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Stamped amphorae and their stamps on them have been the subject of scientific studies for more than a century, and the stamped amphorae found in both archaeological excavations and museum collections have been evaluated and brought to the literature. The three complete stamped Rhodian amphorae registered in the Güray Museum inventory are the subject of this study. The aim of the study is to date the amphorae and to determine the eponyms and fabricants on the stamps on their handles. In this study, on the first amphora, the eponym Aratophanes I and the month Artamitios and the fabricant Aristokles II; on the second the eponym Aleximachos and the month Thesmophorios and the fabricant Bromios; on the last one, the eponym Timodikos and the month Sminthios and the fabricant Nysios were detected together. In this study, new eponym-fabricant associations, which were not previously identified, were detected and the use of fabricant and eponym matrices/dies together was revealed. Thus, new contributions have been made to the understanding of the Rhodian amphora stamping system and its chronology.

Two sediment sections are investigated at Cape Arkhangelos, island of Rhodes, where Pleistocene marine sediments crop out in horsts and grabens of a Mesozoic basement. There, hemipelagic sediments characterized by upper bathyal communities are atypically mixed with much shallower faunal components because they were deposited close to rugged coastal landforms. Biostratigraphic analyses show that the sections were deposited between 1.8 and 0.9 Ma, and between 1.8 and 1.6 Ma, respectively. By combining the planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratio with 31 bathymetric indicators chosen among extant species of benthic foraminifera, mollusks, and bryozoans, we show that relative sea-level fluctuations can be reconstructed in these atypical settings despite the proximity of steep slopes that favored transportation of allochthonous fauna. The shallow-water components (including gravels and calcareous algae) were transported downslope by the combined action of gravity, currents, and tectonic disturbance that promoted drowning (with a maximum flooding recorded at ca. 1.7 Ma) and then uplift of fault-bounded paleovalleys that formed during the Early Pleistocene. Abrupt facies changes and age differences between sections have been triggered by the irregular paleotopography of the Mesozoic basement, which fostered differential depositional settings, with outer to middle neritic deposits above the horsts and upper bathyal deposits in paleovalleys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are considered a class of pollutants with a significant presence in indoor and outdoor air and serious health effects. The aim of this study was to measure and evaluate the levels of outdoor and indoor VOCs at selected sites on Rhodes Island, Greece, during the cold and warm periods of 2023. Spatial and seasonal variations were evaluated; moreover, cancer and non-cancer inhalation risks were assessed. For this purpose, simultaneous indoor-outdoor air sampling was carried out on the island of Rhodes. VOCs were determined by Thermal Desorption—Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (TD-GC/MS). Fifty-six VOCs with frequencies ≥ 50% were further considered. VOC concentrations (∑56VOCs) at all sites were found to be higher in the warm period. In the warm and cold sampling periods, the highest concentrations were found at the port of Rhodes City, while total VOC concentrations were dominated by alkanes. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the VOC emission sources. Non-cancer and cancer risks for adults were within the safe levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Ege Denizi’ndeki en stratejik adalardan biri olan Rodos’un hikâyesini anlatan Ziver Bey, bir tarihçiden çok edebiyat yazarıydı. Ziver Bey eserini Rodos’ta maarif müdürü olarak görev yaptığı sırada kaleme almıştı. Büyük ölçüde Batılı kaynaklardan istifade etse de iktibaslarını kişisel gözlemlerinden beslenerek desteklemişti. Eserini Rodoslular için kaleme aldığını söyleyen Ziver Bey’in kendisi de adalıydı. Bir başka ifadeyle Osmanlı adalarındaki toplumsal yapıya aşina olduğu gibi bizzat o yapının bir ürünüydü. Tarihini II. Abdulhamid Dönemi’nde yazan Ziver Bey, sürgün politikasının tesiriyle Rodos’ta yaşamaya zorlanan Osmanlı aydınlarının zenginleştirdiği fikrî bir ortamdan beslenmişti. Rodos Tarihi’ni henüz kariyer basamaklarını tırmanmakta olan bir memurken yazmıştı. Öte yandan entelektüel üretiminin kariyer yolculuğunda kendisine fayda sağlamasını ummuştu. Bu çalışma bir Tanzimat Dönemi entelektüelinin yazdığı tarihi merkeze alarak onun düşünsel mirasına, içinde bulunduğu entelektüel çevreye ve XIX. yüzyıl tarih yazım geleneğindeki yerine odaklanmaktadır. Son dönem Osmanlı tarihçilerinin eser üretme motivasyonunu taşradaki bir memurun hikâyesi üzerinden ele almaktadır. Bunların da ötesinde bir tarihçiden çok edebiyatçı olarak temayüz etmiş bir yazarın Osmanlı tarihçiliğine ne ölçüde metodolojik katkıda bulunduğu araştırılmaktadır.

