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Persuasive maps are ubiquitous in society, yet cartographers have largely neglected to conduct serious, holistic research on them. Persuasive maps represent a form of visual communication that differs markedly from scientific geovisualization. First, many of these maps' communicative goals are anathema to those of scientific representation. Second, many persuasive maps ignore and defy established cartographic conventions. This article argues two things. First, the cartographic discipline can gain insight about how maps communicate information from the longitudinal and holistic analysis of persuasive maps. By comparing the differences and similarities of persuasive maps to scientific geovisualizations, researchers can begin to understand how persuasive maps communicate differently than scientific ones. Second, breaking persuasive maps down into composite parts may make it possible to identify persuasive map norms (i.e., methods of design that are embraced by producers of persuasive maps). The results of a content analysis of 256 persuasive maps are discussed. The article concludes that it may be possible to take the most statistically significant results from this study to begin identifying different rhetorical styles of persuasive maps. Keywords: persuasive maps; rhetorical maps; content analysis; map design, Introduction Cartographers have treated persuasive maps like unwanted stepchildren. Maps that have been created 'with the purpose of eliciting one particular interpretation over others from map readers' (Tyner 1982, 140, [...]

Rhetoricians have tried to develop a better understanding of the connection between words and things, but these attempts often employ a logic of representation that undermines a full examination of materiality and the complexity of scientific practice. A logic of articulation offers a viable alternative by focusing attention on the linkages between the competing material, social, and rhetorical registers in which scientific knowledge is produced and discovered. An examination of extant criticism of Dean Hamer's 'gay gene' study illustrates the utility of articulation theory as a guide to the rhetorical criticism of science. Keywords: Rhetoric of Science; Material Rhetoric; Articulation; Representation; Gay Gene DOI: 10.1080/0035630903296168

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of state socialism in Eastern and Central Europe, cartographers were faced with choices on how the new post-Cold War political landscape would be mapped. One such group called the Pluto Project had been producing atlases since 1981 with a progressive point of view about the nature of state power in the Cold War. This essay examines two of the Pluto Project's atlases as they function to identify a radical cartographic style that animates the social control of space by subverting traditional cartographic forms and defying scientific expectations and standards. Keywords: Cold War; Maps; Social Change; Visual Rhetoric; Ideology DOI: 10.1080/00335630903296176

Robert Owen's 'Declaration of Mental Independence,' declaimed on the Fourth of July, 1826, was one of the most ill-received speeches in the early Republic. The attendant controversy provides an opportunity to theorize invective's role in democratic culture. Invective was useful in the early Republic, and continues to be useful today, because it is both constitutive of national identity and a curative rhetoric for managing cultural anxiety. However, there are limits to what invective can achieve, and invective's place in democracy is consequently ambivalent. Rather than curing democratic anxiety, invective tends to perpetuate it, disrupting democracy's emphasis on controlled conflict and pushing it ever closer to violence. Keywords: Invective; Democratic Culture; Epideictic; Robert Owen; Cultural Anxiety

Critical, postmodern, and constitutive rhetorics are typically guided by an ethical stance opposing domination and marginalization. However, this stance often functions as an unreflective morality operating outside the constitutive practices of rhetoric itself To locate an ethical stance within rhetorical practice, we can turn to Isocrates, who practiced a constitutive rhetoric that had a strong moral orientation. His dependence on piety as a receptive attitude toward persuasive discourse may provide the insight necessary to develop an ethic supporting the critical orientation of current rhetorical theory. Keywords: Logos; Communication Ethics; Sophistic Virtue; Constitutive Rhetoric

People are considerably more defensive in the face of group criticism when the criticism comes from an out-group rather than an in-group member (the intergroup sensitivity effect). We tested three strategies that out-group critics can use to reduce this heightened defensiveness. In all studies, Australians received criticism of their country either from another Australian or from a foreigner. In Experiment 1, critics who attached praise to the criticism were liked more and agreed with more than were those who did not. In Experiment 2, out-group critics were liked more and aroused less negativity when they acknowledged that the problems they identified in the target group were shared also by their own in-group. In both experiments, the ameliorative effects of praise and acknowledgment were fully mediated by attributions of constructiveness. Experiment 3 tested the strategy of spotlighting; that is, of putting on the record that you intend your comments to apply to just a portion of the group rather than to the whole group. This strategy--which did not directly address the attributional issues that are presumed to underpin the intergroup sensitivity effect--proved ineffective. Practical and theoretical implications for intergroup communication are discussed. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2007.00314.x

The practice of rhetoric is often conceived of as persuasion. This conception normally entails certain beliefs about persons and the speaking situation, which constitute the ontological orientation toward the communicative situation. Such orientations are often adopted and advocated in an unreflective manner. This study attempts to analyze this often overlooked aspect to the practice of rhetoric. Problems with the orientation assumed by the standard, persuasion-centered approach to rhetorical practice will be explored. The apparent alternative offered by the invitational approach also will be examined as to what it leaves unjustified. Using the ancient Indian text, the Bhagavad Gita, an alternate ontological orientation is offered that reconciles and tempers both the persuasion-centered and invitational approaches. The proposed orientation also provides justification for the ontological assumptions that can be made by the rhetor in her approach to the speaking situation.

SUMMARY. Dennett's Consciousness Explained (1991) is an inspiring but also a highly frustrating book. The line of the argument seems to be clear, but then at second sight it fades [...]

