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The relevance of the search for alternative plant raw materials to enrich the diets of population throughout the world, including in the Russian Federation, is explained by global mass year-round insufficiency of biologically active nutrients in food. This work is aimed at identifying the most promising food plant species from the list, proposed on basis of long-term observations by staff of Tsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Russian Academy of Sciences (MBG RAS), by bachelors, studying in direction 06.03.01 (Biology) at Moscow State University of Food Production. The research materials (2016-2018) are fruits of hawthorns, rosehips, quince, eleutherococcuses, medlar, mahonia, spindle tree, yews, sumacs, oaks, red-fruited honeysuckles and needles of coniferous plants. Research results indicate the value of studied raw materials as a whole and its advantages in compared species within the genus of plants. Some recommendations for practical usage were made. The following things have been proposed: separation of fruit pulp and seeds before drying of fruits of Crataegus submollis and more preferable C. punctata; wide plantation cultivation of rosehips Rosa amblyotis and R. oxyodon; non-waste separate application of pericarp and seeds of Cydonia oblonga, Mespilus germanica and Mahonia aquifolium; medicinal use of fruits of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus , and more preferable E. senticosus ; further study of cones of Taxus baccata and T. media; as a spice there is usage of fruits of Rhus typhina ; obtaining unique oils from fruit pulp of Lonicera glehnii, L . ferdinandii, L. maackii and arils of Euonymus europaeus; usage of acorns of Quercus robur, Q. rubra and needles of Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris in feed production. Thus, possibilities of intensifying plant resource usage in the food industry and agriculture were discovered, primarily due to fruits of native introduced species. It is necessary to continue search and further study of the most promising species - sources of alternative plant raw materials.

Soil legacies mediate interactions between native and introduced plants, contributing to both invasion and biotic resistance to invasion. Given that nitrogen deposition can promote allelochemical release, reduce the benefits of soil microbes, and affect trait plasticity, nitrogen deposition likely alters soil legacies as well. However, it is not clear how mechanisms that facilitate adaptation to soil legacies are altered by nitrogen deposition. In a greenhouse setting, we investigated how an invasive and a native plant in northern China (Rhus typhina and Ailanthus altissima, respectively) acclimate to soil legacies and how these dynamics change with nitrogen availability. We measured plant functional traits, soil microbial abundance, microbial enzyme activities, and soil allelopathic effects to characterize plant responses to soil legacies from plants of the same and of the other species. Rhus typhina had a stronger growth response to soil legacies than did A. altissima. Rhus typhina established a novel plant-soil feedback by increasing fungi and bacteria, changing the composition of the microbial community, and effectively transforming negative effects of soil allelopathy to positive effects. Nitrogen deposition promoted the growth of R. typhina and alleviated the negative effects of heterospecific soil legacies on the performance of R. typhina. Invasive plants can acclimate to the soil legacies of native species through a combination of high trait plasticity, manipulating soil microbes, and establishing novel plant-soil feedbacks. Nitrogen deposition can facilitate invasive species acclimating to soil legacies by monopolizing nitrogen absorption, though this may diminish the benefit of soil microbes.

В данной статье предусмотрен технология получения жидкого экстракта из растений сумаха пушистого (rhus typhina l.). Для получения жидкого экстракта в качестве экстрагента использовали 70% этиловый спирт. В качестве эффективного и оптимального метода был использован метод перколяции. This article provides a technology for producing a liquid extract from the plants of rhus (rhus typhina l). To obtain a liquid extract, 70% ethyl alcohol was used as an extractant. The percolation method was used as an effective and optimal method.

