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This paper deals with the issue of safety lead time (SLT) calculations in production-inventory systems in presence of both demand and replenishment lead time variability. We provide some formulations of the SLT and numerically show their performance as compared to a benchmark in the literature. Thus the main objective of this paper is to provide analytical formulations to calculate the SLT that contemplate demand variability. To this end, a literature review was done to analyze the approaches and justifications of the different revised research works to identify reference formulations according to the objectives of this work. A supply chain from the automotive sector was used as the study frame and to validate the proposed formulations. This supply chain involved two companies: a car manufacturer and a first-tier supplier. In order to compare the proposed formulations with one another, and with that currently used by the first-tier supplier and is the study object, three parameters were used: safety stock, the number of times stockout occurs and the mean stock. They allowed the final selection of the most suitable SLT formulation for each case study.

El artículo pone en contexto las estadísticas de veinte años desde la despenalización de la eutanasia en Bélgica. En esta reconstrucción se analizan los aspectos centrales de la política, tales como su carácter democrático y la protección de la objeción de conciencia. A menudo discutido de forma aislada, este artículo plantea el fin de vida voluntario como parte de un programa paliativo que, a su vez, integra una visión más amplia, como se refleja en el paquete de regulaciones del año 2002. Además de delinear ciertas consecuencias deontológicas, entre otras, el artículo subraya el carácter excepcional de la eutanasia, limitándose a casos debidamente calificados de sufrimiento físico o psíquico, pero que de manera significativa reivindica el respecto de la autonomía de la persona. Con todo, el artículo invita a considerar códigos morales múltiples de cara a uno de los pocos eventos de los que tenemos certeza: la muerte.

Stingless bees (Meliponini) are a ubiquitous and diverse element of the pantropical melittofauna, and have significant cultural and economic importance. This review outlines their diversity, and provides identification keys based on external morphology, brief accounts for each of the recognized genera, and an updated checklist of all living and fossil species. In total there are currently 605 described extant species in 45 extant genera, and a further 18 extinct species in nine genera, seven of which are extinct. A new fossil genus, Adactylurina Engel, gen. nov., is also described for a species in Miocene amber from Ethiopia. In addition to the systematic review, the biology of stingless bees is summarized with an emphasis on aspects related to their nesting biology and architecture.

Resumen Se trata de un artículo crítico y reflexivo que pretende discutir algunas de las incoherencias e incompatibilidades estructurales del modelo propuesto para la formación y atención en salud denominado Educación Interprofesional y Práctica Colaborativa (EIPC), en el contexto de racionalidad neoliberal de los países latinoamericanos. Se destaca cómo este modelo puede contestar dicha racionalidad, siendo relevante para la instauración de subjetividades profesionales críticas y éticas con su contexto. De esta manera se pretende contribuir a la creciente literatura sobre perspectivas críticas de la formación y el trabajo en salud.

A new species of the orchid bee genus Eufriesea Cockerell (Apidae: Apinae: Euglossini) is described and figured from the Islas Marías of Nayarit State, México in the Pacific. Eufriesea insularis sp. nov., is a member of the coerulescens species group and is restricted to Islas Marias. The species is readily recognized by its dark blue integument with purple iridescence, black pubescence, dark wings, and clypeus green with purple hues and a prominent elevated ridge along the midline. The new species is known only from the female.

El artículo presenta una reconstrucción de la política cultural de salud en Chile, con énfasis en el programa materno-infantil, como dispositivo que entrelaza género, política y salud en la promoción de discursos de desarrollo industrial y de una nación saludable. El trabajo se basa en fuentes de archivos originales, a través de las cuales se adoptó un énfasis en las continuidades del programa durante las décadas y regímenes políticos, desde principios del siglo XX hasta el gobierno de la Unidad Popular. Como se muestra en el artículo, la educación sería clave en al menos tres áreas del desarrollo de la medicina social: instrucción, formación profesional y educación popular.