Kırşehir Kale Höyük, which spreads over a very large area in the city center, is the first settlement of the city. The Hellenistic Period layers are the the most important part of the stratigraphy of the mound from the present to the Bronze Ages. Hellenistic finds and remains in a were unearthed in a multi-phase manner under the Medieval layer, especially in the south of the mound. Among these, the aim of our article is to introduce, evaluate and interpret the three stamped amphora handles found in the trenches in grid-squares H4 and J3. Unfortunately, the handles recovered from the pit, filling layer or blockage in the Hellenistic layers do not have a sterile context. The first of the handles belongs to a Rhodian amphora. It was found in the filling layer under the medieval wall foundation with code no. D1 in grid-square H4. The other handles belong to two Sinopean amphorae. The first of these was recovered from a pit associated with the Hellenistic (third) layer, again in grid-square H4. The second handle of the Sinope amphora was found in the J3 grid-square on the slope, from the blockage layer of a mostly destroyed flooring ruin. In our study, the production sites of the above-mentioned amphora stamps were determined and classified, cataloged and generally dated between the middle of the 3rd century BC and the beginning of the 2nd century BC. Also, the handles were compared with similar samples found from other centers. Thus, the amphorae, whose production centers were identified from their stamps, gave information about the commercial connections of Kırşehir in the Hellenistic period. Finally, the routes through which these amphorae may have been transported to Kırşehir have also been discussed; the region's connections with Sinope, Kilikia and Pergamon have been stated.

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are considered a class of pollutants with a significant presence in indoor and outdoor air and serious health effects. The aim of this study was to measure and evaluate the levels of outdoor and indoor VOCs at selected sites on Rhodes Island, Greece, during the cold and warm periods of 2023. Spatial and seasonal variations were evaluated; moreover, cancer and non-cancer inhalation risks were assessed. For this purpose, simultaneous indoor-outdoor air sampling was carried out on the island of Rhodes. VOCs were determined by Thermal Desorption—Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy (TD-GC/MS). Fifty-six VOCs with frequencies ≥ 50% were further considered. VOC concentrations (∑56VOCs) at all sites were found to be higher in the warm period. In the warm and cold sampling periods, the highest concentrations were found at the port of Rhodes City, while total VOC concentrations were dominated by alkanes. The Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model was applied to identify the VOC emission sources. Non-cancer and cancer risks for adults were within the safe levels.

