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Luisa Valenzuela's collection of short stories Cuentos de Hades (1993) retrieves and reinterprets traditional folktales from what some experts call a feminist perspective. Using a Lausbergian approach, this work aims to reveal how, in these stories, elocutio emerges from rhetorical devices such as questions, ellipses, and anaphora, as well as from syntax and grammar. Therefore, this work reveals the technical mechanisms involved in a statement for the opening of the senses, possibility and transformation of the protagonists. This transformation is achieved through the use of language to challenge and transgress conventional gender roles associated with traditional literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea that reading model essays facilitates better writing is generally accepted in second language writing literature. As such, anthologies of model essays are often selected for inclusion in writing centre self-access library shelves. When selecting these texts, readability is often considered via the application of quantitative readability formulae (e.g. the Lexile Readability Formula). Unfortunately, such formulae only measure two (i.e. semantic, syntactic) of the many features that impact readability, leaving other features that require qualitative consideration (e.g. signal words, SWs) unexplored. To address this, this article reports the findings of a sequential, mixed-methods study conducted in a Taiwanese university writing centre context that explored how SWs affect post-secondary English language learners' perceptions of ease and difficulty when reading model essays excerpted from anthologies. The inferential statistics showed that the informants (students who visited the writing centre) ranked the essays' ease and difficulty significantly differently than the Lexile Formula. The qualitative exploration found that SWs (e.g. students' awareness of SWs) contributed to this ranking. The study also suggests that writing studies professionals (teachers, writing centre staff) and the publishing industry include signal words as part of a hybrid (quantitative-qualitative) exploration when considering the difficulty of model essays in anthologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twitter1 used to be a hotbed of topical societal debates. In this paper, we analyze discussions about Finnish forest use and conservation on Twitter during a five-month period in 2020–2021. By looking at the factual contents and the ways claims are justified, we ask how tweeters construct their arguments. The materials were analyzed by paying attention to background categories, content topic and style, and any additional information brought up by participants. Our findings show that a polarization between economic and ecological worldviews can be seen in Twitter debates, and that the participants use various methods to justify their stances. As a result, we also identified ways in which ordinary people take part in this debate by commenting, reframing, retweeting and sending their own photos as evidence.

When, in 1779, the nuns of the convent of Louriçal addressed to the Real Mesa Censória a request to print the sixty-two letters that the Poor Clare nun Joana do Louriçal had written to her confessor, they might not have expected their project to be frustrated. Among the problems pointed out, gender bias and a new religious sensibility are among the most striking: bloody penance provokes horror, stigmata arouse mistrust and are considered not suitable for a woman. Furthermore, some aspects of the relation between the nun and her confessor are subject to scandal. I will argue that the political context had changed and with it religious and aesthetic sensibility too. From 1750, an «enlightened» king, D. José I, reigned. Devotion now has to be «regulated», not only in terms of what is heterodoxy, but also in terms of its verbal expression and of another sensibility it conveys.

Iranian scientists have played a significant role in the area of Islamic sciences. They have a special contribution to and a special place in rhetorics, to the extent that it can be claimed that the major developments of rhetorics were mostly achieved by the Iranians. Major examples of the figures include Imam al-Haramain, Imam Muhammad Ghazali, Imam Fakhr Razi, Qazi Azad Eji, Allama Taftazani, Allameh Devani, and Mohaghegh Seyyed Sharif Jurjani. The evidence for this claim is the extensive and diverse works that exist in this field. One of these rhetoricians, the late Seyyed Abdul Rahim, who is also known as Mawlawi Tawagozi, contributed to the field in the form of poetry due to his mastery of rhetorics and theology. His poems "Al-Fadilah" and "Al-Aqeedah al-Mardiyeh" cover all common theological topics. It is well known that the famous scholar and expert teacher Mulla Abdul Karim Modares has described it in simple Arabic language as "Al-Wasila". Throughout the present article some of Mawlawi’s rhetorical and theological opinions have been examined. .Keywords: theology, Ash'arites, Rumi Kurd, analysis, adaptation