Introduction In Donetsk Region, overburden dumps are the most common among lands disturbed by the mining industry. They have low fertility, unfavourable physical and chemical properties and microclimatic conditions. Natural revegetation accompanied by changes in species composition and structure is an important ecological and biological process in land disturbed by industry. In such areas, the species composition transforms over time from herbaceous associations to complex multi-species groups with a participation of the arboflora representatives. The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamics of natural revegetation with trees and shrubs in disturbed areas in Donetsk Region Materials and Methods The study was carried out during 2002–2020 on external dumps of overburden soils. Processes of natural revegetation were studied by laying temporary and permanent sample plots, accounting plots and route courses according to generally accepted methods in the most representative sites to cover all types of revegetation in transformed areas and a detailed description of the process. Results and Conclusions The research areas are located on the slopes of different exposures and steepness. Soil mixtures of overburden soils belong to ІІ (relatively poor soils) and ІІІ (poor soils) fertility classes (forest suitability) and to very dry (0) and dry types (1) of site conditions. Natural revegetation on external dumps occurs with a participation of the most site-adaptive species, primarily in micro-depressions, on the slopes of western and north-western exposures and in the lower parts of eastern and northeastern exposures, i.e. under better humidity and microclimate conditions. Trees and shrubs regenerate better on highly stony and medium stony soils. Sylvatization occurs first by seed, then by the vegetative type, and by the combined type later on. The nature of plant spread is gradual: from dispersed to continuous. Silvatization is predicted to lead to formation of new plant communities and to increase forest cover in disturbed areas. In quarry and dump areas, natural revegetation occurs in stages – from grassy vegetation to the formation of groups with a predominance of tree and shrub species, not only in areas with favourable forest conditions but also in the areas considered unsuitable for forest by their edaphotopes and hyhrotopes. Robinia pseudoacacia L., Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Symphoricarpus rivularis Suksdorf, Swida sangunea (L.) Opiz,, Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill., Prunus spinosa L., Соtinus coggygria Scop., Fraxinus excelsior L., Ulmus (U.) glabra Huds., U. suberosa Moench, Rosa canina L., Rhus typhina L., Armeniaca vulgaris Lam., Acer (A.) tataricum L., A. negundo L., Crataegus oxyacantha L., Lycium barbarum L., Lonicera tatarica L. Ligustrum vulgare L. are most actively renewed by seed and vegetative ways. 2 Figs., 3 Tables, 33 Refs. Key words: reclamation, natural revegetation, trees, shrubs.

University campuses usually have more trees and can provide various ecosystem services. However, there are few reports on tree ecosystem services of Chinese university campuses, especially in northern China. This study investigated the trees in the campus of Shenyang Institute of Technology and analyzed its ecological benefits and monetary value through i-Tree Streets. The campus trees contained a total of 5193 trees of 66 species, of which Catalpa ovata G. Don, Acer mono Maxim., Rhus typhina Nutt, and Salix babylonica L. accounted for 59.7% of the total number. The age structure of the trees in the campus was not ideal, with 71.5% of young trees, 24.0% of maturing trees, 4.5% of mature trees, and only 0.04% of old trees. The trees in the campus provided more energy saving benefits ($60,850, $11.7/tree), carbon reduction benefits ($34,318, $6.6/tree) and aesthetic benefits ($30,150, $5.8/tree). The benefits resulted from air pollutant removal ($12,889, $2.5/tree) and rainwater runoff interception ($15,534, $3.0/tree) were smaller. In addition, tree species with more maturing trees and mature trees (i.e., with larger diameter at breast height) and large leaf area in the campus contributed significantly to ecosystem services. Our results can provide suggestions and certain insights for Chinese campus greening managers in tree species selection and tree management.