This paper focuses on how the Hospitallers cultivated the island of Rhodes between 1309 and 1522, drawing on both published and unpublished documents from the Hospitallers' archive on Malta. After their conquest of Rhodes, the Hospitallers not only inherited the available land, but attempted to expand and enhance its productivity and use. This article considers both agricultural and possible recreational spaces, in particular looking at the diverse types of gardens that developed. The paper argues that there were distinct stages to the cultivation of Rhodes, especially apparent in the first half-century of occupation of the island: that is, settlement of Latins and Greeks on the island, which equates to the social cultivation of Rhodes, then bringing uncultivated land into cultivation, the conveying of already cultivated land under Hospitaller control, and finally the maintenance and improvement of farmed lands. This last task was something shared by the many Hospitaller commanderies throughout Europe and continued until their lands were gradually confiscated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The present study provides new data from the analysis of 111 copper-based and 11 silver-alloy coins from the ancient city of Rhodes, Greece. This is the first time that an elemental analysis has been carried out on copper-based coins issued by the Rhodian mint from the mid-4th c. BCE to the 2nd c. CE. Based on the μ-XRF results, three different groups of copper-based alloys are formed, with tin and lead as their major alloying components. The elemental composition shows that most of the coins are binary, leaded and ternary bronzes, while two samples—confirmed as imports—belong to a different technological tradition. All impurities present, such as iron, nickel, cobalt, antimony, or lead, are typical of copper ores, while the diminutive amounts of tin, lead and/or arsenic in some coins could indicate the use of alloys made from copper scrap. Based on a complex and extensive set of compositional data and using silhouette analysis for k-means clustering, we identified the existence of four distinct groups clustered on the basis of similar trace element values. The groups give indication to the raw materials used for minting and provided valuable insights into the technological and origin-related aspects of Rhodian coin production. In the silver coins, four groups of different silver grades can be identified on the basis of the most important alloying elements. Overall, the differences in the composition of the silver coins become clear, but a more extensive sample is needed to better understand the evolution of Rhodian silver coinage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The votives described in the Lindian Chronicle, a late Hellenistic inscription from the Sanctuary of Athena Lindia on Rhodes, create a clear but largely fictitious network stretching across the Eastern Mediterranean. This paper diagrams the network captured by this text, and then seeks to explain why it was invoked by the Lindians at this particular historical moment (100 BCE). This secondary goal is accomplished by considering archaeological and textual evidence for Rhodian trade in the second half of the 2nd c. BCE, and comparing the resulting ‘real’ trade network with the ‘imagined’ network of the inscription. This comparison leads to the conclusion that the network of the Lindian Chronicle was invoked to reassure the local populace of Rhodes’ unshakable historical importance in Mediterranean interstate trade, at a time when that trade – the life blood of the island – had precipitously dropped.

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The aim of this paper is to consider the ways in which political exiles acted in their relations with other states during the first phase of Spartan hegemony and up to the stipulation of the Peace of Antalcidas. It analyses as a case study the actions of those Rhodians who became exiles during the revolts that shook the island in the first decade of the 4th century BC. After a brief introduction, the paper focuses on the contexts that led to the proliferation of exiles in the period under consideration dwelling on the special relationship of mutual support between the Spartan king Agesilaus and the exiles. Then it analyses the case of the Rhodian exiles as an example of the general activism of the political exiles. They presented themselves as groups opposed to the governments in power or to precise policies that these governments supported and resorted to the traditional means of political struggle. By so doing, they broadened the area of political action outside the polis, politicising their exile with strategies that recall, at least embryonically, forms of modern political transnationalism.

Bodrum Türk Kuyusu Mahallesi kurtarma kazıları, antik Halikarnassos kentinde stadyumun batısında, tiyatronun güneyinde, Mars Tapınağı ve Dorik Stoanın doğusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu makalede, kazılar sonucunda ele geçen ve Hellenistik Döneme tarihlendirilen ithal amphoralara ait mühürler ele alınmıştır. İncelenen 38 mühürden 19'u Rhodos, 4'ü Rhodos Peraiası, 8'i Knidos ve 4'ü Kos kökenli amphoralara aittir. Buluntular arasında yeralan Khios, Amorgos ve Nikandros Grubu amphoralarına ait mühürler de birer örnekle temsil edilmektedirler. Ele geçen söz konusu mühürlü amphora kulpları kentin Hellenistik Dönem ticari faaliyetlerine ilişkin bilgiler vermektedir. The rescue excavations at Bodrum, Türk Kuyusu Quarter were carried out in the west of the stadium, the south of the theatre, the east of the Temple of Mars, and the Doric Stoa of the ancient city of Halikarnassos. In this article stamps found from the excavations and belonging to imported amphorae dated to the Hellenistic Period are studied. Totaly 38 stamped handles are presented here and 19 of the stamps are from Rhodes, 4 from Rhodian Peraea, 8 from Knidos, and 4 from Kos. Stamps belonging to the amphorae of Khios, Amorgos, and Nikandros Group are represented by one example among the finds. These stamped amphora handles give information about the trade relations of Halikarnassos in the Hellenistic Period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These five Hellenistic stamps provide chronological milestones for dating the occupation of this site for more than two centuries, from the second third of the 4th century to the second half of the 2nd century. They bear witness to the spread of goods from the Greek world in the settlements of non-Greek populations along the Danube valley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arkhaia Anatolika: The Journal of Anatolian Archaeological Studies is the property of Arkhaia Anatolika and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of TUBA-KED: Turkish Academy of Sciences, Journal of Cultural Inventory is the property of Turkish Academy of Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Malicky (2018) synonymized Tinodes karpathos Oláh, 2015 described from the Karpathos Island, Greece with Tinodes petaludes Malicky, 1974 described from the Rhodes Island. On the basis of re-examination of the T. karpathos holotype and compared it with the newly collected T. petaludes specimens the synonymy of the two species is rejected and Tinodes karpathos is reinstated here as a valid species, stat. restit.!