Lasioglossum is a large genus of halictid bees with high species diversity in morphologically rather cryptic species groups. With more than 1900 described species, the taxonomy of the genus is complex and largely unresolved in many regions. For practical reasons, systematic reviews are restricted in scope either geographically or to particular species groups. In this study we focus on the subgenus Dialictus of the genus Lasioglossum from the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. In previous studies we identified members of the genus as important pollinators of cash crops in the region, and genetic analyses suggested the existence of seven molecular taxonomic units (mOTU). Based on additional morphological differences, we here describe these mOTUs as novel species, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) yucatanense Landaverde-González sp. nov., L. (D.) paxtoni Landaverde-González sp. nov., L. (D.) ameshoferi Landaverde-González sp. nov., L. (D.) aureoviride Landaverde-González & Husemann sp. nov., L. (D.) paralepidii Gardner sp. nov., L. (D.) milpa Landaverde-González sp. nov. and L. (D.) nanotegula Landaverde-González & Husemann sp. nov., and provide keys and images to assist in their identification.

Resumen: Este artículo especial presenta una reflexión sobre la enseñanza virtual y los mecanismos de disciplinamiento digital. Abstract: This special article reflects on virtual education and the digital disciplinary mechanisms.

Introduction: The symptoms and complications of urinary lithiasis are a frequent cause of emergency care. Objectives: To determine characteristics and evolution of patients with urinary lithiasis attended in the emergency room of a tertiary social security hospital. Methods: Observational study carried out at the Rebagliati hospital Lima-Peru, during the first quarter of 2019. Sociodemographic variables, time and emergency indicators of the institutional statistical system were evaluated, performing descriptive statistics with IBM SPSS 25.0. Results: 583 attentions for urinary lithiasis (194 per month) were registered, corresponding to 14% of the genito-urinary pathology seen in the evaluated service. 55% male, average age 48 years (range 14 to 92). Mainly attended by surgical topic and priority 3, most frequent causes pain, infection and hematuria. Time of first attention 4.8 hours, leaving 70% of discharge. Observation rooms were admitted to 10.5% with an average stay of 77 hours (3.2 days), with 51% hospitalized, discharge 31%, operated 3% and 2% died. Conclusion: Urinary lithiasis occurs in 1 out of 7 genitourinary pathologies of the emergency room evaluated, predominantly in middle-aged men, 10% are admitted to the observation room, with a short stay and low mortality.

The coronavirus disease originated in the year 2019 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly throughout the world, wreaking havoc on the health system and society. We report the case of a 26-year-old man with a history of asthma and obesity, who returned from the US and went to the emergency room with respiratory symptoms, hypoxemia and interstitial infiltrate on chest radiography, he was admitted to the isolation room The nasopharyngeal swab RT-PCR molecular test was negative, so he was transferred to a common emergency room. Initial management was conservative, however the patient evolved unfavorably requiring ventilatory support, but died on the fifth day of hospitalization. A second positive result for SARS-CoV-2 was received the day after the patient died, being one of the first young victims in Peru.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused more than 70 thousand deaths worldwide. Objective: To describe the characteristics of COVID-19 patients who died in a tertiary hospital. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in the emergency service of the Hospital Rebagliati in Lima, Peru, which includes deceased patients with a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosed by PCR-TR until April 4, 2020. The medical history was reviewed. and hospital records looking for sociodemographic variables, clinical characteristics, radiological manifestations, treatment and evolution. Results: 14 cases were identified, 78.6% were male, average age 73.4 years (range 26 to 97). 21.4% of cases acquired the infection out of Peru. Risk factors were found in 92.9% of patients (more frequent elderly, hypertension and obesity). The most frequent symptoms were dyspnea, fever and cough, with illness time 8 days (+/- 3); signs of polypnea and respiratory rales. The most frequent laboratory findings were elevated C-reactive protein (average 22 mg / dL) and hypoxemia. The predominant radiological presentation was bilateral interstitial pulmonary infiltration in ground glass. 78.6% (11 of 14 cases) entered mechanical ventilation; 71.4% of the cases received azithromycin, 64.3% hydroxychloroquine and 57.1% broad-spectrum antibiotics; with a 4.7 day hospital stay (+/- 2.4). Conclusion: Those who died from COVID-19 presented bilateral severe pneumonia, more frequent in men, with risk factors (elderly, hypertension and obesity), with a high need for ventilatory assistance.