Copyright of Journal of Arabic Language Sciences & Literature / Maǧallaẗ ʻulūm Al-luġaẗ Al-ʻarabiyyaẗ Wa-ādābi-hā is the property of Arab Journal of Sciences & Research Publishing (AJSRP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Seneca's resonance with his friend, Lucilius, the addressee of his letters, brings along the resonance with deeper subjects on life. The author of a new book on Seneca, Dana Jalobeanu, is aware of the differences between our age (when philosophy is not for many an everyday practice, as it used to be in the past) and Antiquity. Her contribution is that of understanding the real resources of Seneca's style. As a writer of tragedies, Seneca must have longed for an optimal way to express his doubts in epistolary literary style reaching perfection. But this style should not have become a rigid or ostentatious string of words merely creating a beautiful surface. The successful persuation towards stoic resilience, educating a fellow being to become a triumphant example of man who can stick to virtues through his own free will, these are aspects more important than the appearance of beautiful speech. Seneca employs for these directions an arsenal of creating/staging philosophy as a vivid spectacle of ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma. Serie IV, Historia Moderna is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The facilitative benefits of genre-specific reading have often been cited as a truism in the field of writing education. In line with this, writing center self-access libraries typically provide a selection of composition texts, including rhetorics (anthologies of model paragraphs and essays). Readability formulae (e.g., the Lexile Readability Formula) are often used to determine whether these texts will be a good fit for potential readers, and although the Lexile Formula reliably and validly assesses two features (i.e., semantic and syntactic), it does not consider other contributing features during the text selection process (e.g., rhetorical organization). To address this, this sequential, mixed-methods study explored the effects of rhetorical organization on undergraduate English language learners’ perceptions of difficulty when reading exemplars (i.e., essays) excerpted from rhetorics. The results indicated that rhetorical organization influences readability both as (a) a primary (i.e., an isolated feature) and (b) a conjoined feature (i.e., comprising two or more associated entities where the second impacts the first). The article also provides a suggestion for writing education professionals and the publishing industry: Readability formulae should be administered in a hybrid fashion, where additional features such as rhetorical organization are subjectively considered when assessing the difficulty of exemplars

Within the space of no more than a few years in the 1850s, three essays with similar transatlantic features, all written by literary authors, are published in the Hispanic world. Each of them is dedicated to portray a national literature and its greatest representants: besides José Zorrilla and his well-known essay México y los mexicanos, Álvares de Azevedo portrays from São Paulo the highlights of Portugal’s literature, and Juan Valera introduces Brazilian literature to the public in Spain (De la poesía del Brasil). Whereas Álvares de Azevedo speaks with a voice torn away by the exotism of ancient civilizations in the Old world, Zorrilla and Valera expressly pursue a more sober kind of style, distant from Romantic enthusiasm. In spite of that, their texts are not exempt of personalized markers like irony or self-thematization.

The expansion of the printed media in the 19th century led to the subject of journalistic writing being included in manuals of rhetoric intended for use at secondary schools and the formation of the new elites. The development of the industrial press and its requirements in the late 19th century triggered the production of manuals of journalism, which were to be the forerunners of subsequent style guides. The target readers of these manuals were professional journalists and different actors involved in printed media activities. Thus, these manuals reveal the transition of newspapers from publishing opinion pieces to publishing information, and from a culture of elites to a culture of masses. They also provide a record of the unstable employment situation of journalists. This article inquiries these transformations and how manuals of rhetoric and manuals of journalism -- during the time they coexisted -- considered the specialization of journalists, the scope and limits of the moral dimension of professional practice, and the diversity of genres addressed by newspapers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The belief that genre specific reading provides numerous benefits for apprenticing writers is something we in the field of writing education value as an underlying constant. Accepting this, writing center directors stock their self-access library shelves with a variety of composition texts, to include rhetorics (and the essays therein). To select these materials, readability formulae (e.g., the Lexile Readability Formula) are often employed. However, such formulae only measure two of the many features that make up the readability of an essay (i.e., semantic, syntactic). Other important features such as the title are not considered. To address this, this article reports the results of a sequential, mixed-methods study conducted in an Asian postsecondary setting. The study found that titles influence readability both as (a) a primary (i.e., an isolated feature) and (b) a conjoined feature (i.e., consisting of two or more associated entities where the second impacts the first). The article also makes a recommendation for teachers, writing center staff, and the publishing industry that readability formulae be administered in a hybrid fashion to explore additional features such as the title when considering the difficulty of exemplars.

