Search

"Allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS)" is typically diagnosed using radiologic images like computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with the "Hounsfield unit (HU)" in CT scans and T2-weighted images (T2WI) in MRI serving as reliable objective parameters. However, diagnosing AFS might be difficult because of possible signal changes and densities caused by variations in the secretion concentration in the sinus. Few studies have compared the diagnostic performance of MRI and CT scans. This study aimed to investigate the value of MRI signal intensity in evaluating AFS compared with CT HUs. This retrospective study included 111 patients with pathologically confirmed AFS who underwent CT imaging followed by MRI evaluation at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, from January 2012 to December 2022. Radiographic densities of sinus opacities on CT scan, including the mean HU values, and MRI findings, including signal voids on T1-weighted images and T2WI, were gathered and analyzed. To determine the efficacy of these radiographic characteristics in predicting the disease and the best cutoff value, we employed receiver operator characteristic curves. The mean age was 31.9 ± 15.6 years, and most patients were 74 females (66.7%). The main symptom was nasal obstruction in 73 patients (65.8%). In comparison, between HU and signal void on T2WI, there was moderate predictive performance [area under the curve: 0.856, P = .001]. An ideal HU cutoff value of 69.50 HU was obtained with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 44.7%. However, the receiver operator characteristic for T1-weighted images could not be plotted, as no signal was avoided to predict AFS and it was not statistically significant (area under the curve: 0.566; P = .287). The study found a CT HU of 69.5 can predict MRI T2WI signal values with a void signal, aiding in diagnostic workup and evaluation for AFS., Competing Interests: The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 the Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: Allergic rhinitis constitutes a widespread health concern, with traditional treatments often proving to be painful and ineffective. Acupuncture targeting the pterygopalatine fossa proves effective but is complicated due to the intricate nearby anatomy., Methods: To enhance the safety and precision in targeting the pterygopalatine fossa, we introduce a deep learning-based model to refine the segmentation of the pterygopalatine fossa. Our model expands the U-Net framework with DenseASPP and integrates an attention mechanism for enhanced precision in the localisation and segmentation of the pterygopalatine fossa., Results: The model achieves Dice Similarity Coefficient of 93.89% and 95% Hausdorff Distance of 2.53 mm with significant precision. Remarkably, it only uses 1.98 M parameters., Conclusions: Our deep learning approach yields significant advancements in localising and segmenting the pterygopalatine fossa, providing a reliable basis for guiding pterygopalatine fossa-assisted punctures., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.

Nasal septal body is a thickened mucosal area of nasal septum with an unknown certain role. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the association between the area, length, and width of the nasal septal body with inferior turbinate hypertrophy (ITH) and allergic rhinitis (AR). A total of 106 patients with ITH (54 with AR and 52 without AR), and 49 patients without ITH and AR (control group) were included in this study. Using axial and coronal paranasal computed tomography scans, the area, length, and width of nasal septal body were measured, and the mean values between the groups were compared. Mean area, length, and width of nasal septal body significantly differed among 3 groups (P < 0.001). Septal body area was significantly greater in ITH with AR group, compared to ITH without AR group (P < 0.001) and the control group (P < 0.001). Also, it was significantly greater in ITH without AR group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Septal body width was significantly greater in ITH with AR group, compared to ITH without AR group (P < 0.001) and the control group (P < 0.001). Also, it was significantly greater in ITH without AR group compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Patients with ITH had a greater nasal septal body area, length, and width, compared to the patients without. Moreover, AR had an additional increasing effect on the area and width of the nasal septal body.

Purpose: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) forms a subset of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) that is mainly characterized by eosinophilic nasal polyps, allergic mucin detected in the sinuses at surgery, and specific features on computerized tomography. Which biological markers predict disease recurrence in AFRS is still not clear, and the role of blood inflammatory cells in predicting recurrent polyps after surgery has yet to be investigated. The aim of this study was to newly investigate the prognostic role (in terms of recurrence rate) of preoperative blood eosinophil and basophil levels in AFRS., Materials and Methods: A consecutive series of 17 adult patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for AFRS was retrospectively assessed., Results: Sinonasal polyps recurred in 7 of 17 patients. Considering the whole cohort, a significant positive correlation emerged between blood eosinophil and basophil counts, but not between blood and tissue eosinophil counts. Statistical analysis found significantly higher blood eosinophil and basophil levels in AFRS patients who relapsed than in those who did not., Conclusions: Considering the current difficulty of identifying more effective, personalized approaches to postoperative disease management in AFRS, our preliminary data support the impression that blood eosinophil and basophil levels warrant testing in further prospective and larger (preferably multi-institutional) investigations as part of the preoperative work-up for patients with AFRS in order to administer dedicated postoperative medical treatments for patients at higher risk of relapse., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

