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Alerginė astma yra viena iš labiausiai pasaulyje pa­plitusių lėtinių neužkrečiamųjų ligų. Net 60-78 proc. pacientų, sergančių šia liga, kartu serga ir alerginiu rinitu. Šiuolaikinis alerginio rinito gydymo būdas, galintis sumažinti ar pašalinti ligos simptomus ilgam laikui, yra alergenų specifinė imunoterapija (ASIT). Pastebėta, kad šis gydymas turi teigiamos įtakos ir alerginei astmai. Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti sergančiųjų alergine astma kartu su alerginiu rinitu vienerių metų gydymo ASIT poveikį alerginės astmos eigai. Atliktas retrospektyvinis tyrimas, į kurį įtraukta 15 pacientų, sergančių alerginiu rinitu kartu su alergine astma, kuriems 2018-2019 m. buvo taikyta ASIT. Išanali­zuoti pacientų duomenys: lytis, amžius, ASIT tipas, astmos kontrolės testo (AKT) balas ir inhaliuojamojo gliukokortikoido budezonido (ar ekvivalento) suminė paros dozė prieš ASIT paskyrimą ir po vienerių metų gydymo. Atlikto tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė tenden­ciją, kad po vienerių metų alerginės astmos kartu su alerginiu rinitu gydymo ASIT, gerėja astmos kontrolė ir mažėja inhaliuojamųjų gliukokortikoidų poreikis. Siekiant tiksliau įvertinti gydymo veiksmingumą, rei­kėtų atlikti didesnės imties ir ilgesnės trukmės pros­pektyvinius tyrimus.

Objectives There is a great deal of interest in the possibility that environmental factors may influence the risk of developing allergic rhinitis (AR) in early life. We investigated the simultaneous effects of mode of delivery and duration of breastfeeding on the development of AR in children. Methods Data from 1,374 children participating in the Allergic Rhinitis Cohort Study for kids (ARCO-kids study) was analyzed. All subjects were divided into AR or non-allergic rhinitis (NAR) groups. Data on environmental factors, mode of delivery and duration of breastfeeding were collected using a questionnaire. Results Compared with short-term breastfeeding (

An expert meeting «Place of Leukotriene receptor antagonists in treatment of Allergic Rhinitis» took place under the auspices of Russian Association of Allergists and Clinical Immunologists and Russian Rhinologic Society. Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an inflammatory disorder and it’s based on many cells and mediators release as well as CysLT. Montelukast is a selective leukotriene receptor antagonist, CysLT1 selective inhibitor (cysteine receptors of LTC4, LTD4, LTE4). Consensus document (Expert Statement LIRA (Leukotrienes Impact on Rhinitis Allergic) describes AR therapeutic treatment approaches for achieving AR symptoms control and patient adherence improvement.

We complement the discussion by Brindisi et al. [1] on the management of allergic rhinitis in children amid novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. Brindisi et al. [1] presented a well‐reasoned discussion on the use of intranasal corticosteroids and allergen immunotherapy in children with allergic rhinitis amid COVID‐19 pandemic where they recommend continuation of the former while withholding of the latter upon risk‐benefit assessment.

Allergic rhinitis is a common condition with increasing prevalence and is associated with several comorbid disorders such as bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. If allergen avoidance is not possible, allergen-specific immunotherapy is the only causal treatment option.This review focuses on current treatments and the future outlook for allergic rhinitis. Pharmacotherapy includes mast cell stabilizers, antihistamines, glucocorticosteroids (GCSs), leukotriene receptor antagonists, and nasal decongestants. Nasal GCSs are currently regarded as the most effective treatment and are considered first-line therapy together with non-sedating antihistamines. The new formulation MP29-02 combines the nasal GCS fluticasone propionate with azelastine in one single spray and has achieved greater improvements than those under monotherapy with modern GCSs or antihistamines. Furthermore, this review discusses allergen immunotherapy alone and in combination with modern monoclonal antibodies.Despite the variety of medications for allergic rhinitis, ranging from general symptomatic agents like GCSs or decongestants, to more specific ones like histamine receptor or leukotriene blockers, to causal therapy like immunotherapy, many patients still experience treatment failures or unsatisfactory results. The ultimate goal may be to endotype every downstream pathway separately in order to offer patients individualized, targeted therapy with specific antibodies against the respective pathway.