The predominant way of stylistic investigation - up till nowadays - follows the di­ chotomie ‘token-type’ principle. It is argued here that the comprehensive study of style be carried along the rhetoric-interpretative lineš, which requires a letrachotomic ap- proach (thinking - discourse - genre - utterance), thinking and utterance levels being of paramount importance. So, one should distinguish style of thinking, utterance style, genre style and discourse style. The analysis of continuity/discreteness is carried oul on four varieties of discourse: business, scientific, everyday (set in f literary one ) and poetic. The results show that the antinomy o f continuity/discreteness is highly varřable in each ilem of the antinomy - from continuity to discreteness and backwards; the scale o f variability dependent, though, on the type o f discourse. This fact shows that this antinomy might be treated as a stylistic feature of communication, alongside with other features of textuality.

Since the concept of “literary evolution” proposed by Yuri Tynyanov could not be applied to the late Soviet official literature, Sergei Averintsev using this concept examined the relationship between philosophy, sophistry, rhetorics and everyday consciousness in classical Greece. Tynyanov's theory of “parallel series” turned out to be productive for the reconstruction of the tasks of the ancient philosopher and for the interpretation of Plato's dialogues. According Averintsev, Plato acted within the sophistic field, creating irreducible terminology and untranslatable phrases as a moment of the entire further evolution of Western literature. Consideration of Russian formalism as the context of Averintsev's thought proves his contribution to the discussion of Platonism as a tool for posing philosophical problems and of the perspective of philosophy in the postcolonial discussion.

The teacher-student relationship represents a complex space to be examined, in which dynamics occur, sometimes suspended and unexpressed, which determine their conduct and often contribute to bringing out inconveniences and deviations that are generated in other places, for example at home. Difficulties that often force students to drop out of school. The teacher’s posture, the relationship he has with the student group, the quality level of his professionalism has a decisive influence on their performance in terms of learning and for the development of their personality. A positive and virtuous model of significant teaching can generate positive effects in the student group in terms of learning motivation, if the teacher will carry out the activities with passion and contagious enthusiasm. The use of a metaphor will help to clarify some dynamics that are revealed in the relationship between teachers and their students. Dynamics that can influence students’ educational success in a positive or negative way.

Klasik Arap şiirinde zirve isimlerden birisi kuşkusuz, Abbâsîler dönemi şairlerinden Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Mütenebbî’dir (öl. 354/966). Hayat felsefesini oldukça veciz ve ilgi çekici beyitleriyle özlü bir surette kalıba döken şair, Arapların sözlü kültüründe hatırı sayılır bir yer edinmiştir. Şairin klasik Arap şiirindeki yerini anlamak için şiirleri üzerine yapılmış yaklaşık yüz civarındaki şerhin var olduğunu bilmek dahi yeterlidir. Bu çalışmada Mütenebbî’nin şiirlerini nitelikli hale getiren hususiyetlerin ne olduğu incelenmiştir. Görüldüğü kadarıyla şairi temayüz ettiren etkenlerden en önemlisi edebî üslubun can damarı sayılan söz sanatlarını ustaca kullanmasıdır. Şairin soyutu somutlaştırmadaki başarısını gösteren teşbih ve istiareleri, methiyelerde zirveye çıkan hüsn-i ta‘lîl uygulamaları, hayalin sınırlarını zorlayan mübalağalı tasvirleri ve en başarılı bulduğumuz yanı olan teşhis sanatı kullanımları dikkat çeken örnekler üzerinden irdelenmiştir. Arap dili ve belâgatı açısından -istiare gibi- söz sanatlarının tamamının incelenmesinin bir makalenin kapsamını zorlayacağı düşüncesiyle araştırma, daha ziyade öne çıkan sanatlarla daraltılmıştır. Ele alınan başlıklar ve seçilen örneklerde şairin özgünlüğü esas alınmıştır. Seçilen beyitlerde yeri geldikçe biçim ve içerik bakımından eleştiriler yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak şairin söz sanatlarındaki başarısını sağlayan unsurlar sıralanmış, gereksiz tekrarlar, aşırı abartılar, kaside içi tutarsızlıklar, kulağı tırmalayan kelimeler vb. açılar şiirin kalitesi bakımından birer olumsuzluk olarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Rhetorics of Names and Naming. Edited By Star Medzerian Vanguri. New York & London: Routledge. 2016. Pp. xi + 224. $52.95 (Paperback), ISBN: 9781138599574; $190 (Hardback), ISBN: 9781138910638; $47.65 (E-book), ISBN: 9781315693347.