BACKGROUND High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and plasma radiofrequency ablation (PRA) have been used to treat recurrent allergic rhinitis (AR); however, there is a lack of literature comparing the efficacy of these 2 methods. We assessed and compared the therapeutic effects of HIFU and PRA on recurrent AR. MATERIAL AND METHODS We enrolled 66 patients with recurrent AR at West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Visual analogue score (VAS), pain score, rhinoconjunctivitis quality of life questionnaire (RQLQ), and nasal endoscopy were performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect. RESULTS Nasal endoscopy showed that HIFU and PAR reduced the volume of the inferior turbinate, whereas HIFU reduced the amount of nasal secretions in patients. VAS scores showed that HIFU and PRA nasal congestion symptoms were significantly reduced (P<0.05). The preoperative VAS scores for nasal fluid and sneezing were significantly lower in patients receiving HIFU (P<0.05) than in those receiving PRA (P>0.05). HIFU-treated patients had significantly lower postoperative pain scores than those in the PRA group (P<0.05). RQLQ showed activity, sleep, and non-nasal or ocular symptoms, and both HIFU and PRA patients had significantly lower scores (P<0.05). Nasal symptom scores, actual problems, and mood in the HIFU group were significantly worse than those in the PRA group (P<0.05). However, neither treatment had a significant effect on ocular symptoms (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with PRA, HIFU can significantly reduce the nasal symptoms of AR patients, improve the quality of life, and can be used as an adjuvant therapy with better therapeutic effect.

Objective: To investigate the self-reported prevalence, clinical characteristics, complications of allergic rhinitis (AR) and the sensitization of outdoor air pollen allergens in children in the Inner mongolia grassland region. Methods: A multistage, stratified and random clustered sampling with a face-to-face interview survey study in children from 0 to 17 years old was performed together with 10 common allergen skin prick tests (SPT) and measurements of the daily pollen count in 6 regions in the Inner mongolia grassland region from May to August of 2015. SAS 9.4 software was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 2 443 subjects completed the study. The self-reported prevalence of AR was 26.6%. The prevalence of boys was higher than that of girls (28.8% vs 24.3%, χ(2)=6.157, P< 0.05). Subjects from urban areas showed higher prevalence than rural areas (34.7% vs 18.8%, χ(2)=79.107, P< 0.05). There was significant regional difference in the prevalence of AR among the six areas investigated (χ(2)=221.416, P< 0.05). The main clinical symptoms of AR were sneezing (88.2%) and nasal congestion (78.6%). Among combined diseases, asthma accounted for 16.5% (107/650), rhinoconjunctivitis accounted for 47.9% (311/650). The peak season of AR was April and July, with the top SPT positive allergens of Artemisia species and chenopodium in this area. Conclusions: The prevalence AR in children in the Inner mongolia grassland region is extremely high. Sneezing is the main clinical symptom. Rhinoconjunctivitis is the most common combined disease. High summer and autumn pollen exposure is the main cause of AR.

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) has been proposed as a feature of pathogenesis of eosinophilic upper airway inflammation such as allergic rhinitis (AR). The measurement system for upper AHR ( U AHR) in rodents is poorly developed, although measurements of nasal resistance have been reported. Here we assessed UAHR by direct measurement of swelling of the nasal mucosa induced by intranasal methacholine (MCh) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Micro-CT analysis was performed in both naïve and ovalbumin-induced AR mice following intranasal administration of MCh. The nasal cavity was segmented into two-dimensional horizontal and axial planes, and the data for nasal mucosa were acquired for the region of interest threshold. Then, a ratio between the nasal mucosa area and nasal cavity area was calculated as nasal mucosa index. Using our novel method, nasal cavity structure was clearly identified on micro-CT, and dose-dependent increased swelling of the nasal mucosa was observed upon MCh treatment. Moreover, the nasal mucosa index was significantly increased in AR mice compared to controls following MCh treatment, while ovalbumin administration did not affect swelling of the nasal mucosa in either group. This UAHR following MCh treatment was completely reversed by pretreatment with glucocorticoids. This novel approach using micro-CT for investigating UAHR reflects a precise assessment system for swelling of the nasal mucosa following MCh treatment; it not only sheds light on the mechanism of AR but also contributes to the development of new therapeutic drugs in AR patients.