Allergic rhinitis is a ubiquitous type of allergic reaction which results in significant costs to affected patients and their families. Although allergic rhinitis can coexist with other atopic conditions, the role of food allergies in the development of allergic rhinitis has not been well studied. This article explores relevant literature on this subject in order to identify gaps in the available body of knowledge and elucidate scope for further research.

Background: Studies on allergic rhinitis prevalence have found significant variations in their results, even in closely-living populations. Objective: To determine and compare the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its symptoms in schoolchildren from Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive study on the prevalence of allergic rhinitis diagnosis and symptoms, where the “Diagnostic questionnaire for epidemiological studies” was used between June and December 2015 in pre-school and primary and secondary school population, after authorization was granted by parents and school authorities. Results: In 7866 surveys in a population aged between 3 and 15 years, 939 cases of allergic rhinitis (11.94%) were identified, with 53% belonging to the female gender. The symptom with the highest prevalence was cold-induced nasal congestion (56.8%), followed by rhinitis accompanied by ocular symptoms (35.8%) and recurrent flu-like symptoms (20), which was the most common symptom in allergic rhinitis (100%). Conclusions: A significant variation was observed in the prevalence of symptoms, notably higher than that of questionnaire-obtained allergic rhinitis diagnosis (11.94%), which suggests that the independent prevalence of symptoms is not a good parameter to detect the prevalence of allergic rhinitis.

Resume Introduction Blomia tropicalis est un acarien qui appartient a la superfamille des Glycyphagidae. Initialement decrit comme un acarien de stockage, il s’est vite impose comme un acarien des maisons des regions tropicales et sub-tropicales. Etat des connaissances La sensibilisation a cet acarien est tres frequente en Amerique du Sud et en Asie du Sud-Est. Les etudes epidemiologiques ont egalement retrouve des sensibilisations a cet acarien en Afrique et en Amerique centrale. Blo t 5 est l’allergene majeur de B. tropicalis . La co-sensibilisation aux acariens comme Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p) et Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) est tres frequente. Une allergie croisee a ete retrouvee mais les allergenes recombinants mis en evidence par la biologie moleculaire ne permettent pas d’expliquer cette allergie croisee. La sensibilisation a B. tropicalis debute vers l’âge de 36 mois et la proportion de patients sensibilises augmente jusqu’a l’âge adulte pour diminuer a l’âge de 50 ans. L’implication de B. tropicalis dans la rhinite allergique et l’asthme est bien decrite. Il est egalement retrouve dans d’autres maladies allergiques. Peu d’etudes se sont interessees aux strategies therapeutiques mais l’immunotherapie est largement utilisee. Perspectives Des etudes sont necessaires pour mieux comprendre le role joue par B. tropicalis en pathologie humaine et etoffer l’arsenal therapeutique.

Objective To compare changes in quality of life (QOL) that resulted from sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) and subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) in a real-world clinical setting. Background SLIT is established as a viable alternative to SCIT for the treatment of allergic rhinitis. Although comparative trials are increasingly available, few studies have examined QOL outcomes between these two treatments. Methods One hundred and five participants who underwent immunotherapy for airborne allergies were enrolled in this prospective, single-center study. Forty participants completed the Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) at initiation of therapy, after 6 months, and after 1 year of therapy. Only patients with complete time points were included in the ultimate analysis. Twenty-nine of these participants underwent SCIT and 11 underwent SLIT. The effects of age, sex, and asthma history were also examined. Results The participants in both groups demonstrated improvements in QOL regarding allergic rhinoconjunctivitis over the study period. However, the change in the RQLQ score from both baseline to 6 months and baseline to 1 year was only statistically significant in the SCIT group (p = 0.002, 6 months and 1 year). The participants in the SCIT group also demonstrated statistically significant improvement from baseline to 1 year in the specific domains of practical and emotional functioning, nasal symptoms, non-nasal/eye symptoms, and sleep. After 1 year, both SCIT and SLIT demonstrated a minimally important difference from baseline in the overall RQLQ score. Age Conclusion Although improvements in QOL were noted in both groups, changes in overall scores and the majority of domains only achieved statistical significance in the SCIT group. A small study population and difficulties adhering to immunotherapy dosing schedules in the SLIT group may be contributing factors.