The increase in the number of godmen is due to the support they received from people, the devotees and followers, in the society. Naturally, godmen as a theme attracted writers and scholars, leading to the increasing number of fiction and non-fiction. In addition, the godmen themselves showed great interest in promoting a saintly image themselves through media. The present project attempts to study these different modes of representations of godmen - Nonfiction, Fiction, and in the Spiritual Discourse - which form a good corpus of Indian writing. The introduction talks about the increase in the emergence of god men, the devotion to godmen, a trend that can be linked to the increasing need for spiritual guidance. This chapter tries to read "The Grand Inquisitor", a section of the novel, The Brothers Karamazov, by Fyodor Doestoevsky and use it as a method of approaching the function of these different modes of godmen in Indian Writing. Chapter II analyses two nonfiction works, namely Richard Dawkins' God Delusion and Khushwant Singh's Gods and Godmen of India to highlight the nonfictional mode which allows a direct and critical depictions wherein the writers could afford to completely denounce religion and godmen. Richard Dawkins goes to an extent of debunking the very basis of devotion and Faith. Khushwant Singh confronts issues related to religion, faith, blind faith and the rise of new cults in India. Chapter III focuses on the fictions of R.K. Narayan and G. V. Desani, who while condemning godmen, implicitly discuss the faith of the devotees and their continuous support. R. K Narayan adopts a passive approach to highlight the blind faith of devotees despite the controversies. Desani brilliantly posits his attack in an indirect manner and takes a jab at the spiritual gurus. Chapter IV discusses godmen's selfrepresentation through their spiritual discourse and the impact it creates on the devotees. A focus on the performative nature of these discourses reveals the godmen's conscious creation of their self-image. The Conclusion sums up the arguments of the previous chapters. It will also show how Dostoevsky's "Grand Inquisitor" acts as a cornerstone to understand the rampant rise in the number of godmen in the Indian society. It also shows how the modes of representation decide the image of godmen in fiction, non-fiction and in spiritual discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Res Rhetorica is the property of Polish Rhetoric Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the author focuses on the leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ), its discourse on the enemy, and its rhetoric against it in 1967-1970. In terms of domestic and foreign policy relations, the Czechoslovak reform, and Prague Spring consisted in the fact that the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Alexander Dubček, weakened and negated the rhetoric against the enemy and reduced the traditional conceptual apparatus to suppress the enemy, used by his predecessor, Antonín Novotný. This caused a disagreement with the allies. Their political and military pressure, including the intervention, was intended to encourage the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia to 'see' the enemy again and speak a common language about it. Under the pressure of 'Normalization', the Communist Party leadership gradually enlarged the circle of the party's enemies (right-wing, Liberalism, and Conservatives) to include those unaccepted by the allies led by the Soviets (anti-socialist forces, anti-Sovietism), and conversely, it ceased to oppose those who were aligned with the Soviets (Conservatives). Conceptually, the domestic terminology concerning the enemy adapted to the Soviet terminology and eliminated the remains of the domestic political traditions. At the rhetorical level, the Czech Communist representatives remained firmly enclosed in a framework which I call the Marxist-Leninist conceptual-rhetorical model of thinking about the enemy, and with the attributes indicating the individual groups of enemies, they also adopted concepts such as anti-social forces, the vagueness of which enabled them to bridge the discrepancies between the domestic and Soviet concepts of the enemy. Anti-Sovietism became the key term which enabled the transfer of power in the Communist Party leadership in April 1969. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the concept of "literary evolution" proposed by Yuri Tynyanov could not be applied to the late Soviet official literature, Sergei Averintsev using this concept examined the relationship between philosophy, sophistry, rhetorics and everyday consciousness in classical Greece. Tynyanov's theory of "parallel series" turned out to be productive for the reconstruction of the tasks of the ancient philosopher and for the interpretation of Plato's dialogues. According to Averintsev, Plato acted within the sophistic field, creating irreducible terminology and untranslatable phrases as a moment of the entire further evolution of Western literature. Consideration of Russian formalism as the context of Averintsev's thought proves his contribution to the discussion of Platonism as a tool for posing philosophical problems and of the perspective of philosophy in the postcolonial discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution focuses on coordinated synonymous clauses in Dante’s Commedia. After having clarified the rhetorical value of this particular syntactic construction (with the help of both ancient and modern interpretations), the analysis focuses on its individual occurrences, illustrating the different ways in which the synonymic structure affects the text. All these different forms are shown to be one of the tools with which the author carried out his extraordinary research on vernacular language.