El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la relación entre los grupos sanguíneos A, B y O y la mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por una infección grave por SARS-CoV-2. La investigación fue observacional retrospectiva en un hospital de tercer nivel en Lima, Perú. Se incluyó a 203 pacientes, con una edad media de 62,58 ± 16,45 años, y el 71,92 % eran varones. La frecuencia de los grupos sanguíneos O, A y B fue del 75,37 %, 17,24 % y 7,39 %, respectivamente. Se encontró asociación con la mortalidad por infección grave por COVID-19 con los grupos sanguíneos que no son A (grupo O, grupo B), con un PR (razón de prevalencia) de 2,25 IC (intervalo de confianza) 95 % 1,07-4,71. Al ajustar por las principales variables, la asociación con RP persistió en 2,78 IC 95 % 1,06–7,24. En conclusión, en los pacientes hospitalizados por una infección grave por SARS-CoV-2, los grupos sanguíneos O y B estarían asociados con una mayor mortalidad que los pacientes del grupo sanguíneo A

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) fatal outcomes have been associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. In new epidemic areas, such as Latin America, there is a lack of studies about this. Objectives: To evaluate demographic data, signs and symptoms during emergency arrival, prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, laboratory and ECG findings and their influence in mortality, in a retrospective cohort of patients in a national reference hospital of Lima, Peru. Methods: Review the clinical records of the patients attended at Hospital Rebagliati Hospital during March 6th and April 30th, 2020, using rRT-PCR was used for the detection of the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 following the protocol Charité, Berlin, Germany, from nasopharyngeal swabs at the National Institute of Health. Bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis using logistic regression was done. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant for all analyses. Results: One hundred six hospitalized patients were evaluated. The mean age of patients was 61.58 years (SD 16.81). Cardiovascular risk factors among them were hypertension (46.2%), diabetes (28.3%), and obesity (28.3%), among others. Fifty-six patients died (52.8%). Mortality associated factors at the multivariate analysis were arterial hypertension (OR=1.343, 95% 1.089-1.667), myocardial injury (OR=1.303, 95% 1.031-1.642), and mechanical ventilation (OR 1.262, 95% 1.034-1.665), as associated factors. Conclusion: Cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular signs or symptoms are common during emergency arrival in patients with COVID-19. Arterial hypertension, myocardial injury and mechanical ventilation were associated with mortality in multivariate analysis, as observed in other regions of the world.

Male orchid bees collect scents from the environment to attract females for mating. Here, Brand et al. combine population genomic, perfume chemistry, and functional analyses to show how divergence in odorant receptor genes may be driving reproductive divergence between two orchid bee species.

Patient used for 82 years. Emergency service to present a time of illness of 15 days with hyporexia, dysarthria, rigidity of upper and lower limbs, general condition, periodic with edema, skin lesions and sensory disorder, bradycardia. sustained Therefore, at the beginning, it presents as a problem of respiratory insufficiency, sensory disorder to rule out a stroke. Patient worsens with greater sensory and hemodynamic compromise refers to myxedema coma by applying the Clinical Score of Coma Mixedematoso, treatment is started, patient dies.

La pandemia causada por COVID–19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), viene produciendo un numero exponencial de infectados y muertes en diversos países del mundo, poniendo a prueba el sistema de salud de las mayores potencias mundiales y también en países como en Perú. Numerosos reportes ponen en evidencia la susceptibilidad de aquellos pacientes con comorbilidades y algún grado de compromiso inmunológico. Asimismo, en varios países del mundo ha generado preocupación la población de mujeres gestantes que debido a sus cambios fisiológicos e inmunología alterada sugieren un mayor impacto en el binomio madre - hijo.