Amphorae are stamped by production centers, especially in the Aegean Region. Stamps, which are epigraphic evidence, provide the date of the layer or context they were found by determining the origin of the amphorae and reveals the commercial relations between the production and consumption centers. There are many amphorae in the Edirne Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography. These amphorae are recorded in various ways in the inventory of the museum. It was determined that only five of the amphorae in the museum collection were stamped. This article aims to classify the stamped amphorae according to their production centers, to give a date to the stamped amphorae and to analyze the inscriptions on the stamps.In this study, seven stamps on five amphorae with preserved double handles were examined. Three of these stamps are Thasos and four are Rhodes. Only two of the Rhodesian stamps have been resolved. As a result of our investigations, it was determined that these stamped amphorae belonged to Thasos and Rhodes. The stamps have the names of the eponym and the producer, ethnicon and symbol. The date of the stamps that can be read within the scope of this article is determined by the names of the eponyms and producers. It is understood that the stamped amphorae here are generally from between the 4th – 2nd centuries BCE.

From 1912 until World War II, Italy occupied Rhodes and thirteen other islands in the Southeast Aegean as part of its territorial expansion. In comparison with Italian colonies in Africa the islands have received significantly less historical and critical attention. This article brings the Southeast Aegean into the light and into dialogue with ongoing debates about Italy’s colonial past. I argue that the islands offer an important lens onto the relationship between overseas expansion and the remaking of Italian national identity at home. The essay reconstructs a massive project to reinvent the port of Rhodes as an upscale resort town of cultural attraction for Italian and European tourists. It describes how the urban renovation of Rhodes was marked simultaneously by the desire to modernize the island and by the desire to preserve, embellish and celebrate the exotic setting of the island. Analyzing architecture, urban planning, touring propaganda, and representations of the local community in photography and film, the article illuminates Italian fantasies of recuperating cosmopolitan histories through Mediterranean colonial tourism. At the same time, these fantasies evolved over time. The articles tracks an unresolvable ambivalence about whether the islands were “Western” or “Eastern”—part of  metropolitan Italy or part of its overseas expansion—and its ideological challenge to the Fascist ideas about nation and race.