Recent studies suggest that vitamin D is related to allergic rhinitis (AR). In this review, we first discuss the physiology and metabolism of vitamin D, then we review the function of vitamin D in the immune system, and above all, we highlight the current research regarding the role of vitamin D in AR. Finally, we find that there are both experimental and clinical studies showing that vitamin D is associated with AR, although the results are not consistent and even conflicting. Evidences from those clinical studies show a slightly tendency that serum vitamin D level might be inversely associated with the risk of AR. Meanwhile, it seems that gender and age may influence the relationship between vitamin D and AR. However, because of the heterogeneity in defining AR, differences in study design and so on, all these findings need to be confirmed by further studies. Additional clinical studies as well as experimental research are needed to better understand how vitamin D influences AR.

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) may be overdocumented in cases of dental caries because of controversies in the literature This study was conducted to investigate the potential relationship between AR and dental caries in children. Materials and Methods: A total of 296 children were included in this cross-sectional study. Participants were evaluated using the decay-missing-filled (DMF) index, and their AR status was evaluated by physical examination and through a standard questionnaire. Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics were compared among groups using Student's t-test or the Mann–Whitney U-test, the Chi-square test, and/or Fisher's exact test as appropriate. A level of P < 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant. Results: Evidence of AR was found in 77 (35.1%) participants. There was no significant difference in the rate of tooth decay or DMF between participants with or without AR (P = 0.07), but a significant difference was observed in the number of missing and filled teeth between those with and without AR (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in educational level, family income, milk intake, use of pacifier, use of a toothbrush, saliva secretion, or body mass index (P > 0.05 in all cases) between AR-positive and AR-negative patients. Fluoride therapy and oral breathing were identified as confounding factors and controlled using log-linear analysis. The mean rate of DMF in patients who also had AR was 20% greater than in the AR-negative group (odds ratio [OR] = 1.21, confidence interval [CI]: 1.05–1.35) and 15% greater in among children who breathed orally than those who did not (OR = 1.15 CI: 1.02–1.31). Conclusion: AR and oral breathing may have an effect on oral health and dental condition, leading to an increased rate of tooth loss, oral fillings, and development of dental caries.

Objective. To investigate the prevalence and features of ocular allergy (OA) and comorbidities among school children in Shanghai, China. Methods. This was a population-based cross-sectional study. Each participant completed an ISAAC-based questionnaire. The prevalence of OA symptoms, allergic rhinitis (AR) asthma, atopic dermatitis (AD), and sensitization to mites, pollen, and food was analyzed. Results. A total of 724 and 942 completed questionnaires from the 7–9-year-old (young group) and the 12–14-year-old (teen group) groups were analyzed, respectively. The overall prevalence of OA symptoms was 28%. However, more young students (10.6%) reported mild to severe daily life interference caused by OA than the teens (5.7%). The young group had higher prevalence of diagnosed allergic conjunctivitis (10.2%). The overall prevalence of AR symptom, diagnosed asthma, and diagnosed AD was 40.4%, 11.6%, and 16.7%, respectively. Young children had higher prevalence of diagnosed AR and AD than the teens. There were gender associated differences in the prevalence of AR and asthma among young children, but not among the teens. The comorbidities associated with OA was also analyzed. Sensitization to mites, food, and pollen was associated with higher prevalence of allergic conditions. Conclusions. OA together with other allergic conditions affected a significant number of children in Shanghai.

