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Environmental flows are generally characterized by complex bed morphology and high current speeds. Such configurations favor the formation of vortex structures that strongly affect hydrody-namics and sediment transport. Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) enables investigation of the dynam-ics of the largest turbulence scales and, thanks to enhanced calculation resources, has now become applicable for simulating environmental flows. In this paper, a LES approach is developed in a CFD code (TELEMAC-3D), which was originally developed to simulate free surface flows using RANS methods. The present developments involve implementing subgrid models, boundary con-ditions and numerical schemes suitable for LES. The LES version of TELEMAC-3D was validated by comparing results on the model with experimental data for flow past a cylinder. Then, the model was applied to a test case representing flow over dunes. After validating the hydrodynamics, the model was used to assess the bottom shear stress, using both a RANS and a LES approach. Com-parison highlighted the potential contribution of LES to investigating the hydrodynamic forces acting on the bottom.

In this paper, the Spalart–Allmaras turbulence model, very popular for compressible aerospace applications, is adapted for incompressible free surface environmental flows. The Spalart–Allmaras mode...

A total 190 experiments were performed to study the dissipation kinetics of monochloramine (NH2Cl, CAS no 10599-90-3) in surface water samples from six rivers (Loire, Rhone, Meuse, Garonne, Seine and Moselle) and an artificial reservoir (Mirgenbach), all located in France. Experiments were conducted in an open reactor, under relevant controlled environmental conditions. The impact of various parameters such as initial NH2Cl concentration, temperature, pH, presence of sediments, sampling site and collection period was investigated. It was found that NH2Cl dissipated rapidly without any lag phase, and that decay follows an apparent first-order kinetics (r2 > 0.99). Presence of sediment greatly accelerated decay. Half-lives were generally

Sites suitable for the deployment of tidal turbines generally show a combination of complex seabed morphologies and extreme current magnitudes. Such configurations favour the formation of vortices, which can be very powerful. Anticipating the vortex effect on the turbine performance and/or lifespan requires refined description of the turbulence. Thanks to increased calculation resources, large-eddy simulation (LES) can now be applied to natural flow. An LES approach developed within the TELEMAC-3D open-source software is presented here. After validating the model with in-situ measurements, the model is applied to characterize the flow statistics of the Alderney Race. This article is part of the theme issue ‘New insights on tidal dynamics and tidal energy harvesting in the Alderney Race’.

In this paper, we present a new source assessment of the La Palma collapse scenario previously described and studied in Abadie et al. (2012). Three scenarios (i.e., slide volumes of 20, 40 and 80 km3) are considered, from the initiation of the slide to the water waves generation, using THETIS, a 3D Navier–Stokes model. The slide is considered as a Newtonian fluid whose viscosity is adjusted to approximate a granular behavior. After 5 minutes of propagation with THETIS, the generated water wave is transferred into FUNWAVE-TVD for 15 minutes of Boussinesq model simulation. Then, four different depth-averaged codes are used to propagate the wave to the Guadeloupe area, Europe and French coasts. Finally, the wave impact in terms of run-up is evaluated through direct computations in specific areas or using theoretical formulas. Although the wave source appears reduced due to the rheology used compared to former works, the wave impact is still significant for the maximum slide volume considered on surrounding islands and coasts, as well as on remote most exposed coasts such as Guadeloupe. In Europe and in France, the wave impact is moderate (for specific areas in Spain and Portugal) to weak (Atlantic French coast). The comparison between the different wave models in overlapping computational regions shows an overall agreement in terms of first wave amplitude and time of arrival, but differences appear in the trailing waves.

This paper presents a practical methodology developed for shape optimization studies of hydraulic structures using environmental numerical modelling codes. The methodology starts by defining the optimization problem and identifying relevant problem constraints. Design variables in shape optimization studies are configuration of structures (such as length or spacing of groins, orientation and layout of breakwaters, etc.) whose optimal orientation is not known a priori. The optimization problem is solved numerically by coupling an optimization algorithm to a numerical model. The coupled system is able to define, test and evaluate a multitude of new shapes, which are internally generated and then simulated using a numerical model. The developed methodology is tested using an example of an optimum design of a fish passage, where the design variables are the length and the position of slots. In this paper an objective function is defined where a target is specified and the numerical optimizer is asked to retrieve the target solution. Such a definition of the objective function is used to validate the developed tool chain. This work uses the numerical model TELEMAC- 2Dfrom the TELEMAC-MASCARET suite of numerical solvers for the solution of shallow water equations, coupled with various numerical optimization algorithms available in the literature.