Background: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is characterized by higher revision endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) rates and unique radiographic features when compared to chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) or chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP)., Objective: We hypothesized that an increased frequency of concha bullosa in AFRS or other radiographic nuances might allow for accumulation of allergic mucin and contribute to increased ESS revision rates., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed. Patient diagnosis (AFRS, CRSwNP, and CRSsNP), basic demographics, and prior ESS rates were collected., Results: A total of 210 consecutive patients were included (AFRS = 70, CRSwNP = 70, and CRSsNP = 70). Pediatric AFRS patients had more unilateral disease (38.1% vs 4.4%; P = .007) and anterior ethmoid skull base erosion (23.8% vs 6.7%; P = .047) than adult AFRS patients. AFRS patients were more likely to be younger (24.9 ± 10.1 years vs 45.6 ± 14.4 years vs 48.7 ± 18.2 years; P < .001), African American (70% vs 14.3% vs 11.4%; P < .001), and have undergone prior ESS (54.3% vs 45.7% vs 31.4%; P = .02) than CRSwNP or CRSsNP patients. Concha bullosa were more prevalent in AFRS patients than CRSwNP or CRSsNP patients across the population (42.9%, 18.6%, and 14.3%; P < .001) and in the setting of no previous surgery (53.1%, 31.6%, and 16.7%; P < .001)., Conclusion: In this cohort, pediatric AFRS patients had more unilateral disease and anterior ethmoid skull base erosion. Concha bullosa prevalence was significantly higher in AFRS as compared to those with CRSwNP or CRSsNP, despite prior ESS. Surgeons should consider concha bullosa as a potential anatomical subsite to harbor recurrent or residual disease.

Sinus congestion resultant of allergic rhinosinusitis is associated with development and worsening of asthma and can result in difficulty breathing, headaches, and missed days of school and work. Quantification of sinus congestion is important in the understanding of allergic rhinosinusitis and the development of new drugs for its treatment. Noninvasive microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) was investigated in a guinea pig model of allergic rhinosinusitis to determine its utility to determine accurately the degree of sinus congestion and resolution with anti-inflammatory drug administration. Three-dimensional sinus air-space volume, two-dimensional sinus width, sinus image air-space area, and sinus image sinus perimeter were measured in guinea pigs administered ragweed pollen (RWP), intranasally (i.n.), followed by administration of fluticasone, i.n. To determine their relative accuracy in assessing sinus congestion, the micro-CT image results were compared with the "gold-standard" method of sinus fluid fill-volume (SFFV) measurements. As measured by SFFV method, RWP increased sinus congestion in a RWP concentration-dependent fashion, approaching near-total sinus blockage with concentrations ≥22 µg of RWP. At this level of congestion, fluticasone (25-100 µg) progressively decreased sinus congestion in a concentration-dependent fashion. The noninvasive micro-CT methods were found to accurately determine the amount of sinus congestion and resolution, with patterns of increases and decreases of congestion that were nearly identical to the SFFV method. We conclude that noninvasive micro-CT measurements of allergic sinus congestion can be useful as an investigative tool in the assessment of congestion intensity and the development of new drug therapies for its treatment. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Allergic rhinosinusitis afflicts significant portions of the world population, resulting in loss of work productivity and decreased quality of life. Thus the development of methodological approaches, which incorporate accurate and reproducible noninvasive assessments of sinus congestion, are desirable. Microcomputed tomography of the guinea pig sinuses offers a noninvasive evaluation tool in an animal model of IgE-dependent allergy similar to that in humans, with potential relevance toward development of therapeutics for human sinus diseases.