[Excerpt] The Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT) was introduced to assess control of allergic rhinitis and asthma (ARA) simultaneously. It is the first tool to implement ARIA guidelines in clinical practice [1-5].CARAT10 was developed for adults [5], and CARATKids was designed for children aged 6 to 12 years [6]. There is no validated questionnaire to assess control of ARA in patients between the ages of 12 to 17 years., Financial support for this work was provided by FEDER funds through the Operational Programme Competitiveness Factors—COMPETE and National Funds through FCT— Foundation for Science and Technology under project POCI-01-0145-FEDER--007038 and project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000013, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

Background: No consensus has ever been reached about the correlation between nasal resistance and the subjective sensation of nasal patency. The aim of the present study was to better de ne whether primary school and secondary school aged children correctly estimate their nasal obstruction. Materials and methods: Two hundred eighty four children (168 males and 116 female) aged between 6 and 14 years (9.5+2.9 years) affected by Pediatric Allergic Rhinitis underwent Rhinomanometry and they were considered as correctly estimating their nasal obstruction when the grade of nasal patency corresponded to the severity of the NOSE score, overestimating when the grade of nasal patency was 1 when compared to the severity of the score. Results: Correlation between NOSE score and nasal patency was statistically significant (r -0.74; p12 overestimate (34.7%) their symptoms more frequently than children among other age ranges (p

The increasing prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) seems to be linked to several important environmental factors that interact with underlying genetic predisposition to influence the risk of this disease. This article examines these environmental determinants of AR, and the evidence for their association with disease prevalence. Exposure to a variety of aeroallergens is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of AR. Other environmental exposures have been suggested to play potential roles in the risk of AR, including bacterial exposure, air pollution, and environmental toxicants.

Background In recent decades, the amount of data about allergic rhinitis (AR) in Korean National Health Insurance Service has increased. Objective To investigate the prevalence and quality of sensitized allergens of AR in Korean children and adolescents. Methods This study obtained the results of the Korean International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaires and the skin-prick test (SPT) results of 14,356 students who participated in a health screening from 2010 to 2014. AR was defined as one with current symptoms of AR with at least one or more positive results of an SPT with inhalant allergens. Results The prevalence of AR in children was 20.8%. Positive rates of the allergen group were 87.3% for house-dust mites, 37.0% for pollen, 12.4% for mold, and 8.4% for pets. The common allergens in descending order were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Betula, Humulus, Alnus, and Alternaria. As the children became older, pollen-sensitization rates tended to increase (p value for trends, Conclusions This was the first study conducted in Korea to investigate the prevalence of AR in the general population by using both questionnaires and SPTs. The allergens used for the SPTs were chosen based on the common allergens in this study, and this current pollen data will contribute to establish the cause of increasing AR prevalence in Korea.

To evaluate the effect and safety of acupuncture therapy on patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis.A non-randomized controlled design was used to compare between the acupuncture group and the medication group. The acupuncture group received 8-week acupuncture therapy, and the medication group received budesonide nasal spray with cetirizine tablets for 8 weeks. The clinical symptoms and signs were analyzed before treatment, at 4 and 8 weeks after the start of treatment, and at 12 weeks after the end of treatment. Furthermore, the clinical efficacy and safety indicators were compared between the two groups.A total of 76 participants consisting of 38 in each of the two groups were enrolled. The scores of each clinical symptom and sign, including sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, nasal itching, and turbinate edema, and the total scores decreased over time in both groups (all P0.05); and no difference was found in the scores between the two groups (P0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the effective rates of the acupuncture group at 4 and 8 weeks after the start of treatment as well as at 12-week follow-up compared with those of the medication group (83.3% vs. 91.2%, and 94.4 % vs. 85.3%; and 80.6 % vs. 82.4%, all P0.05). Experimental items including blood routine, urine routine, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, urea nitrogen and creatinine were all in the normal reference ranges during the treatment in the acupuncture group.Acupuncture therapy has a comparable effect to the medication treatment on patients with moderate to severe allergic rhinitis, and it is safe with no severe adverse effects.