Traditionally, the initialization of seismically generated tsunamis is done by setting the initial free surface deformation as identical to the final deformation of the sea floor. However, numerous effects are neglected through this method, in particular the dynamics of the sea floor deformation. Here, two temporal parameters characterizing the sea floor deformation are defined: the rise time tr (vertical motion) and the rupture velocity Vp (horizontal motion). These parameters have already been theoretically introduced by Hammack (1973) and Todorovska and Trifunac (2001), respectively. For a simplified and schematic motion of the sea floor using simultaneously both parameters, a theoretical linear analysis developed in Le Gal et al. (2017) showed a resonance phenomenon for which the amplitude of the generated wave becomes significantly larger than the amplitude of the sea floor deformation. This phenomenon concerns deformation with small rise times and rupture velocities close to the linear long wave velocity g h . The aim of the present study is to investigate the influence of a kinematic deformation, using both parameters, during historical tsunamis with numerical nonlinear shallow water simulations. This work corroborates Le Gal et al.’s theoretical schematic analysis. For this purpose, two events are studied: the March 1947 New Zealand and the 2011 Japan tsunamis.

International audience; In this work, a weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (WCSPH) multiphase model is developed. The model is able to deal with soil-water interactions coupled in a strong and natural form. A Regularized Bingham Plastic constitutive law including a pressure-dependent Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion (RBPMC-αμ) is proposed to model fluids, soils and their interaction. Since the proposed rheology model is pressure-sensitive, we propose a multiphase diffusive term to reduce the spurious pressure resulting from the weakly compressible flow hypothesis. Several numerical benchmarks are investigated to assess the robustness and accuracy of the proposed multiphase SPH model.

One-dimensional (1-D) numerical models of solute transport in streams rely on the advection–dispersion equation, in which the longitudinal dispersion coefficient is an unknown parameter to be calibrated. In this work we investigate the extent to which existing empirical formulations of longitudinal dispersion coefficient can be used in 1-D numerical modelling tools of solute transport under steady and unsteady flow conditions. The 1-D numerical model used here is the open source Mascaret tool. Its relevance is illustrated by simulating theoretical cases with known analytical solutions. Ten empirical formulas of longitudinal dispersion coefficient are then tested by simulating eight laboratory experimental cases under steady flow condition and the solute transport in the Middle Loire River (350 km long) under highly variable flow condition (from July 1st 1999 to December 31st 1999). Comparisons between computed and measured breakthrough curves show that Elder (1959), Fischer (1975) and Iwasa and Aya (1991) formulas rank as the best predictors for the experimental cases. For the field case, Seo and Cheong’s (1998) formula yields the best model-data agreement, followed by Iwasa and Aya’s (1991) formula. The latter formula is, therefore, recommended for the entire range of conditions studied here.

International audience; Sensitivity analysis techniques have been widely used in multitude of applications to quantify the impact of inputs variables imprecision on the accuracy of the model output variables. Depending on the problem at hand, an appropriate method of sensitivity analysis should be selected. Direct and adjoint sensitivity analysis are two complementary approaches known to be efficient. While the direct approach provides an assessment of the propagation of the error of a given input parameter in the studied system, the adjoint approach enables to identify the source of the uncertainty of a given output variable with respect to several input parameters. Direct methods have been extensively investigated in different geophysical applications, particularly in the context of the hydraulic modeling. In this work, several methods will be described and applied to the same benchmark during over-flooding events. The effect of uncertainties in the boundary conditions, the spatially distributed functions (bed level, river width, friction, etc.) and the numerical parameters on the model state variables (discharge, water surface elevation, etc.) is examined. This study has been carried out on the Garonne River test case, along a 50 km downstream reach, using 1D full Saint-Venant hydraulic models SIC2 (Irstea) or Mascaret (EDF), and 2D Telemac model (EDF). Results illustrate the influence of individual and combined contributions of input variables uncertainties.

International audience; Tidal turbine will be installed in area with high current and high turbulence level. A characterisation of this last is required. The aim of the project THYMOTE is to characterize and understand the generation of eddies from smaller to several tens of meters. Three technics are used: Numerical modelling, Physical modelling, field measurements. Physical and numerical modelling show clearly the appearance of the eddies close to the bottom in presence of dunes or rocks and their motion towards the free surface.