Rhodes, which has commercial, military and geopolitical importance for Mediterranean and Anatolian geography, was ruled by diverse nations throughout the course of history. When the island captured by the Knights of St. John in 1309, island became the center of anti Ottoman activities, and Mehmed the Conqueror’s campaigns to conquer the island failed. After this date, Rhodes question which remained stagnant for various reasons, solved in June 1522 with the extensive campaign of Suleiman the Magnificent, in order to include the island to Turkish territories and secure the Mediterranean trade roads, and the island was conquered 20 June 1522. As an important conquest for the Turkish history, conquest of Rhodes had both commercial, political and military, and eternal consequences, and this event was written in several fetihnames. The most famous of these, is the Fetihname of Rhodes of Celalzade. As it is already known, fetihnames, which tell a conquest from beginning to end, would become poems known as tehniye. An unknown sample of this kind, which have many examples in classical Turkish literature tradition, is inspected by us and become the subject of this paper. In these days which coincides with the 500th anniversary of the conquest of Rhodes, Fehmi’s- a 16th century poets (d. 16th century) Fetihname of Rhodes, is tried to be presented to scholarly world. In our studies in Republic of Turkey State Archives, Ottoman Archives Topkapı Palace Archives document 0364, we have seen that this piece, which includes fetihname and the date, which was given by the poem. As it was found in the palace archives it is clear that this poem was presented to sultan. It is important for both fetihname literature and its poem, who has been unknown to this date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in two bilingual communities on the island of Rhodes, Greece. We examine: (a) the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim community of Rhodes (Georgalidou et al. 2010, 2013) and (b) the Greek-American/Canadian community of repatriated emigrant families of Rhodian origin (Kourtis-Kazoullis 2016). In particular, combining interactional and conversation analytic frameworks (Auer 1995; Gafaranga 2007), we examine contemporary approaches to bi-/multilingualism focusing on the pragmatics of humour in conversations among bilinguals. We scrutinise aspects of the overall and sequential organisation of talk as well as instances of humour produced by speakers of different ethnic origin, generation, and social groups. We focus on the construction of “otherness,” which reflects the dynamic interplay between the micro-level of conversational practices and the macro-level of discourse involving contrasting categorisations and identities pertaining to differently orientated ethnic and social groups. Based on the analysis, we will show a) how humorous targeting orients in-groups versus out-groups, and b) mediates the dynamic process of constructing the identity of speakers who, being members of minority linguistic communities, represent “otherness.”

In this study, we analyse conversations recorded during ethnographic research in two bilingual communities on the island of Rhodes, Greece. We examine: (a) the bilingual in Greek and Turkish Muslim community of Rhodes (Georgalidou et al. 2010, 2013) and (b) the Greek-American/Canadian community of repatriated emigrant families of Rhodian origin (Kourtis-Kazoullis 2016). In particular, combining interactional and conversation analytic frameworks (Auer 1995; Gafaranga 2007), we examine contemporary approaches to bi-/multilingualism focusing on the pragmatics of humour in conversations among bilinguals. We scrutinise aspects of the overall and sequential organisation of talk as well as instances of humour produced by speakers of different ethnic origin, generation, and social groups. We focus on the construction of "otherness," which reflects the dynamic interplay between the micro-level of conversational practices and the macro-level of discourse involving contrasting categorisations and identities pertaining to differently orientated ethnic and social groups. Based on the analysis, we will show a) how humorous targeting orients in-groups versus out-groups, and b) mediates the dynamic process of constructing the identity of speakers who, being members of minority linguistic communities, represent "otherness." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Reducing the carbon emissions from hotels on non-interconnected islands (NII) is essential in the context of a low carbon future for the Mediterranean region. Maritime tourism is the major source of income for Greece and many other countries in the region, as well as hot-temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Like many NIIs, Rhodes attracts a high influx of tourists every summer, doubling the island's energy demand and, given the high proportion of fossil fuels in the Rhodian energy supply, increasing carbon emissions. Using the theoretical framework 'FINE', this paper presents the optimisation of a medium-sized hotel's energy system with the aim of reducing both cost and carbon emissions. By introducing a Photovoltaic (PV) net metering system, it was found that the carbon emissions associated with an NII hotel's energy system could be reduced by 31% at an optimised cost. It is suggested that large-scale deployment of PV or alternative renewable energy sources (RES) in NII hotels could significantly reduce carbon emissions associated with the accommodation sector in Greece and help mitigate climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1309 to 1523, Rhodes was ruled by the Order of the Knights of St. John. The relics of John the Baptist, their patron saint, held a prominent place in the Hospitallers’ devotion. Among the relics, his arm became a significant focus of attention and pilgrimage for the Christian world. After a brief review of the earliest references to the arm, its travels about the eastern Mediterranean, as well as some of the testimonies related to it, the representations of the saint’s arm in medieval painting are briefly examined. After 1204, the Knights appear to have had a direct or indirect connection with the proliferation and dispersal of the relics of the saint, aiming at political and economic benefits. The “miraculous replication” of the arm opened new perspectives for power and influence.