Background Dry eye is characterized by decreased tear production and/or increased evaporation rates of the tear film barrier. Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease that develops through immunoglobulin E in the rhino ocular mucosa due to allergens. To investigate the prevalence of allergic rhinitis symptoms and positive skin-prick test results in patients with dry eye. Methods This is a case-control study. The study included 57 patients with dry eye and 48 healthy subjects. The prevalence of allergic symptoms and skin-prick test results were assessed and compared with the control group. Results With regard to positive reactions to allergens in skin-prick tests, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergy (p = 0.0003), Dermatophagoides farinae allergy (p = 0.0003), grass-mix allergy (p = 0.049), Salicaces allergy (p = 0.006), and Compositae allergy (p = 0.019) were significantly observed to be higher in the group with dry eye. Nasal obstruction (p = 0.027), discharge (p = 0.0001), sneeze (p = 0.0003), itching (p = 0.0001), and postnasal drainage (p = 0.001) symptoms were observed to be significantly higher in the group with dry eye. Conclusions Our study revealed that there was a significant association between dry eye and allergic rhinitis with positive skin-prick test results. There may be a possible link between dry eye and allergy.

Background Our understanding of the resident microbiome of the paranasal sinuses has changed considerably in recent years. Once presumed to be sterile, healthy sinus cavities are now known to harbor a diverse assemblage of microorganisms, and, it is hypothesized that alterations in the kinds and quantities of these microbes may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Objectives To review the current literature regarding the sinus microbiome and collate research findings from relevant studies published to date. Methods A systematic literature review was performed on all molecular studies that investigated the microbial communities of the paranasal sinuses. Methods of detection, microbiome composition, and comparative profiling between patients with and without CRS were explored. Results A complex consortium of microorganisms has been demonstrated in the sinuses of both patients with and without CRS. However, the latter generally have been characterized by reduced biodiversity compared with controls, with selective enrichment of particular microbes (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus). Such disruptions in the resident microbiome may contribute to disease pathogenesis by enhancing the virulence of potential pathogens and adversely modulating immune responses. Conclusion The advent of culture-independent molecular approaches has led to a greater appreciation of the intricate microbial ecology of the paranasal sinuses. Microbiota composition, distribution, and abundance impact mucosal health and influence pathogen growth and function. A deeper understanding of the host-microbiome relationship and its constituents may encourage development of new treatment paradigms for CRS, which target restoration of microbiome homeostasis and cultivation of optimal microbial communities.

Background Allergic rhinitis is a common health problem that requires regular monitoring of symptoms to provide adequate treatment. There is a need to develop rhinitis control assessment tools that are meaningful and easy to interpret by both the patient and the practitioner. Objective To develop a simple, easy-to-interpret instrument, the Rhinitis Control Scoring System (RCSS), for the assessment of rhinitis control, as a companion tool to the Asthma Control Scoring System previously validated. Methods After a literature review and based on the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma guidelines, allergic rhinitis control parameters were identified. The draft items were subjected to cognitive debriefing regarding instructions, wordings, and response options. The second version of the draft was then pretested and modified according to the results. The final draft of the RCSS, based on the intensity and frequency of symptoms, was then pilot tested with 50 subjects who had allergic rhinitis for validation of some psychometric properties. Each subject completed the RCSS in addition to other rhinitis instruments. They also had nasal peak inspiratory flow measurements. Results The RCSS showed good internal consistency (Cronbach α = 0.84). There was strong criterion validity between the RCSS scores and the other instruments. The discriminant validity demonstrated as mean RCSS scores differed significantly across groups of patients with different Total Nasal Symptom Score severity (F = 58.8, p < 0.0001). Conclusions This pilot study showed that the RCSS is a simple tool to assess and quantify rhinitis control by using a percentage score This questionnaire allows the quantification of rhinitis control and, therefore, may help guide therapeutic interventions. Combined with the Asthma Control Scoring System, it can provide a global assessment of rhinitis and asthma control. Clinical Trial number NCT00967967.