Background Although conservation of pristine habitats is recognized in many countries as crucial for maintaining pollinator diversity, the contribution of secondary forest conservation is poorly recognized in the Latin American context, such as in Guatemala. San Lucas Tolimán (SLT) is a high-quality coffee production region from the Atitlan Province, which has the second highest deciduous forest cover in Guatemala and pristine forest is prioritized for conservation. In contrast, secondary forest protection is undetermined, since these forests are normally removed or strongly affected by coffee farming practices. This situation may affect the diversity of native pollinators, mainly bees, which usually rely on the secondary forest for food resources. Methods We conducted a study to investigate the importance of secondary forests around the SLT coffee plantations (Coffea arabica L.) for pollinators. We compared bee diversity (richness, abundance and composition) in secondary forests of different age and coffee plantations with diverse farming techniques. Being the first study of pollinators in Guatemalan coffee plantations, we also recorded data for an entire year (2013–2014) in order to describe bee seasonality. Results We found significant differences in bee diversity between the coffee plantations and secondary forests, particularly early secondary forests showed higher bee abundances but diversity indices were similar between different vegetation type plots. In the early dry season, secondary forests showed the greatest native bee diversity. During the late dry season, when the coffee was flowering, honey bees were dominant in the same plots. This study provides important management insights to support the conservation of pollinators, since our results offer guidelines to improve coffee production by increasing native pollinator diversity.

Orchid bees are a conspicuous component of the neotropical bee fauna, with a few species reaching the northernmost natural distribution for the group in northwestern continental Mexico. Among them, Euglossa viridissima Friese is here reported for the first time in the Cape Region of the Baja California peninsula, Mexico, where no species of the group have been found previously. These records are presented, their biogeographical implications discussed, and some interpretations of the local factors that influence the bees is presented.

El presente número de Avances en Enfermería se despliega en medio de un clima de transición. Asistimos a una evidente reformulación de las narrativas profesionales, luego de varias décadas de un énfasis notorio en lo monoprofesional, a un compás marcado por la institucionalización de la disciplina de enfermería en la región.

Floral visitors are often overlooked in those plants considered invasive and widespread weed species. Martynia annua L. is an example of an introduced species to the old world being native from tropical America, however, information of its endemic pollinators in the Neotropical region is missing. In this study, the floral visitors of M. annua were evaluated in Chamela Field Station (Chamela-Cuixmala Biosphere Reserve) in Jalisco, Mexico. Our aim was to provide information of the breeding system of M. annua and then indicate the potential pollinators. We included morphological and sexual features to estimate the outcrossing index (OCI). The frequency, behavior, and pollen loads were considered to find the potential pollinator. Despite the evidence of protandry and OCI indicating a xenogamous breeding system, the lack of herkogamy suggests M. annua is a facultative xenogamous species. The highest frequency of visits corresponded to the maximum diameter of corolla. Euglossa viridissima was the most recurrent visitor. However, this species often carried a high proportion of heterospecific pollen and did not touch any sexual structure of the flower. In contrast, Centris agilis performed as the most likely pollinator. Flowers of M. annua offer valuable rewards to its visitors and may be a good source of energy to those foragers capable of reaching the nectaries, though small bees are apparently unable to penetrate the flowers. We consider that there are evidence that suggests M. annua is a specialized melittophilic plant, pollinated by moderate to large-sized hairy bees throughout its distribution.

Se presentan los resultados de un estudio sobre la fauna de cerambícidos del bosque tropical caducifolio de Santiago Dominguillo, Oaxaca, México, que se realizó entre noviembre de 1997 y octubre de 1998. Las recolecciones se realizaron durante 5 días de cada mes; los métodos incluyeron trampa de luz, trampa Malaise y directa. Se registraron 97 especies, 64 géneros, 32 tribus y 4 subfamilias. La subfamilia con más especies fue Cerambycinae con 59, seguida por Lamiinae con 36 y Lepturinae y Prioninae, con 1 especie cada una. Las tribus con más géneros y especies fueron Elaphidiini con 9 y 17, Acanthocinini con 8 y 12 y Trachyderini con 7 y 9. Los géneros con más especies fueron Rhopalophora con 6 y Eburia, Aneflomorpha, Stenosphenus y Estoloides con 4. El valor estimado de riqueza fue de 134 especies. El patrón de abundancia mostró pocas especies muy abundantes y la mayoría con pocos individuos. El índice de diversidad fue de H= 3.59. La riqueza y la abundancia variaron con el tiempo, registrándose los valores más altos en la época de lluvias y los más bajos en la de secas. El 46% de las especies registradas son endémicas de México.The results of a study of the fauna of cerambycids of the tropical dry forest of Santiago Dominguillo, Oaxaca, México are presented. The study was carried out between November, 1997 and October, 1998. Collections were carried out during 5 days of every month and the collection methods included light trapping, Malaise trapping and direct collecting. A total of 97 species, 64 genera, 32 tribes and 4 subfamilies were recorded. The subfamily with the greatest number of species was Cerambycinae with 59, followed by Lamiinae with 36 and Lepturinae y Prioninae with 1 respectively. The tribes with the largest number of genera and species were Elaphidiini with 9 and 17, Acanthocinini with 8 and 12, and Trachyderini with 7 and 9 respectively. The genera with most species were Rhopalophora with 6 y Eburia, Aneflomorpha, Stenosphenus and Estoloides with 4. Richness value using a non-parametric estimator was 134 species. Species abundance pattern show a few very abundant species and many with few individuals. The diversity index was H= 3.59. Species richness and abundance were variable: highest values were recorded in the rainy season and the lowest values in the dry season. The faunal compositions include 46% species endemic to Mexico.

