departamento de Biología Universidad de Los Andes Laboratorio de Morfología Animal Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo H.W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology University of Nebraska-Lincoln Robert Bebb Herbarium (OKL) University of Oklahoma Oklahoma Biological Survey Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology Fiocruz Mata Atlântica Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Ehime University Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Department of Science Education Hiroshima University Department of Earth Sciences Natural History Museum Kazan Federal University Museum für Naturkunde Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions-und Biodiversitätsforschung Centro de Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Cambio Climático (BioCamb) e Ingeniería en Biodiversidad y Recursos Genéticos Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica Integrated Taxonomic Information System National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution Natural History Museum of Denmark Department of Botany Szent István University University of Sydney Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas CITES Scientific Authority Finnish Museum of Natural History (Botany) University of Helsinki Instituto de Botânica Department of Entomology Kerala Agricultural University University of Michigan Herbarium EEB Chelonian Research Foundation Turtle Conservancy Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile Kansas Biological Survey and the Biodiversity Institute University of Kansas Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul Sciences Department Museums Victoria Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology Portland State University Department of Biological Sciences Texas Tech University Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics Swedish Museum of Natural History Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Comparada de Insectos Instituto de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Colombia Global Biodiversity Information Facility Fragile Inheritance Natural History National Focal Point to the Convention on Biological Diversity Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences Department of Biology Pittsburg State University Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo Agricultural Research Council Plant Protection Research Instituten National Collection of Insects Section of Mollusks Carnegie Museum of Natural History Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Charles University Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia National Parks Board Botanic Gardens Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Judicial Commission on Prokaryote Nomenclature Botanische Staatssammlung München and SNSB IT Center Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns Permanent ICN Nomenclature Committee for Fungi International Mycological Association Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi Università di Torino Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante sez. di Torino CNR Department of Environmental Sciences University of Basel Allwetterzoo Münster Department of Biology University of Hawai'i at Manoa UNC Herbarium (NCU) North Carolina Botanical Garden University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Abteilung Morphologie und Systematik der Tiere und Zoologisches Museum Universität Göttingen Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioaggresseurs en Milieu Tropical Université de La Réunion Essig Museum of Entomology University of California Berkeley General Committee for Nomenclature [for algae fungi and plants] Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Smithsonian Marine Station Molecular Ecology and Fisheries Genetics Lab School of Biological Sciences Bangor University Department of Entomology Entomology Research Museum University of California Australian National Insect Collection CSIRO National Research Collections Australian Capital Territory School of Life Sciences Biodiversity Knowledge Integration Center Hasbrouck Insect Collection Arizona State University Landcare Research School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District Laboratório de Ictiologia Departamento de Zoologia IBB-UNESP Campus de Botucatu Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Jaboticabal Departamento de Biologia Aplicada à Agropecuária

Moenkhausia lineomaculata, new species, is described herein from the upper rio Juruena, upper rio Tapajós basin. The new species seems to be part of a monophyletic group formed by M. cosmops, M. cotinho, M. diktyota, M. forestii, M. oligolepis, M. sanctaefilomenae, and M. pyrophthalma, the Moenkhausia oligolepis/M. sanctaefilomenae complex, by sharing a reticulated color pattern on body and the presence of a light area preceding a wide, dark caudal-peduncle blotch. The new species is distinguished from these species, except M. cotinho, by the presence of longitudinal series of dark dots on body, and from M. cotinho by the humeral blotch evenly pigmented along its length and by having the dark line along horizontal septum starting approximately at the vertical through dorsal-fin origin. The new species presents intraspecific variation in lateral-line scales perforation, a feature often present in species of the aforementioned group.

From the examination of extensive comparative material currently identified as M. jamesi we verified that there are, at least, three new species under this name. These, along with M. jamesi and M. justae, form what we herein called the M. jamesi species complex, by sharing the following group of characters: a short maxilla, with its distal margin not exceeding anterior third of the second infraorbital; first through third teeth of the inner row of premaxilla and first and second dentary teeth with cusps arranged in a pronounced arch, humeral spot positioned between the fourth and seventh scales of the lateral line and extending up to four scale rows above the lateral line and one scale row below the lateral line, and a vertically oval to round spot at the base of the caudal fin rays. Moenkhausia ischyognatha sp. n., from Rio Xingu basin, differs from the other species of the complex by its lower head depth. Moenkhausia alesis sp. n., from the river system Tocantins-Araguaia, differs from M. jamesi, M. ischyognatha, and M. sthenosthoma by the number of scale rows above the lateral line. Moenkhausia sthenosthoma sp. n., from the Rio Madeira basin, differs from M. jamesi by the number of scale rows between the lateral line and the midventral scale series. Moenkhausia justae can be diagnosed from the other species of the complex by having a tri to pentacuspidate tooth on the maxilla.

Creagrutus varii n. sp. is described based on material from the Rio Sao Marcos basin, in the upper Rio Parana system, Goias State, Brazil. This is the first record of Creagrutus in the upper Rio Parana. The new species is proposed to be the sister group of the remaining species of Creagrutus. Creagrutus varii differs from congeners in the morphology of the maxilla, primordial ligament, premaxillary dentition and other features. The evolution of premaxillary tooth morphology in Piabina and Creagrutus and the biogeography of the Rio Paranaiba basin are discussed.

Moenkhausia bonita, new species, is described from the Rio Baia Bonita, a tributary of the Rio Miranda, Rio Paraguay basin, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, southwestern Brazil. The new species is distinguished from all congeners by the combination of the presence in alcohol-preserved specimens of a black midlateral stripe, a black posterior margin on each caudal fin lobe, the presence of a black lozenge-shaped blotch on the caudal peduncle that extends to the posterior limit of the median caudal fin rays, and the presence of seven gill rakers on the upper limb and 12 gill rakers on the lower limb of the first gill arch. Comments are included on the phylogenetic placement, ecology, and behavior of the species.