Octovec (lat. Rhus typhina) je tujerodna invazivna rastlinska vrsta, ki izhaja iz Severne Amerike, prekomerno pa je razširjena pri nas. V diplomski nalogi smo raziskali uporabnost pridobljenega izvlečka barvila iz plodov octovca, ekstrahiranega v različnih topilih, v grafičnem in tekstilnem tisku. Osredotočili smo se na pripravo tiskarske barve z različnimi koncentracijami barvila in možne pozitivne ali negativne učinke različnih dodatkov k tiskarski barvi. Tiskali smo na komercialen bel papir in na papirja, pridelana iz stebel japonskega dresnika in zlate rozge ter na bombažno, poliestrno in volneno tkanino. Vsi odtisi so bili barvnometrično ovrednoteni. Barve odtisov so variirale med marelično rumeno oziroma bež do marelično rožnatih oziroma bolj rdečkastih odtenkov. S tiskarsko barvo z dodatkom bakrovega sulfata smo dobili sivozelene odtise. Vsem odtisom so bile testirane obstojnosti na drgnjenje in svetlobo. Odtisom na tkaninah so bile preizkušane tudi obstojnosti na pranje in mokro likanje. Obstojnosti odtisov na svetlobo so bile slabe. Dodatek taninske kisline v tiskarski barvi je dal temnejše odtise in je izboljšal obstojnosti na svetlobo. Obstojnost vseh odtisov na drgnjenje je bila odlična. Dodatek natrijevega karbonata v tiskarski barvi je zmanjšal obstojnost odtisov na poliestrni tkanini na drgnjenje. Obstojnosti odtisov na tkaninah na mokro likanje so bile odlične. Pralne obstojnosti odtisov na tkaninah so bile zelo slabe barva sicer pri nobenem vzorcu ni prešla na spremljevalno belo tkanino, a je pri vseh vzorcih prišlo do razbarvanja potiskane tkanine. Najslabšo obstojnost na pranje so imeli odtisi na volni, najboljše pralne obstojnosti pa so dosegli odtisi na kationsko predobdelani bombažni tkanini. Staghorn sumac (lat. Rhus typhina) is an invasive alien plant that originates from Northern America and is excessively widespread in our country. In the diploma thesis, we investigated the applicability of the obtained dye extract from staghorn sumac fruit, extracted in various solvents, in graphic and textile printing. We focused on printing ink preparation using different concentrations of extracted dye, and the possible positive or negative effects of different additives to the printing ink. For printing, the commercial white paper and papers made from the stems of Japanese knotweed and goldenrod, as well as cotton, polyester and woollen fabrics were used. All prints were colorimetrically evaluated. The colours of the prints varied from apricot yellow or beige to apricot pink or more reddish shades. Grey-green prints were obtained with the addition of copper sulphate in the ink. All prints were tested for rubbing and light fastness properties, and on fabrics, as well as for laundering and wet hot pressing. The fastness of the prints on the light was poor. The addition of tannic acid in the printing ink gave darker prints and improved resistance to light. The rubbing fastness of all prints was excellent. The addition of sodium carbonate in the printing ink reduced the abrasion resistance of the prints on polyester fabric. The durability of the prints on fabrics to the wet ironing was excellent. The washing fastness of the prints on the fabrics was very poor the prints on fabrics were discoloured, however, there was no transfer of printing ink to the accompanying white fabric. The prints on wool had the worst resistance to washing, while the prints on cationically pre-treated cotton fabric achieved the best washing fastness.

The aim of the study was to produce different types of coatings based on natural dyes obtained from invasive alien plant species and residues after paper production. As a source of dye we used extracts of Rhus typhina, Japanese knotweed, Himalayan balsam and Canadian and giant goldenrod. The substrates for the application of the coating were the wood of the tree of heaven and the wood of the horse chestnut. The coatings were observed visually, and the hydrophobicity of the coated surfaces was determined by measuring the contact angles of water droplets. In addition to the transparent and brown coloured coatings, we also achieved intense red, yellow, green, and brown and purple colourings. With a combination of different components, the hydrophobic properties of the coated surfaces varied. By combining an extract of giant goldenrod flowers and 3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl isocyanate, we succeeded in producing a coating with pronounced hydrophobicity. A process for the production of coloured and transparent hydrophobic coatings was developed in this research. Through the presence of various silane-containing molecules and the application of the coating to wooden surfaces, we changed their appearance and improved their hydrophobicity.

The search for promising plants with bactericidal and fungicidal activity is of great interest for practical and veterinary medicine, This article reveals the high antibacterial effect of the use of ethanol extracts from 8 species of plants of the families Anacardiaceae (Cotinus coggygria Scop., Rhus typhina L., Rhus trilobata Nutt. and Toxicodendron orientale Greene), Araliaceae (Hedera helix Linnaeus and Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem.), Phyllanthaceae (Leptopus chinensis (Bunge) Pojark.), Berberidaceae (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) against 23 strains of bacteria and one strain of fungi. The in vitro experiment revealed the zone of inhibition of growth of colonies exceeding 8 mm during the application of ethanol extracts of C. coggygria against twelve species of microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Bacillus cereus, Listeria ivanovi, Corynebacterium xerosis, Rhodococcus equi, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Serratia marcescens and Candida albicans), Rhus typhina – against twelve species (E. faecalis, E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, L. ivanovi, C. xerosis, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium, S. adobraco, S. marcescens and C. albicans), Rhus trilobata – against fourteen (E. faecalis, E. сoli, S. аureus, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis, B. cereus, L. ivanovi, C. xerosis, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Рseudomonas аeruginosa, Yersinia enterocolitica and C. albicans), Toxicodendron orientale – against eleven (E. faecalis, S. аureus, L. іnnocua, C. xerosis, Campylobacter jejuni, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Р. аeruginosa and C. albicans), Hedera helix – against seven (S. аureus, S. epidermidis, L. monocytogenes, C. jejuni, Rh. equi, P. vulgaris and C. albicans), Aralia elata – against nine (E. coli, S. aureus, B. cereus, C. xerosis, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis, S. typhimurium, S. marcescens and C. albicans), Leptopus chinensis – only against four (E. coli, S. epidermidis, B. cereus and P. mirabilis) and Mahonia aquifolium – against only three species (S. epidermidis, C. jejuni and P. vulgaris). As a result of the research, the most promising for studying in future regarding in vivo antibacterial activity were determined to be C. coggygria, Rhus typhina, R. trilobata, Toxicodendron orientale and Aralia elata.