This work focuses on the application of a Weighted Average Flux (WAF) approximation to the shallow water equations with friction and real bathymetry on unstructured two dimensional grids. The scheme obtained must satisfy severe numerical criteria so it can be implemented in the TELEMAC code, widely used in industry. Despite its interesting numerical properties (at least in theory, which includes second order in time and space), WAF approximation is rarely applied to unstructured meshes. Here, we provide a general method for applying the WAF scheme to a homogenous equation. The general and efficient discretization of the topographic source term (through hydrostatic reconstruction) and friction (with a semi-implicit way) is also presented. We applied the approximation using the HLLC Riemann solver within a vertex-centered finite volume framework. The discretization obtained is validated with several theoretical and real benchmarks. The WAF-HLLC scheme proposed is also compared to several other well-known schemes such as HLLC, Roe and Kinetic type schemes. The results obtained show that the behavior of the scheme is encouraging as they demonstrate well-balanceness, strict mass conservation, positivity of water depth, efficient treatment of wetting and drying phenomena, good shock-capturing and low numerical diffusion. Nevertheless, the second order of accuracy in space is not attained with sufficient rigor and remains an open problem requiring more detailed study.

Bank erosion can be an important form of morphological adjustment in rivers. With the advances made in computational techniques, two-dimensional (2D) depth-averaged numerical models have become valuable tools for resolving many engineering problems dealing with sediment transport. The objective of this research work is to present a simple, new, bank-erosion operator that is integrated into a 2D Saint-Venant-Exner morphodynamic model. The numerical code is based on an unstructured grid of triangular elements and finite-element algorithms. The slope of each element in the grid is compared to the angle of repose of the bank material. Elements for which the slope is too steep are tilted to bring them to the angle of repose along a horizontal axis defined such that the volume loss above the axis is equal to the volume gain below, thus ensuring mass balance. The model performance is assessed using data from laboratory flume experiments and a scale model of the Old Rhine. For the flume experiment case with uniform bank material, relevant results are obtained for bank geometry changes. For the more challenging case (i.e. scale model of the Old Rhine with non-uniform bank material), the numerical model is capable of reproducing the main features of the bank failure, induced by the newly designed groynes, as well as the transport of the mobilized sediment material downstream. Some deviations between the computed results and measured data are, however, observed. They are ascribed to the effects of three-dimensional (3D) flow structures, pore pressure and cohesion, which are not considered in the present 2D model.

The objective of this work is to demonstrate the potential of using passive microwave data to monitor flood and discharge conditions and to infer watershed hydraulic and hydrologic parameters. The case study is the major flood in Iowa in summer 2008. A new Polarisation Ratio Variation Index (PRVI) was developed based on a multi-temporal analysis of 37 GHz satellite imagery from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR-E) to calculate and detect anomalies in soil moisture and/or inundated areas. The Robust Satellite Technique (RST) which is a change detection approach based on the analysis of historical satellite records was adopted. A rating curve has been developed to assess the relationship between PRVI values and discharge observations downstream. A time-lag term has been introduced and adjusted to account for the changing delay between PRVI and streamflow. Moreover, the Kalman filter has been used to update the rating curve parameters in near real time. The temporal variability of the b exponent in the rating curve formula shows that it converges toward a constant value. A consistent 21-day time lag, very close to an estimate of the time of concentration, was obtained. The agreement between observed discharge downstream and estimated discharge with and without parameters adjustment was 65 and 95%, respectively. This demonstrates the interesting role that passive microwave can play in monitoring flooding and wetness conditions and estimating key hydrologic parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Dam related issues have become preoccupying, with raising concerns about detrimental environmental impacts and sedimentation in reservoirs. Reduction of the Ayu-fish production is due to increasing turbidity and decreasing coarse sediment supply by dams in the Tenryu River, Japan. The paper summarizes various case studies on excavated sediment supply in Japan and a case of numerical study to evaluate the effect of the supplied sediment on the spawning redds of Ayu-fish in the Tenryu River. Results of numerical simulations show that under the present management scheme of non-supplied sediment from the upstream dams, suitable spawning redds are formed on sandbars at the confluence instead of riffles. However, field surveys indicate that riffles with newly deposited sediment are more suitable for fish spawning.

The smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method is applied to the solution of shallow water equations. A brief review of the method in its standard form is first described then a variational formulation using SPH interpolation is discussed. A new technique based on the Riemann solver is introduced to improve the stability of the method

TELEMAC is a component of the open-source integrated suite of solvers TELEMAC-MASCARET for use in the field of free-surface flow that solves the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Generally speaking, uncertainties in the model formulation itself due to simplified physics and also in the input fields to the model such as the boundary conditions, initial conditions and hydraulic parameters translate into errors in the simulated hydraulic variables. In spite of significant advances in numerical schemes, description of geographical data (topography, bathymetry) and environmental conditions (hydrologycal and meteorological fields), the representation of the true state of a system as well as its forecasted state remains imperfect and some of these limits can be overcome combining observations with simulation via data assimilation techniques. This paper presents the implementation of a 3D-Var FGAT variational data assimilation algorithm as a proof of concept for improving TELEMAC simulations and forecast. The demonstration is made on the Berre lagoon application with TELEMAC-3D: the salinity state is sequentially corrected assimilating in situ salinity measurements.