Purpose: Middle turbinate head edema has recently been found to have high specificity for diagnosis of inhalant allergy. However, subtle mucosal edema can be difficult to appreciate under white light endoscopy. Narrow band imaging (NBI) has the potential to demonstrate edema by identifying reduced mucosal vascularity and improve sensitivity for the detection of mucosal edema. Narrow band imaging was assessed to determine its utility in objectifying mucosal edema., Meaterials and Methods: A cross-sectional diagnostic study was performed on patients with edematous mucosa of the middle turbinate head. Under traditional white light endoscopy, areas of edematous mucosa were identified. Using NBI, these areas were compared to areas of normal mucosa on the middle turbinate head. NBI images of these same areas were then converted to grey scale and a vascularity index was created by pixel analysis and brightness in Fiji Image J software (Wisconsin, US)., Results: Thirty-three middle turbinates were assessed (age 42.4 ± 12.5, 42.4% female). NBI discriminated between areas identified under white light endoscopy as edematous and normal (158.2 ± 48.4 v 96.9 ± 32.7 p < 0.01). Receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis suggested a threshold of 115 brightness units to define endoscopically visible edematous mucosa with sensitivity 70% and specificity 79% (ROC AUC, p = 0.85)., Conclusions: NBI can differentiate edematous from normal mucosa. The potential for an objective measure of mucosal edema may assist research efforts and may provide a more sensitive tool for subtle mucosal inflammatory changes., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives/hypothesis: Polypoid edema of the middle turbinate is a marker of inhalant allergy. Extensive edematous changes may result in limited central nasal and sinus disease, which has been called central compartment atopic disease (CCAD). Radiologically, this is seen as soft tissue thickening in the central portion of the sinonasal cavity with or without paranasal sinus involvement. When the sinuses are involved, the soft tissue thickening spares the sinus roof or lateral wall (centrally limited). This centrally limited radiological pattern was assessed among chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients and compared to allergy status., Study Design: Diagnostic cross-sectional study., Methods: This study included consecutive CRS patients without prior sinus surgery. Computed tomography (CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses were blindly assessed and allergy status was confirmed by serum or skin testing. Individual sinus cavities were defined as either centrally limited or diffuse disease. The radiological pattern that may predict allergy was determined, and its diagnostic accuracy was calculated., Results: One hundred twelve patients diagnosed to have CRS, representing 224 sides, were assessed (age 46.31 ± 13.57 years, 38.39% female, 41.07% asthma, Lund-Mackay CT score 15.88 ± 4.35, 56.25% atopic). The radiological pattern defined by centrally limited changes in all of the paranasal sinuses was associated with allergy status (73.53% vs. 53.16%, P = .03). This predicted atopy with 90.82% specificity, 73.53% positive predictive value, likelihood positive ratios of 2.16, and diagnostic odds ratio of 4.59., Conclusions: A central radiological pattern of mucosal disease is associated with inhalant allergen sensitization. This group may represent a CCAD subgroup of patients with mainly allergic etiology., Level of Evidence: 3b Laryngoscope, 128:2015-2021, 2018., (© 2018 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Objectives The diagnosis of chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and distinguishing it from allergic rhinitis is difficult. Yet, early detection of CRSsNP is important to prevent progressive and severe chronic rhinosinusitis. Our aim was to compare diagnostic accuracy of symptoms, endoscopy, and imaging signs of CRSsNP and allergic rhinitis -only phenotypes. Setting Prospective controlled follow-up study. Participants Forty-two nonsmoking patients visiting tertiary care due to CRSsNP and 19 nonsmoking volunteer controls with allergic rhinitis filled a symptoms questionnaire and underwent nasal endoscopy off-seasonally. All CRSsNP patients underwent computed tomography scans of paranasal sinuses. All the allergic rhinitis control subjects and 14 of the CRSsNP patients underwent sinus magnetic resonance imaging. Results Radiologic Lund-Mackay score, duration of symptoms, visual analogue scale scores of symptoms, and Sinonasal Outcome Test 22 were significantly higher in the CRSsNP group compared to allergic rhinitis control group. These factors also correlated in part with each other. Endoscopic score did not correlate with other factors, nor did it differ between CRSsNP and allergic rhinitis groups. The highest area under curve value was demonstrated for visual analogue scale score of facial pain/pressure (0.93) and score ≥4/10 showed 60% sensitivity and 95% specificity for detecting CRSsNP group ( P < .001). Radiologic sign of obstructed osteomeatal complex showed 100% specificity and 38% sensitivity for detecting CRSsNP group ( P < .001). Conclusions CRSsNP phenotype could be primarily distinguished from allergic rhinitis by higher facial pain/pressure score and secondarily by radiologic sings of obstructed ostiomeatal complex and higher Lund-Mackay score. Endoscopic score has limited value in distinguishing CRSsNP from allergic rhinitis.