Starting from the assumption of the significance of verbal omission in the artistic literature this paper is based on the study of interpretative function of ellipsis, allusion and irony in lyrical poetry. Relying on relevant theoretical sources (C. Brooks, K. Guillen, L. Hutcheon, A. William, P. de Man, S. Newstok, H. Van Tress etc.) the paper considers these concepts both as rhetorical figures and structural procedures. Ellipsis is here theoretically considered as intrinsic deficiency, allusion as extrinsic deficinecy, and irony as intrinsic-extrinsic deficiency of possible verbal content. Special attention is paid to (non)verbal context and it's semantic influence as a widespread discursive tool in modern literature and art. As explicative examples the autor took poems of several promminent modern Serbian poets (M. Nastasijevic, S. Raickovic, A. Ristovic). At the end of the paper, the author exposes the theoretical and metodological cosequences of his study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines Tiberius’s political rhetoric and populism in the laws against astrologists, theatrical actors and the decay of morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates that The Unfortunate Bride: or, The Blind Lady a Beauty. A Novel (1698) reflects a shift from the romance tradition towards the more 'realistic' genre of the novel, tracing this change through the work's stylistic features. Classical rhetoric theory will be applied for the identification of rhetorical styles, in order to achieve a detailed analysis on the linguistic level. It starts from the premise proposed by Michael McKeon that the novel developed in a dialectical relationship with the romance genre, arising from a profound epistemological crisis that occurred towards the end of the 17th century. These observations are presented as an example of the gradual metamorphosis toward the rise of the new genre, while the contemporary scientific context, which Rose Zimbardo (1998) has termed "Zero Point", will also be considered as a point of departure. First, the textual elements that contribute to the sublime style of the writing and enhance the complexity of the narrative will be cited and catalogued. Next, a rhetorical underpinning will be offered for Ian Watt's influential concept of "formal realism", which is identifiable in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is it the task of legal semiotics or the legal philosophers to define legal semiotics? For the philosopher of law, the question recalls the distinction between philosophers' philosophy of law and legal scholars' philosophy of law. The thesis that the paper argues is that a semiotic legal perspective can also be sought from the analysis of anthropological knowledge on the origin of the social bond and society, implying a social and institutional theory of the mind. In the first paragraph, the search for a different kind of rationality emerges from a semiotician, Jürgen Trabant, who analyses semiotically the thought of a rhetorician and philosopher of law, Giambattista Vico. In the second paragraph, the anthropological notion of social bond emerges from the debate on the relationship between the idea of the gift and that of exchange. In the third paragraph, the analysis of the legal notion of thirdness recognizes the central role of myth and fiction in the configuration of the civil world and sign, returning to Vico's critical view of the philosophy of language as an institution of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present article is to study some ways of verbal expression of adversary social relationships. It is a study based on the linguistic material of one online article, which shows clearly that the language resources used by the Azerbaijani propagandists manipulate the public, create an exaggeratedly negative image of Armenia as an aggressor state and impose anti-Armenian opinion on the readers. The need for a linguistic study of hate speech is quite actual since at the modern Information Age or New Media Age the confrontation between the conflicting sides is often escalated via verbal duelling, accusation and repudiation that spreads rapidly far and wide with the help of online resources. The spread of fake, misleading and falsified information that discredits the opposing side, inciting hatred and animosity against a group of people is growing dangerously. Worst of all, we cannot but admit the fact that, unfortunately, malice and antagonism are becoming part of modern civilization. The linguistic analysis carried out in the present article demonstrates how certain verbal manipulative tactical tools that are deliberately used by the author, create abusive hate speech against Armenia and its policy.