This paper is occasioned by the identification in museum collections of four Rhodian stamped amphora handles discovered in the Dacian settlement from Cetățeni (Romania), which raises to 114 the quantity of Rhodian stamps known from here. This large number of Rhodian amphora stamps compared to any other Dacian site is explained by the fact that the settlement of Cetățeni (2nd century BC - 1st century AD), located at the southern foot of the Carpathians, controlled a very important road that started from the Danube and crossed mountains to the north. The amount of imports in general (pottery, ornaments, coins) in this settlement is high, and indicates clear connections with the Mediterranean civilization, first with the Hellenistic world and then with the Roman one. The batch of Rhodian amphora stamps from Cetățeni covers the periods III-VI, with an obvious peak in the V period, in the decade 130-121 BC. The four new stamps are divided into two of eponym (Andrias, who is one of the last eponyms of the period Va, and an illegible one) and two of fabricant (both of them belonging to Linos). They complete and at the same time confirm the batch already known from this site: Andrias is making his first attestation at Cetățeni, but the quantity of Linos' stamps from the settlement is now rises to five, Linos being the fabricant with the largest number of stamps here. A substantial part of the paper is dedicated to tracing the chronology of the Rhodian fabricant Linos. From the analysis of all available elements, the period in which Linos operated as fabricant in Rhodes is a long one, most likely extending over the third quarter of the 2nd century BC. This chronology is also confirmed by the relatively numerous contexts in the Dacian settlements on the Lower Danube, in which Linos' stamps were discovered over time (not only at Cetățeni, but also at Popești, Cârlomănești, Pleașov and Adâncata). The spread of this fabricant's amphorae in the Dacian world is wide and is an argument for the existence of a deep rooted and well-established trade. It is more and more obvious that the penetration of amphorae carrying Aegean wine to the Carpathians was not at all a sporadic, negligible occupation, or minor affair, but a well-organized operation that involved the transport of considerable quantities of goods. The discussion on trade mechanisms between Rhodes and the 'barbarian' territory north of the Danube is resumed, on the basis of the amphorae imported in Dacian settlements. The paper examines the real role of Greek colonies from the Black Sea in mediating this trade on an ancient road that led deep into the 'barbarian' inland, from the shoreline to the Carpathians. The significant influx of Rhodian wine to Cetățeni at a time when the West and also the North of the Pontos Euxeinos market are in obvious decline may also suggests the existence of alternative routes cut directly through the North Thracian lands and avoiding the Greek cities in reaching the untamed 'Barbarian' land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnobotanical, historical study explores modern Sephardic Jews' abiding affection for ruta graveolens , rue, or ruda (as it is known in Ladino). Folkloric writing on ruda has emphasized the immutability of Mediterranean Jewish folkways, but ruda has a history that reveals how a plant can further a particular diaspora—not the Jewish diaspora from biblical Israel, nor the Sephardic diaspora from medieval Iberia, but the Jewish diaspora from the modern Ottoman Balkans. Ruda offers a fresh perspective on the caterwaul of change engulfing modern Sephardim, refocusing attention from politics to the intimate, tactile, and gendered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the little-known poems of Machiavelli, the Carnival poem Spiriti beati is probably the least understood. Building on recent documentary discoveries about Machiavelli's life, this article argues that this poem had a clear political/encomiastic goal and advances a new hypothesis about its date of composition. A comparison with a chapter of Machiavelli's Florentine Histories indicates that the poem must be interpreted in light of a patronage relationship with Cardinal Giulio de Medici, and in the context of his increasing political role at the court of Rome from 1516 on. More specifically, the encomium is for the initiatives Giulio and his cousin Pope Leo X took against Barbary pirates and the Ottoman expansion in Europe and on the Mediterranean. These efforts were both visual - as seen in the Battle of Ostia fresco in the Vatican - and martial as particularly the Cardinal advocated for the defense of the island of Rhodes in the years 1520-22, even after the election of Adrian VI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The ophiolites and related mélanges in the Eastern Mediterranean region are important proxies for tracking the geodynamic evolution of the Paleotethyan and Neotethyan basins. Along the Aegean forearc, the island of Rhodes (Dodecanese, Greece) is located at a key position between the