Functional traits, specifically leaf functional traits, are core-topics to explore importance to the invasion success of invasive plant species. This study aims to address the differences in leaf functional traits and their corresponding variability of the invasive tree staghorn sumac Rhus typhina L. with different invasion success, including lower and higher invasion success, in two climatic regions in North China, including a warm temperate region and a cold temperate region. No significant differences were found for leaf functional traits of staghorn sumac across different invasion success. However, the variability of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of staghorn sumac under higher invasion success were approximately 66.023% and 68.615% higher than those under lower invasion success, respectively. The leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations of staghorn sumac in the warm temperate region were approximately 18.432% and 16.337% higher than those in cold temperate region, respectively. The variability of specific leaf area of staghorn sumac in warm temperate region was approximately 59.802% higher than that in cold temperate region. Accordingly, leaf chlorophyll and N concentrations as well as specific leaf area of staghorn sumac and their corresponding variability may play an essential role in shaping ecological success of studied invader along a climatic gradient.

Coal mining causes severe land degradation, which poses a great damage to carbon (C) sequestration function of the original ecosystem. Vegetation restoration in postmining areas plays an important role in rebuilding soil C pool and improving soil quality. In this study, soil C sequestration and soil properties of different vegetation types were investigated along restoration chronosequences in a postmining area in the eastern Loess Plateau. The results showed that soil properties improved substantially through artificial restoration by planting Rhus typhina (exotic species) and Platycladus orientalis (indigenous species) and through natural restoration. Soil C stock (0–20 cm depth) increased significantly with restoration duration in all of the vegetation types and was positively correlated to plant diversity except in R. typhina. After 12–20 years from restoration, accumulation rates of soil C varied significantly with vegetation type, with the maximum in P. orientalis (0.60 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and the minimum in naturally restored grassland (0.21 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). The optimum performance of P. orientalis plantation could be attributed mainly to high plant diversity and associated high fine root biomass (1.72 Mg ha⁻¹). A sharp decrease of plant diversity (39.0%) in R. typhina 12 years after restoration implied that soil C accumulation might not be sustainable in the long term. Our results suggest that P. orientalis as an indigenous species adaptable to harsh environment may facilitate the succession of a diverse ecosystem and promote soil C accumulation in degraded lands of postmining areas.

The present investigation reports the chemical composition of the Rhus typhina L. stem identified via mass spectrometry and NMR as gallic acid, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tryptophan, scopolin, methyl gallate, fustin, quercetin, rutin, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. The antioxidant properties and the chemical composition contents of the R. typhina L. stem grown in different regions in China were determined. To determine the antioxidant activity, a total phenolic content analysis, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, and β-carotene linoleic acid model system were conducted. The results showed that the Rhus typhina L. stem possessed high antioxidant capacities due to its high phenolic content. The contents of the nine isolated compounds were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The calibration curves of the nine isolated compounds were linear within the concentration range and the average recoveries were high. The result showed that 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, gallic acid, methyl gallate, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose could be the compounds mainly responsible for the antioxidant capacity of the R. typhina L. stem. This reveals that the R. typhina L. stem is a good source of antioxidants. Keywords: Rhus typhina L. stem, Antioxidant activity, Chemical composition, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS

Soil N2 -fixing bacterial communities (SNB) can enhance soil N availability and the invasiveness of invaders. Some invaders display different degrees of invasion across different climate regions. Given that bacterial communities may change with different climate regions, it is important to understand soil micro-ecological mechanisms driving the successful invasion of invaders across different climate regions. This study performed cross-site comparisons to comprehensively analyse effects of the invasive tree staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina L.) on the structure of SNB. In north China, we selected three sites within two sampling regions (a warm temperate region and a cold temperate region). Staghorn sumac invasion did not significantly affect soil physicochemical properties and the diversity and richness of SNB. LEfSe analysis showed that numerous SNB taxa changed significantly during staghorn sumac invasion. This may be attributed in part to the selective effects of allelochemicals released by staghorn sumac via leaf litter and/or root exudates. Consequently, staghorn sumac invasion may alter the structure, rather than the diversity and richness, of SNB to facilitate its invasion process by establishing a favourable soil microenvironment in the invaded habitats. The number of species and richness of SNB under staghorn sumac invasion were significantly lower in the warm temperate region than in the cold temperate region. A possible reason for the increased diversity and richness of SNB under staghorn sumac invasion in the cold temperate region may be because staghorn sumac in the cold temperate region can provide more nutrients into the soil sub-ecosystem, presumably to support a higher diversity and richness of SNB via the nutritional requirements of SNB. The changed structure of SNB under staghorn sumac invasion, especially across different climate regions, may play an important role in its successful invasion across most regions of north China.

The effects of vegetation restoration on matrix structure and erosion resistance of iron tailings were studied at dump sites in Malanzhuang, Qian’an, Hebei province, China. The restoration process involved soil spray sowing restoration model with Rhus typhina, soil and iron tailings admixture spray sowing restoration model with Amorpha fruticosa Linn. and six-hole brick restoration model with Pinus tabulaeformis Carriere.–Amorpha fruticosa Linn. mixed-forest, and direct restoration model with Hippophae rhamnoides and Sabina vulgaris. Results show that the composition and distribution of particles and aggregates were closely related to erosion resistance (P A. fruticosa soil and iron tailings admixture spray sowing > mixed-forest six-hole brick > H. rhamnoides direct restoration > S. vulgaris direct restoration. The R. typhina soil spray sowing restoration model resulted in the greatest improvement in matrix structure of iron tailings, increasing the clay (10.6%) and large particle aggregates (18.7%) contents significantly (P

The genus Rhus of the Anacardiaceae family includes about 120–150 species of small trees, bushes, and lianas. The chemical composition of the sumac fluffy Rhus typhina (L.) is almost unknown. Previously, some phenolic compounds (rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, tannin, gallic acid) were identified in the fruits of the plant. To quantify the amount of phenolic compounds in the raw materials studied, a method based on the complexation reaction of phenolic compounds with a phosphomolybdic-tungsten reagent (Folin-Denis reagent) in an alkaline medium was chosen. The optimal conditions for the complexation reaction are selected: the ratio of the solution of gallic acid and Denis-Folin reagent is 0.06 mg / 1.6 ml, respectively. For the quantitative determination of the amount of phenolic compounds for the aqueous extraction of sumac fluffy must be added 1.1 ml of Denis-Folin reagent, to alcohol-water extraction – 1.2 ml of Folin-Denis reagent. The maximum value of optical density in aqueous and alcohol-aqueous extractions is observed at a wavelength of 720 nm. In alcohol-water extraction, more phenolic compounds (A = 0.8683) pass into the alcoholic water than to the aqueous one (A = 0.6346). The method used is valid and can be used for quantitative determination of the amount of phenolic compounds in fruits of sumac fluffy. To evaluate the linearity, the regression equation is calculated y = 941.67x + 0.0725 and the correlation coefficient r = 0.9895. The concentration of phenolic compounds in alcohol-water extraction was determined from the calibration graph. The average content of the sum of the phenolic compounds in terms of the gallic acid in the alcohol- water extraction was 10.04 ± 0.17%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) is 2.61%., Род сумах Rhusсемейства Anacardiaceae включает около 120–150 видов небольших деревьев, кустарников, лиан. Химический состав сумаха пушистого Rhus typhina (L.) почти не изучен. Ранее в плодах растения идентифицированы некоторые фенольные соединения (рутин, кверцетин, гиперозид, танин, кислота галловая). Для количественного определения суммы фенольных соединений в исследуемом сырье была выбрана методика, основанная на реакции комплексообразования фенольных соединений с фосфорномолибденово-вольфрамовым реактивом (реактив Фолина-Дениса) в щелочной среде. Подобраны оптимальные условия проведения реакции комплексообразования: соотношение раствора кислоты галловой и реактива Дениса-Фолина – 0.06 мг/1.6 мл соответственно. Для проведения количественного определения суммы фенольных соединений к водному извлечению плодов сумаха пушистого необходимо прибавлять 1.1 мл реактива Дениса-Фолина, к спирто-водному извлечению – 1.2мл реактива Фолина-Дениса. Максимальное значение оптической плотности в водном и спирто-водном извлечениях наблюдается при длине волны 720 нм. В спирто-водное извлечение переходит больше фенольных соединений (А=0.8683), чем в водное (А=0.6346). Использованная методика валидна и может применяться для количественного определения суммы фенольных соединений в плодах сумаха пушистого. Для оценки линейности рассчитаны уравнение регрессии y = 941.67x + 0.0725 и коэффициент корреляции r=0.9895. Концентрацию фенольных соединений в спирто-водном извлечении определяли по градуировочному графику. Среднее содержание суммы фенольных соединений в пересчете на кислоту галловую вспирто-водном извлечении составило 10.04±0.17%. Относительное стандартное отклонение (RSD) равно 2.61%.