Rhinitis is an underestimated clinical condition, which has a considerable impact on the quality of life of the affected patients. The subject of this review focuses on three fundamental aspects: the development of knowledge concerning anatomic landmarks, the development of radiological imaging technology, and developments that can make a difference in the treatment of allergic rhinitis. The anatomical study of paranasal sinuses has been conducted since the time of the ancient Egyptians. Development of radiological equipment from the early 1900s has helped to improve information on the morphology of paranasal sinuses, sufficient to be considered valuable information regarding frontal anatomy and its variability. Imaging has become increasingly important in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses. In recent decades, radiology has helped to study this region as we have progressed from plain radiography to high-resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT). Subsequently, from radiologic imaging, digital volume tomography (DVT) has been developed, in high resolution and narrow section width. Currently, experience with third generation Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) technologies provides useful information about bones, and it is now possible to highlight anatomical variants that involve bone structures. We still lack the ability to make a qualitative evaluation of soft tissues, as there are no Hounsfield levels in CBCT. However, this is a new area of research, and its application is evolving in an interesting manner, especially for soft-tissue allergic-inflammatory diseases.

Objective: To investigate the imaging characteristics of bony erosion, fungal culture and related factors in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS). Method: Sixty cases of AFRS were reviewed in this study. The characteristics of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging including positive rate of bony erosion, eroded sites, disease extension and sinus expansion were summarized. Fungal culture and identification of nasal secretion were done. The correlation between the degree of sinus expansion, species of fungi and bony erosion was evaluated by statistical analysis. Result: Of the 60 patients, 18 (30%) had bony erosion. There was a significant difference in the proportion of bone erosion among the sinuses ( P <0.05). The most commonly eroded site was the ethmoid sinus. The orbit were the most common adjacent anatomic spaces to exhibit disease extension, and anterior cranial fossa is the second most common. Statistical analysis revealed a significant association( P <0.05)of bone erosion with sinus expansion. The positive rate of fungal culture was 51.3%, among which the most common is Aspergillus. Statistical analysis shows no association( P >0.05)of bone erosion with specific fungi. Conclusion: Bone erosion is an important imaging feature of AFRS. Bone erosion may cause by sinus expansion. Extension of disease into the orbit or intracranial cavity results from a natural progression of disease after erosion occurs. Specific fungal species that can cause bone erosion was found., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Objective: To investigate the feasibility and effect of endoscopic-assisted posterior nasal neurotomy on patients with moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis (AR). Method: Endoscopic-assisted posterior nasal neurotomy were operated on 32 moderate-severe persistent AR patients who were insensitive to drugs and desensitization treatment,and curative effect were evaluated by scoring according to the diagnosis and curative effect evaluation standard of AR. Result: Follow-up evaluations were perfected after one year. Among them 17 cases were markedly effective,15 cases were effective,and the rate of total effective was 100%,without complications such as nose bleeds,dry eye,etc. Conclusion: The advantages of endoscopic-assisted posterior nasal neurotomy on moderate-severe persistent allergic rhinitis patients include the localization of posterior nasal nerve is clear,easy to operate,the short-term effect is remarkable,and less complications,therefore it's worth using on the AR patients who are failing in drugs and specific immune treatment., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Editorial Department of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery.)