Bossuet inherited both from doxa and catholic dogma representations of man and woman, which are unfavorable to the last one. Nevertheless, epidictic rhetorics, which is one of the aspects of funeral oration, supposes that the preacher exceeds this dichotomy and creates an image of extraordinary men but also women, according to there aristocratic origines or their exceptional destiny. This article analyses how poetics of funeral oration can change doxical representations of male and female aspects.

The purpose of this brief essay is to propose an exercise of Total History about the Millennium by leading off from the rhetorical and political analysis of a trace of mentality which constitutes a true metonymy of the period. We here refer to the mytheme of the Holy Grail, inescapably acting out in the manifold layers of centralmedieval imaginary, the latter being conceived as a semiological system that communicates a disciplinary speech. In this sense, the Holy Grail presents itself as a metaphor of Grace, thus, of the Christian God Himself, whilst it is also a mental trace pertaining to the European social formations of Central Middle Ages. Our aim is to construe the discoursive regime of normativeness and discipline that is present in The Quest of the Holy Grail with respect to the Order of Chivalry, thus stiring up the idea that heroes and anti-heroes of this Arthurian plot correspond to models of virtue and vices. The insertion of the romanesque woof into the rhetorical-poetic epidictic genre is consacrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses some rhetorical aspects of public documents issued by the Roman Commune (the Senate) between the twelfth and fourteenth century. In particular, it analyzes citations emerging from these acts (passages from Cassiodorus, Richard of Pofi, Pier delle Vigne) in order to reconstruct some writing and documentary practices of the Roman chancery as well as to detect the presence of certain manuscripts within these environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Logos: Anales del Seminario de Metafísica (1575-6866) is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper tries to outline a history of development of informal logic in Semitic languages and especially in Arabic. It tries to explain how the first definite formulation of rules of this logic appeared at āl-Šāfi‘y’s Risāla, a work on ’uswl āl-fiqh or methodology of law. It attempts also to provide new theories and hypotheses about the translation movement in the Arabic and Islamic medieval world.

This article explores intertextuality as a rhetorical device in the making of argumentation in Arabic as illustrated by a speech by Osama Bin Laden. The analysis shows that, in order to make an argument in his speech, Bin Laden has employed three major forms of intertextuality: Qur’anic intertextuality, prophetic intertextuality and anecdotal intertextuality. The analysis reveals that the speech is typical of Islamic benediction “prelude”, careful use of terminologies and intertextual chronologicality. Although the translator is likely to maintain the effect of general Arabic discourse, he/she encounters an array of discoursal difficulties when rendering some intertextual potentials. The article finally shows how important it is to maintain the communicative thrust of the speech by means of meticulous attention to the intertextualities the speech is replete with.

This paper deals with the kinds of works of art — in this case Rembrandt’s famous “Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp” — that link the esthetic function to the documentary function. Both of these functions can be actualized or virtualized to a greater or lesser degree, depending on context parameters (an exhibition location), but above all on the viewer’s standpoint. The viewer could receive the work of art in a reflexive way and in a “what appears” mode, or on the contrary in a transitive way and a “what I see mode”, based on his/her encyclopedic competences. The paper compares two different readings, the one from Masquelet and Bouchet, and the other from Sebald’s Rings of Saturn. The first two authors find in the image what their medical competences allow them to recognize: the documentary function. Sebald, on the other hand, is more interested in the treatment of the corpse, the composition, the pictorial and plastic details, and the “esthetic visible” for a reflexive reading, at the expense of a “common visible” for a transitive reading.

Copyright of Olivar is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

English language plays an inexorable role in Nigerian society and holds prestige in the educational system. Consequently, it is both a compulsory subject and a medium of instruction from the fourth year of schooling. Because of its prestigious position, much concern has been shown to ensure that students receive adequate support in the classroom to acquire the skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing) for their language development. Nevertheless, some scholars (Obanya, 2002; Adegbite, 2005; Amuseghan, 2007; Ajibola, 2008) have discovered that the methods used by teachers in the classroom do not give room for practical language use, and as a result, students are not well equipped with the skills to understand the application and use of English as a medium of instruction and as a subject. To address the problem of not having a practical pedagogy in English language classrooms, this paper describes how English language teachers can assume roles as artists and embrace the teaching of English as art in elementary school (grade 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]