The temporal heterogeneity of nitrogen availability in soils is increasing due to agricultural deposition. We here compared the effects of gradually increasing nitrogen deposition rate and its increasing temporal heterogeneity patterns on the functional traits of seedlings of exotic species Rhus typhina and the native species Rhus chinensis. Nitrogen deposition rates of 0, 8, 20 g N m−2 year−1 and constant, single-peak, and double-peak nitrogen were added to simulate deposition rate and temporal heterogeneity. After 60 days of treatment, R. typhina seedlings had several advantageous growth trait values, such as higher total biomass production, but lower phenotypic plasticity than R. chinensis seedlings. R. typhina seedlings also had higher phenotypic integration, measured as the correlation among functional traits. The increased nitrogen deposition rate affected several traits of the two species differently. Thus, while R. chinensis seedlings allocated more biomass to leaves and less to roots with increasing N deposition, R. typhina seedlings had stable biomass allocation among all N treatments. Chlorophyll content, leaf phosphorus concentration, and water use efficiency increased, but the maximum net photosynthetic rate decreased, with N availability in R. chinensis, but not in R. typhina. Temporal heterogeneity had no significant effect on the total biomass of R. typhina and R. chinensis seedlings. Overall, the performance of R. typhina is better than that of R. chinensis seedlings under different nitrogen deposition treatments, which is due to the significantly advantageous trait values and greater phenotypic integration of R. typhina seedlings, whereas R. chinensis seedlings have higher phenotypic plasticity.

According to the ‘novel weapons hypothesis’, invasive success depends on harmful plant biochemicals, including allelopathic antimicrobial roots exudate that directly inhibit plant growth and soil microbial activity. However, the combination of direct and soil-mediated impacts of invasive plants via allelopathy remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed the allelopathic effects of an invasive plant species (Rhus typhina) on a cultivated plant (Tagetes erecta), soil properties and microbial communities. We grew T. erecta on soil samples at increasing concentrations of R. typhina root extracts and measured both plant growth and soil physiological profile with community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) using Biolog Eco-plates incubation. We found that R. typhina root extracts inhibit both plant growth and soil microbial activity. Plant height, Root length, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and AWCD were significantly decreased with increasing root extract concentration, and plant above-ground biomass (AGB), below-ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB) were significantly decreased at 10 mg·mL-1 of root extracts. In particular, root extracts significantly reduced the carbon source utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers, but enhanced phenolic acid. Redundancy analysis shows that soil pH, TN, SOC and EC were the major driving factors of soil microbial activity. Our results indicate that strong allelopathic impact of root extracts on plant growth and soil microbial activity by mimicking roots exudate, providing novel insights into the role of plant–soil microbe interactions in mediating invasion success.

Plants may maintain long-term xylem function via efficiency-safety tradeoff and segmentation. Most studies focus on the growing season and community level. We studied species with different efficiency-safety tradeoff strategies, Quercus acutissima, Robinia pseudoacacia, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, and Rhus typhina, to determine the seasonality of this mechanism. We separated their branches into perennial shoots and terminal twigs and monitored their midday water potential (Ψmd), relative water content (RWC), stem-specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks), loss of 12, 50, and 88% of maximum efficiency (i.e., P12, P50, P88) for 2 years. There were no correlations between water relations (Ψmd, RWC, Ks) and embolism resistance traits (P12, P50, P88) but they significantly differed between the perennial shoots and terminal twigs. All species had weak annual hydraulic efficiency-safety tradeoff but strong segmentation between the perennial shoots and the terminal twigs. R. pseudoacacia used a high-efficiency, low-safety strategy, whereas R. typhina used a high-safety, low-efficiency strategy. Q. acutissima and V. negundo var. heterophylla alternated these strategies. This mechanism provides a potential basis for habitat partitioning and niche divergence in the changing warm temperate zone environment.