Background: Characterizing associations between the upper and lower airways is important for asthma management., Objectives: This study aimed to assess the determinants of incomplete asthma control in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma., Methods: Multiple factors including age, sex, atopy, smoking history, medication use, Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) score, FEV 1 , fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (Feno), and rhinitis questionnaire score were examined. AR was defined by rhinitis symptoms and the sensitization to inhaled allergens. ACQ was used to dichotomize the subjects into the incompletely controlled group (ACQ score ≥0.75) and the well-controlled group. The factors that contribute to incomplete asthma control were assessed by a multivariate analysis., Results: A total of 260 patients with AR and asthma were enrolled and 108 patients (42%) were classified as incomplete asthma control. The incompletely controlled group was older (P < .05), and had more airflow limitation, more airway inflammation, and more severe rhinitis symptoms (all P < .001). In contrast, the well-controlled group was more likely to be taking nasal corticosteroids (NCSs) (P < .01). In a multivariate model adjusted by age, asthma treatment, airflow limitation, and Feno, persistence and severity of rhinitis (odds ratio [OR], 2.57; 95% CI, 1.41-4.70, and OR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.10-3.65) and nonuse of NCSs (OR, 3.83; 95% CI, 1.50-9.81) were independently associated with incomplete asthma control., Conclusions: The persistence and severity of AR and the use of NCSs were associated with the level of asthma control in patients with AR and asthma. Further studies are required to determine whether appropriate treatment of rhinitis would improve asthma control., (Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study focuses on evaluating the clinical effects of sublingual dust mite drops for the treatment of allergic asthma in children., Patients and Methods: 156 pediatric patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma were randomly divided into control and observation groups (78 cases each). For the control group the standard global initiative for asthma (GINA) asthma control scheme was adopted; meanwhile, the observation group patients received the standard GINA combined with sublingual administration of dust mite drops, once per day, gradually increasing the dose to reach a high maintenance level. After six months the sublingual drops were stopped and then the effects of the treatments on both groups of patients were compared., Results: The symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in the daytime and nighttime for both groups decreased gradually with time. However, the observation group's outcome at the 6th, 12th and 24th month were significantly better than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the FVC, FEV1 and PEF values of the two groups increased gradually, but those of the observation group improved more obviously (p < 0.05). The total effective rate of the observation group at the 6th and 24th months was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The contrast of complete and good control at 6 months had no statistical significance (p > 0.05). But at the 24th month, the observation group had significantly higher rates of complete and good control (p < 0.05). During the median time of sublingual administration of 20.3 months (ranging from 6 to 36 months), there were no evident adverse reactions. Finally, after the intervention, there were no significant differences between the IgE levels of the two groups (p > 0.05); however, the levels of IL-2 increased gradually and improved more in the observation group (p < 0.05)., Conclusions: The results of our study support the notion that sublingual administration of dust mite drops to treat allergic rhinitis and asthma can improve clinical symptoms, increase the efficiency rate and increase the serum IL-2 level, and does not cause an increase in adverse reactions or IgE levels in treated children.

Objective: We aimed to investigate the relationship between allergic rhinitis, which is an important reason of nasal obstruction, and maxillary sinus aeration., Patients and Methods: Three hundred fifteen patients who have a complaint of nasal obstruction and scheduled to undergo skin prick test (SPT) with a suspicion of allergic rhinitis (AR) were enrolled for this study. Thirty-two patients with positive SPT result and 30 patients with a negative SPT result were determined as group 1 and 2 (control group), respectively. A 3-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography images of the 62 patients was used to assess and calculate maxillary sinus volumes (MSVs)., Results: Total maxillary sinus volumes were measured as 21.87 cm(3) and 30.15 cm(3) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed between the MSVs of the groups (P < 0.001)., Conclusion: Total maxillary sinus volumes were found to be significantly smaller for patients with a positive SPT compared to patients with a negative SPT. Thus, we may conclude that AR has a negative impact on maxillary sinus aeration.