Two new species of squash bees, Peponapis pacifica Ayala and Griswold sp. n. and P. parkeri Griswold and Ayala sp. n., are described and illustrated. Peponapis pacifica is oligolectic on flowers of Schizocarpum longisepalum (Cucurbitaceae) endemic to Mexico, where it is found in the tropical dry forest along the Pacific Coast, between Sonora and Chiapas and in the Balsas River basin; and P. parkeri is known only from the Pacific slope of Costa Rica. A key for the North and Central American species of Peponapis is provided.Se describen e ilustran 2 especies nuevas de abejas, Peponapis pacifica Ayala and Griswold sp. n. y P. parkeri Griswold and Ayala sp. n. De éstas, P. pacifica es oligoléctica sobre flores de Schizocarpum longisepalum (Cucurbitaceae), endémica de México, con distribución asociada al bosque tropical caducifolio a lo largo de la vertiente del Pacífico entre Sonora y Chiapas y en la Cuenca del río Balsas; P. parkeri es conocida sólo para la vertiente del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Se incluye una clave para las especies de América del norte y central.

Se realizó un estudio faunístico de las abejas del género Agapostemon (Halictidae) en el estado de Nuevo León, México para conocer las especies presentes, su distribución, relación con la flora y tipos de vegetación del estado. La metodología se basó en la revisión de literatura y de bases de datos de colecciones entomológicas, y en muestreos en campo donde se utilizó red entomológica y platos trampa de colores amarillo, azul, rosa (tonos fluorescentes) y blanco. Sólo en 20 de los 35 muestreos que se realizaron se obtuvieron ejemplares del género. Se recolectaron 11 especies, 2 de las cuales son registros nuevos para el estado (A. nasutus y A. splendens). El 12.31% de los ejemplares se obtuvo mediante el uso de red y el 87.84% con los platos trampa; el color amarillo fue el preferido por las abejas. Las especies con mayor distribución fueron A. tyleri y A. angelicus /A. texanus; se recolectaron en 9 especies de plantas pertenecientes a 6 familias. Helianthus annuus (Compositae) presentó la mayor diversidad con 4 especies de Agapostemon. Los muestreos se realizaron en 10 diferentes tipos de vegetación y la mayor riqueza de especies se obtuvo en diversos matorrales y en la vegetación de disturbio.A study of the bee genus Agapostemon (Halictidae) in the state of Nuevo León, Mexico was carried out to learn about species numbers, distribution, relationship to flora and vegetation types of the state. Methodology was based on a review of literature and databases from enthomological collections, for field sampling net and pan traps were used in yellow, blue, pink (fluorescent colors) and white. A total of 35 sites along the state were visited, Agapostemon specimens were found only in 20 sites. We collected 11 species, 2 of them as new records for the state (A. nasutus and A. splendens). From the total specimens, 12.31% was obtained with the use of net and 87.84% using pan traps, being yellow the preferred color. The most widely distributed species were A. tyleri and A. angelicus/A. texanus. Specimens were collected from 9 plants species belonging to 6 families, Helianthus annuus (Compositae) showed the highest species diversity with 4 Agapostemon. Ten different types of vegetation which were sampled, being different brush types and perturbed vegetation the ones with higher species richness.