Octovec (Rhus typhina) je tujerodna invazivna rastlina. V diplomski nalogi je bil raziskan vpliv ekstrakcije barvila iz plodov octovca in predobdelave bombažne tkanine na njeno obarvljivost. Barvilo je bilo ekstrahirano v vodi in alkoholu. Vzorci bombažne tkanine so bili pred barvanjem obdelani s kationskim sredstvom DENIMCOL FIX-OS in v sojinem mleku. Barvanje je bilo izvedeno na neobdelanih in predobdelanih vzorcih po izčrpalnem postopku pri dveh koncentracijah vsakega barvila. Na spektrofotometru so bile izmerjene barvne vrednosti obarvanih vzorcev pred in po pranju, določena je bila tudi barvna obstojnost na svetlobi in na drgnjenje. Iz rezultatov je razvidno, da barvanje z vodnim ekstraktom daje bolj žive barve kot barvanje z alkoholnim ekstraktom. Prav tako so vzorci, ki so bili pobarvani z vodnim ekstraktom, temnejši, bolj rdeči in bolj rumeni. Višja koncentracija ekstrakta povzroči temnejše, bolj rdeče in bolj rumeno obarvanje bombažne tkanine. Predobdelane tkanine so temnejše, manj rdeče in bolj rumene kot neobdelane tkanine. Obarvani vzorci so imeli slabo barvno obstojnost na pranje, dobro barvno obstojnost na svetlobi in odlično barvno obstojnost na drgnjenje. Staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) is an alien invasive plant. The influence of the dye extraction process from staghorn sumac fruit and the pre-treatment of cotton fabric on its dyeability was studied in the diploma thesis. The dye was extracted in water and alcohol. Samples of cotton fabric were pre-treated with the cationic agent DENIMCOL FIX-OS and soya milk. The dyeing was performed on untreated and pre-treated samples with the exhaustion method at two concentrations of each dye. The colour value of the dyed samples before and after the washing was measured with a spectrophotometer moreover, colour fastness to light and rubbing was determined. The results show that the dyeing with water extract gives brighter colours than the dyeing with alcohol extract. Furthermore, samples dyed with water extract are darker, redder and yellower. A higher concentration of the extract causes darker, redder and yellower colouring of the cotton fabric. Pre-treated fabrics are darker, less red and yellower than untreated fabrics. Dyed samples had poor colour fastness to washing, good colour fastness to light and excellent colour fastness to rubbing.

Rhus typhina L. (Staghorn Sumac) is fast-growing woody species that reproduces by rhizomes and seeds. Because of its biological benefits, this deciduous member of the Anacardiaceae family has been introduced from its native habitats in the east of North America to urbanized landscapes of Ukraine. In this study we anаlyse changes in morphometric and physiological indicators of 12-year plants of this species in artificial phytocenoses near highways in Pavlograd, Ukraine. Experimental plots were placed at a distance from 25 to 130 meters from the road. The control group of plants was at a distance of 1500 m from the highways. We measured the length and thickness of the annual sprout, number of leaves on it, the content of chlorophyll in the leaves and accumulation of cadmium and lead in the leaf tissues. It was found that, compared to the plants in the relatively clean area, the greatest decreases in the length of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations were for those which were at a distance of twenty five metres and forty meters from the traffic lanes of the highways. The thickness of the annual shoots of the trees in the plantations did not differ from plants in the clean zone. The number of leaves on a one-year annual sprout at a distance of twenty five meters and forty meters from the path of moving sources of pollution was significantly lower compared to control. We evaluated the impact of vehicle exhaust emissions on the assimilatory organs. We identified a negative effect of the anthropogenic pollutants on photosynthetic pigment content in leaves. The amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased with decreasing distance from the plantation to the road. Changes in the content of chlorophyll b had a clear pattern. The concentration of this pigment and the amount of chlorophyll a + b decreased compared with control in the 130 meter area. The amount of toxic heavy metals (lead and cadmium) in the tissues of the leaf was significantly higher than the control values on all plots. The strongest negative effects of phytotoxicants on susceptible plants occurred in plantations in the twenty-five-meter zone, which led to deterioration of the decorative quality of the plants.