Background: Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) is a disease demonstrating substantial eosinophilic inflammation and characteristic radiographic bony erosion/expansion. Periostin is an extracellular matrix protein associated with eosinophil accumulation in eosinophilic esophagitis, allergic asthma mucus production, and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) polyp formation. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL) is an osteoclast activator present in osteoporosis and periodontal disease. We sought to evaluate periostin and RANKL expression in AFRS and correlate these levels with radiographic scales of disease severity., Methods: Thirty sinus tissue specimens were intraoperatively collected from 3 patient groups: AFRS; CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP); and controls (n = 10 per group). Specimens were analyzed by semiquantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (sq-RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence (IF) labeling/confocal microscopy for the presence of both periostin and RANKL. Immunofluorescence staining intensity was quantified by pixel density analysis. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans from each patient were scored using both the Lund-Mackay and CT bone erosion scoring systems., Results: Periostin was significantly elevated in AFRS sinus tissue compared to CRSsNP and controls, as demonstrated by IF (p < 0.001) and PCR (p = 0.011). RANKL was not detected in sinus tissue by IF or PCR. Periostin levels positively correlated with radiographic indices of disease severity for both soft tissue and bone, using Lund-Mackay (r = 0.926 [PCR] and r = 0.581 [IF]) and CT bone erosion (r = 0.672 [PCR] and r = 0.616 [IF]) scoring systems, respectively., Conclusion: Periostin is increased in AFRS tissue compared to CRSsNP and controls. Periostin levels positively correlate with radiologic disease severity scores. The increased levels of periostin in AFRS are possibly tied to its intense eosinophilic inflammatory etiology., (© 2014 ARS-AAOA, LLC.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible favorable effect of desloratadine-montelukast combination on salivary glands (SG) function in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) using SG scintigraphy. The study population consisted of 64 patients with AR and 28 healthy controls: 14 males and 14 females, with mean age 32.3±8.6 years. The patients were divided into two groups: the untreated patients group of 32 patients, 16 males and 16 females, mean age 28.5±5.4 years and the treated group, who received the standard clinically recommended oral dose of montelukast 10mg/d and desloratadine 5mg/d for 6 weeks. This group consisted of 32 patients, 16 males and 16 females, mean age 38.3±8.4 years. All patients and healthy controls underwent SG scintigraphy. After the intravenous injection of technetium-99m pertechnetate, ((99m)Tc-P), dynamic SG scintigraphy was performed for 25min. Using the time-activity curves, the following glandular function parameters were calculated for the parotid and the submandibular SG: uptake ratio, maximum accumulation and ejection fraction. Results showed SG hypofunction. All functional parameters obtained for the untreated patients and for the desloratadine-montelukast treated patients were significantly lower than those in healthy controls (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between treated and untreated patients (P>0.05). In conclusion, our study showed that hypofunction of SG was present in all patients with AR. This hypofunction, as tested by semi-quantitative SG scintigraphy, and also the quality of life did not improve after treatment with montelukast and desloratadine.

Unlabelled: BACKGROUNd: We report a case of allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS) involving the lacrimal sac and review the current English literature. A literature search for AFS involving the lacrimal sac revealed two reports with only one of the two cases demonstrating histological evidence of fungal elements. This is just the third such case and only the second reported case with histopathologic confirmation of fungal elements by Gomori methenamine silver (GMS) stain., Materials and Methods: A PubMed database search was performed using combinations of the following key words: allergic fungal sinusitis, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, ophthalmology, epiphora, orbit. A 70-year-old white man with a history of chronic conjunctivitis and nasal polyps presenting with chronic epiphora was found to have dacryostenosis on the left side. A CT scan of the orbits revealed mucoperiosteal thickening completely obliterating the frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses., Results: A left external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) was performed and the lacrimal sac contents were studied histopathologically. Microscopic examination of the lacrimal sac contents disclosed allergic mucin with laminated aggregates of eosinophils in various stages of degeneration, Charcot-Leyden crystals and rare noninvasive fungal hyphae confirming the diagnosis of AFS. Fungal elements stained positively with Gomori methenamine silver stain., Conclusion: Although rarely reported, AFS can affect the lacrimal sac. AFS should be suspected in patients with a history of recurrent refractory sinusitis, recurrent dacryocystitis and nasal polyposis. Early diagnosis is important for adequate treatment and prevention of recurrence.

Background and Purpose: This case involves a common disease, allergic fungal sinusitis (AFS), with the uncommon complication of intracranial abscess. Although AFS is known to result in bone erosion, invasive complications are rare., Methods: The clinical and pathologic information were reviewed. A literature review was performed to clarify the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features of AFS., Results: The clinical and radiographic presentations were typical for AFS, including the relatively common complication of sinus wall erosion. Follow-up imaging demonstrated spread of fungal disease into the adjacent masticator space and intracranial spread by foramen ovale., Conclusion: This case illustrates the importance of identifying AFS and describing findings such as sinus erosion that may alter management. In this example, knowledge of the altered anatomy and potential for mucosal injury may facilitate surgical planning and decrease the likelihood of future complications., (Copyright © 2011 by the American Society of Neuroimaging.)