Se presentan los resultados del estudio de la fauna de avispas parasitoides de la familia Encyrtidae en el bosque tropical caducifolio de San Buenaventura, Jalisco, México. El estudio se llevó a cabo de noviembre de 1996 a octubre de 1997. La recolección se realizó con trampas Malaise durante 5 días de cada mes. Se registró un total de 61 especies, 30 géneros, 13 tribus y 2 subfamilias. El mayor número de géneros y especies fue de la subfamilia Encyrtinae, con 22 géneros y 44 especies, seguida por Tetracneminae con 8 géneros y 17 especies. El género con mayor número de especies fue Metaphycus con 11. Las especies recolectadas no fueron abundantes, y su riqueza y abundancia varió estacionalmente, registrándose los valores más altos durante la temporada de lluvias. La similitud de la fauna de San Buenaventura, Jalisco con la de Huautla, Morelos fue mayor que la encontrada en otras regiones previamente estudiadas de bosque tropical caducifolio (San Javier, Sonora y Huatulco, Oaxaca).Results of a faunistic study of the parasitoid wasps of the family Encyrtidae of the tropical dry forest of San Buenaventura, Jalisco, Mexico are presented. The study was carried out from November 1996 to October 1997. Collecting technique was Malaise trapping. Collections were carried out during 5 days of every month. A total of 61 species, 30 genera, 13 tribes and 2 subfamilies were recorded. The subfamily with the largest number of species was Encyrtinae with 22 genera and 44 species, followed by Tetracneminae with 8 genera and 17 species. The genus with the largest number of species was Metaphycus with 11. Species had low abundance. Species richness and abundance varied with time, with the highest values recorded in the rainy season. The fauna of San Buenaventura, Jalisco was most similar to that of Huautla, Morelos, than to that of San Javier, Sonora and Huatulco, Oaxaca, all of them previously studied.

Se presenta información sobre la historia natural de Macrotera pipiyolin; el estudio se realizó en la Estación de Biología Chamela, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, entre junio y agosto de 1994. Las abejas emergieron poco después del inicio de la temporada de lluvias, su pico de actividad fue a principio de julio, presentando alrededor de 35 días activos. La actividad concuerda con la floración de Opuntia excelsa, planta de la que obtiene sus recursos. Las cópulas ocurren sobre las flores y los machos muestran 3 tipos de estrategias reproductivas: macho dominante, subordinado y patrullero. Las hembras son poliándricas y los machos polígamos. Las hembras construyen los nidos generalmente cerca de O. excelsa y tienen una distribución gregaria. Los nidos son simples, con un túnel principal y celdas, las que se cierran y desconectan del tunel una vez que se han aprovisionado y en ellas se ha depositado un huevo. Para la provisión de una celda se requiere de 2 a 18 cargas de polen. El desarrollo de huevo a larva adulta ocurre en 1 mes, posteriormente la larva permanece en este estado aproximadamente por 10 meses, y la pupa se presenta pocos días antes de la emergencia.Information on the natural history of Macrotera pipiyolin in the Estación de Biología Chamela (IBUNAM), based on observations made between June and August 1994 is presented. Bees emerged shortly after the rainy season; their peak of activity was in early July, with 35 days of activity. The activity of the bee is consistent with the flowering of Opuntia excelsa, the plant that provides its resources. Mating occurs on flowers, where males present 3 types of reproductive strategies: dominant, subordinate, and patrolling. Females are polyandrous and males are polygamous. Females usually build nests near O. excelsa and they have a gregarious distribution. The nests are simple with a main tunnel; after cells are provisioned with pollen and an egg is oviposited, they are closed off from the main tunnel. To provide a cell requires from 2 to 18 loads of pollen. The development from egg to larva occurs in 1 month, after which the larvae remain in this state for 10 months and the pupae appear a few days before emergence.