western and eastern ophiolites of the region and exposes an ophiolitic mélange unit ("Kopria Mélange") comprising sedimentary and magmatic rocks of Paleozoic and Mesozoic ages, but no clear understanding of their relationships. New micropaleontological results obtained on radiolarian cherts show that some blocks in the mélange are Middle Jurassic (early Aalenian), Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian), and Early Cretaceous (Valanginian; late Valanginian-early Aptian) in age, complementing previous data obtained on blocks with sedimentary and magmatic sources (Early or early Late Carboniferous to Late Cretaceous). The mélange components age range (MCAR) of the Kopria Mélange, a new indicator corresponding to the time span represented by all the elements in a given mélange, reaches a significant duration of 239±9 million years. A review of the nature and ages of the Kopria blocks shows that the mélange is probably polygenetic and could record 1) Paleozoic units derived from the southernmost part of the northern Paleotethyan margin; 2) the local Prophitis Ilias Unit traditionally associated with the Pindos Zone s.l. of continental Greece, Peloponnesus and Crete; and 3) potential remnants of the sedimentary cover of the Rhodes ophiolite. It is difficult to determine whether the mélange formed exclusively during obduction or was related to subduction-accretion processes associated with stacking of upper and lower plate components. However, the co-occurrence of ophiolitic blocks with Jurassic and Cretaceous ages reveals a double magmatic signature which could represent the transition between units comprising the Middle-Late Jurassic ophiolites traditionally associated with the Hellenides, and the Cretaceous ophiolites correlated with the Taurides (Lycian Nappes). These results show that the ophiolitic mélange of Rhodes possibly records sources from two distinct and diachronous parts of the Northern Neotethyan basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 1306 to 1798, the Hospitaller Order of the knights of St John was headquartered on the Mediterranean islands of Rhodes and Malta. These 'crusaders' encountered island landscapes, ancient texts and monumental ruins of Graeco-Roman antiquity there first-hand. Their attitude to ancient sculpture and inscriptions changed over time, however, as did their scholarship of classical Greek, Roman or Byzantine texts and antiquities. Their antiquarianism shifted as some retreated from battlefields or hospitals, connecting with the literary, material and Christianised legacy of ancient Greece and Rome around them. Ruins like the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus were rebuilt into fortifications c.1500, but by 1647, Commendatore G. F. Abela was collecting, and writing about, his own 'modern' museum of classical antiquities on Malta. Antiquarian activities of the Hospitaller Knights thus chart the growth of both neoclassicism and the academic study of the Mediterranean islands in antiquity, forming a key legacy of the Order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article draws on historical sources from the Italian Ministry of Foreign affairs, the Bank of Italy and the General State Archives of the Dodecanese to investigate Italy’s policies for tourism development in the Dodecanese from 1923 to 1939. It focuses on the place of Rhodes within the fascist regime’s public diplomacy towards the Levant and shows how this relation was perceived and represented by both the local and metropolitan decision-makers.

The Temple of Apollo Pythios, built in the Hellenistic era (3rd–1st century BC), is located in the ancient Acropolis of Rhodes. It was excavated during the Italian occupation and reconstructed by the Italians in the period 1937–8. The method of the “scenographic„ restoration was the “mixed structure„ technique using a core of reinforced concrete in combination with new biocalcarenite stones and the integration of very few ancient architectural members. Its proximity to the sea and the corresponding salt decay phenomena, aggravated by the erroneous reconstruction methodology and materials, have further deteriorated its state of preservation. Today, the four columns, epistyle and entablature of the Italian interventions demand immediate restoration actions to ensure the monument’s sustainability. This can only be achieved through a combined study of the performance of potential restoration materials and assessment of their compatibility with the historical materials. In the present study, the characteristics of the Temple’s historical porous stones are presented along with the characteristics of five quarry stones, aiming to evaluate which quarry stone is the most appropriate for use in the upcoming restoration. Restoration mortars are designed and evaluated in respect to both the historical materials and the quarry stones, aiming to select the optimum restoration mortar, which can achieve the required level of performance and compatibility and ensure sustainability of the structure as a whole.

The Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem was founded in the late eleventh century to assist sick and indigent pilgrims in the Holy Land. Its mission expanded in the twelfth century to include fighting alongside crusaders in the Levant. Hospitaller activities became bifurcated, exhibiting both warlike functions and daily prayers. This paper details the deliberate self-fashioning by the Order’s hierarchy for its own geopolitical survival by means of notable books and artworks produced in several hundred Hospitaller commanderies flourishing across Europe. The decor and activities in these domiciles reinforced Hospitaller piety and helped finance forays into the Mediterranean battle zone. From the first siege of Rhodes in 1480 to the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, a carefully crafted image of the knights as defenders of Christendom showcased core Hospitaller values. Guillaume Caoursin’s Description of the Siege of Rhodes (1480), Geertgen tot Sint Jans’ altarpiece in the Low Countries (ca. 1485), Pinturicchio’s fresco cycle in the Piccolomini Library of the Duomo in Siena (1502-1507), Jacques de Bourbon’s Oppugnation de Rhodes (1525), and Sabba da Castiglione’s Ricordi (1546) are but some of the vehicles for expressing the stability of the Order through literary descriptions and visual renderings. Robust imagery was broadcast throughout the commanderies, where the knights tended to the needs of the Order while maintaining independence from secular lords and episcopal authorities.

• CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from cattle manure heaps in Kenya were measured. • Cattle had either restricted feed intake or received poor-quality forage grass. • Low manure N concentration and high C:N ratio reduced N 2 O emissions. • N 2 O emission factors were similar to or lower than the IPCC default for solid storage. • CH 4 emission factors were similar to or lower than IPCC default values. Countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) rely on IPCC emission factors (EF) for GHG emission reporting. However, these were derived for industrialized livestock farms and do not represent conditions of smallholder farms (small, low-producing livestock breeds, poor feed quality, feed scarcity). Here, we present the first measurements of CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from cattle-manure heaps representing feeding practices typical for smallholder farms in the highlands of East Africa: 1) cattle fed below maintenance energy requirements to represent feed scarcity, and 2) cattle fed tropical forage grasses (Napier, Rhodes, Brachiaria). Sub-maintenance feeding reduced cumulative manure N 2 O emissions compared to cattle receiving sufficient feed but did not change EF N2O. Sub-maintenance feeding did not affect cumulative manure CH 4 emissions or EF CH4. When cattle were fed tropical forage grasses, cumulative manure N 2 O emissions did not differ between diets, but manure EF N2O from Brachiaria and Rhodes diets were lower than the IPCC EF N2O for solid storage (1%, 2019 Refinement of IPCC Guidelines). Manure CH 4 emissions were lower in the Rhodes grass diet than when feeding Napier or Brachiaria, and manure EF CH4 from all three grasses were lower than the IPCC default (4.4 g CH 4 kg−1 VS, 2019 Refinement of IPCC Guidelines). Regression analysis revealed that manure N concentration and C:N were important drivers of N 2 O emissions, with low N concentrations and high C:N reducing N 2 O emissions. Our results show that IPCC EFs overestimate excreta GHG emissions, which calls for additional measurements to develop localized EFs for smallholder livestock systems in SSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the carbon emissions from hotels on non-interconnected islands (NII) is essential in the context of a low carbon future for the Mediterranean region. Maritime tourism is the major source of income for Greece and many other countries in the region, as well as hot-temperate and tropical regions worldwide. Like many NIIs, Rhodes attracts a high influx of tourists every summer, doubling the island’s energy demand and, given the high proportion of fossil fuels in the Rhodian energy supply, increasing carbon emissions. Using the theoretical framework ‘FINE’, this paper presents the optimisation of a medium-sized hotel’s energy system with the aim of reducing both cost and carbon emissions. By introducing a Photovoltaic (PV) net metering system, it was found that the carbon emissions associated with an NII hotel’s energy system could be reduced by 31% at an optimised cost. It is suggested that large-scale deployment of PV or alternative renewable energy sources (RES) in NII hotels could significantly reduce carbon emissions associated with the accommodation sector in Greece and help mitigate climate change.