The present study describes the assimilation of discharge in situ data for operational flood forecasting. The study was carried out on the Marne River (France) catchment where lateral inflows’ uncertainty is important due to karstic areas. This source of error was partly accounted for using an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm built on the top of a mono-dimensional hydraulic model. The lateral inflows were sequentially adjusted over a sliding 48 h time window. The correction leads to a significant improvement in the simulated water level and discharge in re-analysis and forecast modes. These results pave the way for the operational use of the data assimilation (DA) procedure for real-time forecasting at the French flood forecasting service.

In this paper a Lagrangian formulation of the Natural Element Method (NEM) is proposed to solve shallow water inviscid flows. NEM is a particle‐based method which revealed its capabilities in handling large distortion problems. Its main advantage is the interpolant character of its shape function and consequently the easiness of imposing Dirichlet boundary conditions.In this paper we use the NEM method in a collocation form and in a Lagrangian kinematic description. This formulation is found to be a finite volume methodology with flux computation on the Voronoi diagram of the standard triangular or quadrilateral meshes. The Shallow‐Water equations are used as the mathematical model. Besides the Lagrangian behavior of the flow which is difficult to capture, these equations have discontinuous solutions. Thus, stabilization issues have been considered. Some inviscid bidimensional flows are used as preliminary benchmark tests. This kind of flows is similar to that of metal casting. Good results were found whi...

International audience; This work has been performed by a French national consortium within the framework of the nationalproject Tandem, with aim to improve knowledge about tsunami risk on the French coasts. Workpackage#1 of this project was the opportunity to build a database of benchmark cases to assess the capabilitiesof 18 codes, solving various set of equations with different numerical methods. 14 test cases were definedfrom the existing literature with validation data from reference simulations, theoretical solutions or lab experiments.They cover the main stages of tsunami life: 1) generation, 2) propagation, 3) run-up and submersion,and 4) impact. For each case several of the numerical codes were compared in order to identify the forces andweaknesses of the models, to quantify the errors that these models may induce, to compare the various modellingmethods, and to provide users with recommendations for practical studies. In this paper, 3 representativecases are selected and presented with an analysis of the results.

Ces dernières décennies, une attention particulière a été portée sur la modélisation mathématique et la simulation numérique de la propagation de vagues en environnements côtiers. Une description physiquement correcte des phénomènes à grande échelle, qui apparaissent dans les régions d'eau peu profonde, doit prendre en compte de forts effets non-linéaires et dispersifs, ainsi que l'interaction avec des bathymétries complexes. Dans un premier temps, une étude du comportement en régime non linéaire de différents modèles de type Boussinesq est proposée, démontrant l'avantage d'utiliser des modèles fortement non-linéaires par rapport à des modèles faiblement non-linéaires et faiblement dispersifs (couramment utilisés). Ensuite, une nouvelle approche flexible pour résoudre les équations fortement non-linéaires et faiblement dispersives de Green-Naghdi est présentée. Cette stratégie permet d'améliorer un code "shallow water" existant par le simple ajout d'un terme algébrique dans l'équation du moment et est particulièrement adapté à l'utilisation de techniques hybrides pour le déferlement des vagues. De plus, la première discrétisation des équations de Green-Naghdi sur maillage non structuré est proposée via des schémas hybrides Volume Fini/Élément Fini. Finalement, les modèles et méthodes développés dans la thèse sont appliqués à l'étude du problème physique de la formation du mascaret dans des estuaires convergents et alluviaux. Cela a amené à la première caractérisation d'estuaire naturel en terme d'apparition de mascaret.; Over the last decades, there has been considerable attention in the accurate mathematical modeling and numerical simulations of free surface wave propagation in near-shore environments. A physical correct description of the large scale phenomena, which take place in the shallow water region, must account for strong nonlinear and dispersive effects, along with the interaction with complex topographies. First, a study on the behavior in nonlinear regime of different Boussinesq-type models is proposed, showing the advantage of using fully-nonlinear models with respect to weakly-nonlinear and weakly dispersive models (commonly employed). Secondly, a new flexible strategy for solving the fully-nonlinear and weakly-dispersive Green-Naghdi equations is presented, which allows to enhance an existing shallow water code by simply adding an algebraic term to the momentum balance and is particularly adapted for the use of hybrid techniques for wave breaking. Moreover, the first discretization of the Green-Naghdi equations on unstructured meshes is proposed via hybrid finite volume/ finite element schemes. Finally, the models and the methods developed in the thesis are deployed to study the physical problem of bore formation in convergent alluvial estuary, providing the first characterization of natural estuaries in terms of bore inception.