Megalopta Smith, 1853, is a Neotropical genus of nocturnal or crepuscular bees. Two subgenera are recognized with most of its nearly 30 species placed in the nominate subgenus. Species of Megalopta s. str. are more commonly collected than species of Noctoraptor Engel et al. 1997, all presumably parasites of Megalopta s. str. Two new species of Megalopta are described here: M. (Megalopta) tetewana, n. sp., from Mexico and M. (Noctoraptor) huaoranii, n. sp., from Ecuador. Identification keys to the Central American species of Megalopta s. str. and the species of the parasitic subgenus Noctoraptor are presented. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (1): 255-263. Epub 2010 March 01.Megalopta Smith, 1853, es un género Neotropical de abejas nocturnas o crepusculares. Dos subgéneros son reconocidos con la mayoría de las 30 especies ubicadas en el subgénero nominal. Las especies de Megalopta s. str. son más comúnmente recolectadas que las especies de Noctoraptor Engel et al. 1997, todas probablemente parásitas de Megalopta s. str. Aquí se describen dos especies nuevas de Megalopta: M. (Megalopta) tetewana, n. sp., de México y M. (Noctoraptor) huaoranii, n. sp., de Ecuador. Se presentan claves de identificación para las especies de Megalopta s. str. de América Central y las especies del subgénero parásito Noctoraptor.

The present is a review about the use of wild bees as an indicator group in biodiversity and fragmentation studies. It describes the criteria used for the selection of bioindicator groups and it discusses the available information to evaluate if wild bees meet this criteria. The reviewed information suggests that wild bees comply with the requeriments for a suitable bioindicator group. Its use is recommended for Neotropical ecosystems.

En un trabajo conjunto con el grupo de investigación Seguimiento Corazón Vía Satélite (SCVS), dirigido por el Dr. Jorge Reynolds Pombo en Colombia, se plantea el estudio del comportamiento y descripción del corazón de la ballena de forma no invasiva, desde el punto de vista eléctrico. El objetivo de este trabajo es realizar el procesamiento, caracterización y análisis de los diferentes registros electrocardiográficos de la ballena jorobada, en un entorno comparativo con el corazón humano para la obtención de un patrón electrocardiográfico mediante tratamiento de imagen y señal, usando como principal herramienta la transformada wavelet.In a conjunct study with the Whale Heart Satellite Tracking (WHST) directed by Dr. Jorge Reynolds Pombo in Colombia, the study of the behavior and description of the whale's heart in a non-invasive way from the electrical point of view is posed. The objective of this work is to realize the processing, characterization and analysis of the different electrocardiographic records of the humpback whale, in a comparative environment with the human heart for the attainment of an electrocardiographic pattern through image and signal treatment, using the transformed wavelet as the principal tool.

There is a severe information gap regarding wild bees in northern Mexico. The present study is a contribution to knowledge of the distribution, habitat preferences and floral usage patterns of bees of the genus Xylocopa in the state of Nuevo León. Field sampling was done using aerial net and pan traps (yellow, blue, white and pink) at 35 sites throughout the state. Xylocopa species were found at only seven of these sites. Four of the five species, previously reported for the state were collected plus two new state records (Xylocopa micans and X. strandi), bringing the total number of species in the state to seven. Individuals were collected visiting only flowers of the Fabaceae and Bignoniaceae families, and they occurred primarily in shrub lands and disturbed areas.

In the search for an integrated understanding of the relationships among productive activities, human well-being, and ecosystem functioning, we evaluated the services delivered by a tropical dry forest (TDF) ecosystem in the Chamela Region, on the Pacific Coast of Mexico. We synthesized information gathered for the past two decades as part of a long-term ecosystem research study and included social data collected in the past four years using the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) conceptual framework as a guide. Here we identify the four nested spatial scales at which information has been obtained and emphasize one of them through a basin conceptual model. We then articulate the biophysical and socio-economic constraints and drivers determining the delivery of ecosystem services in the Region. We describe the nine most important services, the stakeholders who benefit from those services, and their degree of awareness of such services. We characterize spatial and temporal patterns of the services' delivery as well as trade-offs among services and stakeholders. Finally, we contrast three alternative future scenarios on the delivery of ecosystem services and human well-being. Biophysical and socioeconomic features of the study site strongly influence humanâ'ecosystem interactions, the ecosystem services delivered, the possible future trajectories of the ecosystem, and the effect on human well-being. We discuss future research approaches that will set the basis for an integrated understanding of humanâ'ecosystem interactions and for constructing sustainable management strategies for the TDF.