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New digital technology areas were added to the New Zealand primary school technology curriculum in 2020. These areas aim to grow students who are not just passive users of technology but, instead, students who understand how computers work, who are digital creators, informed by design processes and critical thinking. The new digital areas of the technology curriculum appear to have created tension between the expectations of teachers and their relative capabilities. Examining three primary teachers' implementation of the new digital areas, this project utilised a participatory action research (PAR) methodology to review teachers' journey of adoption. Findings indicated that implementing the curriculum areas was not as complex as teachers first imagined and that unplugged activities (those without devices) played a significant role in the new digital technology areas' successful implementation in the classroom. The main themes that appeared from the data included levels of teacher knowledge, teacher confidence and curriculum learning area integration.

In the more than 350 lawsuits challenging election law procedures prior to the 2020 election, federal courts rarely found that the political question doctrine limited their role. Yet, the doctrine continues to prompt judicial abstention in other legal contexts, including political gerrymandering, foreign affairs, and impeachment. This Note examines why the Equal Protection exception announced in the canonical political question doctrine case Baker v. Carr has swallowed the core of its holding--that courts should decline to exercise jurisdiction over a case if any one of six factors render it a 'political question.' The answer is likely the intervening Anderson-Burdick doctrine, which eviscerates the political question doctrine and the separation of powers rationales for which it stands. This Note will posit that the political question doctrine should be reinvigorated to restore the courts' proper role in election law disputes over voting procedures. Baker's first factor--which counsels courts to decline jurisdiction where there is a textually demonstrable commitment to a coordinate political department--is especially pertinent insofar as the Elections Clause assigns control over the times, places, and manners of elections to state legislatures, checked by Congress. The modern textualist Court should consider applying this Baker factor, and others, to restore the proper balance between the branches vis-a-vis election law., TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION--A TOOTHLESS POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE IN ELECTION LAW 756 II. THE ORIGINS & EVOLUTION OF THE POLITICAL QUESTION DOCTRINE 758 III. INTO THE 'POLITICAL THICKET:' THE [...]

In this Article, we attempt to document how the history of the Supreme Court's Establishment Clause jurisprudence is a history of constructionism, much of it--though not all--originalist in flavor. We use "construction" in a technical sense and in contradistinction to "interpretation." Construction is the act of importing meaning into the constitutional text. To document and explain how leading Supreme Court justices have engaged in originalist constructionism, we employ the interpretationconstruction distinction as well as two additional analytical concepts recently discussed by leading legal scholars: Sam Bray's recovery of "the mischief rule" and Jack Balkin's textual typology of principles, standards, and rules. These tools help us set forth the component parts--or, perhaps we should say, the "raw materials"--of constitutional constructions, at least as they have been performed by Supreme Court Justices in the context of the Establishment Clause. Seeing that justices have constructed the Establishment Clause and appreciating how they have done so contributes to our understanding of church-state jurisprudence in particular, and to the concept of constitutional construction more generally. For Establishment Clause jurisprudence, we identify and pinpoint the specific moments of judicial creativity that animate the principles, standards, and rules that justices have read into the First Amendment's text. Identifying this jurisprudential scaffolding sheds new light on and facilitates evaluations of competing church-state doctrines. It also allows us to speculate about the next phase of the "tradition and history" construction that the Court's new originalist majority is currently building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety planning intervention (SPI) is gaining momentum in suicide prevention practice and research. This systematic review sought to determine the effectiveness of the SPI for adults experiencing suicide-related distress. Systematic searches of international, peer-reviewed literature were conducted in six databases (Cochrane Trials, Embase, Emcare, Medline, PsycINFO and Web of Science), including terms for safety planning, suicide, and suicide-related outcomes. A total of 565 results were included for screening. Result screening (title/abstract and full-text), data extraction and critical appraisal were conducted in duplicate. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were primarily quantitative (n = 20), largely with general adult or veteran samples; a small number of studies explored the perspectives of staff and significant others. Half of the studies included the SPI as a standalone intervention, while the other half examined the SPI in combination with other interventions. Most interventions were delivered in-person, with a hard-copy safety plan created, while a smaller number explored internet-based interventions. Primary measures included: suicidality (ideation, behavior, deaths; 10 studies), suicide-related outcomes (depression, hopelessness; 5 studies) and treatment outcomes (hospitalizations, treatment engagement; 7 studies). The evidence supports improvements in each of these domains, with complementary findings from the remaining quantitative and qualitative studies suggesting that the SPI is a feasible and acceptable intervention. While positive, these findings are limited by the heterogeneity of interventions and study designs, making the specific impact of the SPI difficult to both determine and generalize. Conversely, this also points to the flexibility of the SPI. The Safety Planning Intervention (SPI) is a valuable indicated intervention for general adult and veteran populations experiencing suicide-related distress, primarily in face-to-face, clinical settings. Quantitative findings indicate associations between the SPI and improvements in suicidal ideation and behavior, decreases in depression and hopelessness, along with reductions in hospitalizations and improvements in treatment attendance. Qualitative studies suggest the SPI is acceptable and feasible, with areas for development. SPIs have been shown to be adaptable to the clinical area in its modality (digital or paper-based), delivery (face-to-face or online), facilitation (clinician or self-administered) and multiplicity (as stand-alone or combined intervention). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One way to question the nature of architectural work and the tasks of the architectural "worker" is to examine the specificity of a related group of practitioners. This was the approach of WORKAROUND: Women, Design, Action, an exhibition at RMIT University's Design Hub Gallery in Melbourne (July 25–August 11, 2018), which demonstrated an emerging movement of women working within an expanded field of architecture and education. In this paper, we explore some of the processes, conceptual frameworks, outcomes, and implications of the WORKAROUND exhibition, revisiting its central theme—the workaround itself—and its value for enabling change in architectural education and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplementation may enhance performance and reduce soreness from acute, repeated-sprint, high-intensity exercise. Our aim was to investigate whether semi-elite rugby union athletes may benefit. In a randomized block design, 17 semi-elite male rugby players were assigned to receive either 1 g oral NAC (n = 8) or placebo (n = 9) for six days. The mean percentage effect of NAC on exercise performance was assessed through completion of a broken bronco exercise test on days 5 and 6 of supplementation. Players self-reported muscle soreness and tolerability to supplements using a modified Muscle Pain and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire throughout the supplement duration. NAC produced a likely beneficial performance effect on maximum shuttle sprint time (2.4%; 90% confidence limit ± 4.8%) but was unclear on total time during back-to-back broken bronco tests compared to placebo. NAC had a likely protective effect on subjective muscle soreness during days 1–4 of supplementation (−19% ± 27%) but a very likely harmful effect on days 5 and 6 of supplementation (71% ± 59%). Daily supplementation with 1 g of oral NAC for six days produced no adverse side effects, reduced muscle soreness after one bout of damaging exercise, but increased soreness following the second bout. The performance effects were generally unclear apart from maximal sprint time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with author Jayne Anne Phillips is provided, in which she expounds upon the portrayals of mothers and daughters in her works.