Abstract The argumentative turn in policy theory represents an important critique of the scientific conception of policy making. It showed that uncertainty and contingency characterise policy discourse, and that policy [...]

A study of rhetorical strategies of protagonists involved in a negotiation of the NPM agenda is required, for understanding the reality of the New Public Management (NPM) paradigm within the board of a UK Hospital Trust. Three rhetorical strategies justifying what kind of a more 'rounded picture' was required were identified, which included national productivity comparisons with other hospitals, narrow focus on finance and innovation in the whole clinical process.

In his commentary on his translation of Homer's 'Iliad' and 'Odyssey,' Alexander Pope refers the reader to two classical books on rhetoric, Plato's 'Cratylus' and 'On Literary Composition' by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. The author shows how those two works express the method and purpose used by Pope in his translation.

The illusion of life rhetorical perspective increases our understanding about how discursive linguistic symbols and non-discursive aesthetic symbols function together to communicate and persuade in didactic music. We argue that lyrics and music work together to offer messages comprised of both conceptual and emotional content through the constructs of virtual experience (lyrics) and virtual time (music). Both virtual experience and virtual time must exist for music to function rhetorically. For songs without lyrics, virtual experience must be derived from some other source. Emotional content is progressively articulated in music and is understood by considering intensity and release patterns both individually and contextually. Music's rhetorical significance lies in the degree of congruity or incongruity that exists between virtual experience and virtual time. Congruent messages make the meaning more poignant, but could come at the expense of listener appeal. Incongruent messages transform the message in some way, making the holistic message more than, and perhaps different from, the message depicted in the lyrics alone. Incongruity could result in misinterpretation, an emotional message devoid of conceptual content, or subtle and systematic persuasion.

Counter-Reformation sermons were the major medium for communicating ideas in sixteenth-century Rome, and secular patrons of religious art could draw on this shared language to help fashion their own rhetoric on the walls of their chapels. Sermons often spoke to specific audiences, making use of meaningful exemplars to encourage right living. Lucrezia della Rovere's Marian chapel (1548-52) in the new Minim church of Trinita dei Monti made use of sermons directed primarily to women. Reconstructing what she and the viewers heard is based on the new guides to preaching, famous Marian sermons, and Minim ideals. The patron, using the female exemplars of Mary, Saint Anne, Anna the widow in the Temple, and the mothers of the Massacred Innocents, spoke of the importance of women in family lineage, the glory of motherhood, its sorrows and the need for consolation, and the honor of widows.

Discourses in the human sciences achieve intelligibility through the four traditions of voice that include the mystical, the prophetic, the mythic and the civil and the two postmodern methods of annunciation that include the autobiographical and the fictional. These methods serve to give the human sciences their rhetorical power. They differ in terms of how they treat their readers, the functions that they serve, their communicative limitations and the cultural forms of life to which they cater.

Television's ascent to the position of society's dominant medium precipitated significant changes in news reporting, including information presentations suited to an entertainment 'supra-ideology' and the erosion of barriers separating public figures' 'backstage' from their 'onstage' areas. Combined with the need for print and television news to compete for profits, especially since the advent of CNN, these changes promote a tendency toward adversarial reporting. However, to sustain their legitimacy and value to democracy, the news media must appear to respect social norms on when and what kinds of adversarial reporting are appropriate and maintain an acceptable balance between adversarial and 'objective' reporting. In a role imbalance attack (RIA), a rhetor who has been the subject of negative news coverage tries to deflect judgments by arguing that the news media have been inappropriately adversarial and by developing an ideal implied auditor ready to act against the news media. If actual auditors identify with the RIA's implied audience or if the news media fear that they might, the rhetor is in a position to benefit by exploiting suspicions about the news media's practices in the contemporary environment. The factors influencing this strategy's success and the news media's complicity in the attacks on them are discussed.

The standard Aristotelian notion of the enthymeme has become too narrowly defined in contemporary rhetoric studies, so close to what is also known as syllogism that there need not be any distinction between the two. A re-examination of the enthymemic process reveals that it is more than syllogism. The enthymeme should be recognized as an argumentative turn that relies on the speaker's knowledge of the inferential and attitudinal complex of both listener and speaker to produce emotional inferences in the audience's mind, all with the aim of rhetorical persuasion.

This qualitative case study examines Earth First!, a radical environmental group whose motto is 'No Compromise in the Defense of Mother Earth!' The group creates controversy by engaging in guerilla theater, civil disobedience, and specific acts of private property destruction, variously labeled 'monkeywrenching,' 'ecotage,' or 'ecodefense.' Earth First! texts use paradox, satire, contradiction, parody, and irony to desecrate or recontextualize unfavorable contexts. The larger environmental movement suffers and benefits as a result. Compromise is shown to be a matter of context and perspective.

This study investigates the relationship between argumentation advanced in the briefs and oral argument of four Supreme Court cases and the reasoning proferred by the Court in the opinion justifying its decision in those cases. At times, the attorney argumentation was uttlery irrelevant to the reasoning advanced in the Court's opinions, while in other cases the Court adopted the claims and rationale offered by the attorneys. A perspective on argumentation and decision making derived from the interpretive view of argument and information integration theory explains the results.

This essay examines Ronald Reagan's 1987 State of the Union Address as a quest story that reaffirms his vision of America's endless search for freedom. The quest for freedom is viewed as a persuasive, archetypal pattern that produces a common vision of the future through the mythic appeals of the past. These appeals are essentially formal and can be identified in the discourse as a general pattern of life for humankind to follow. To accept this pattern is to participate in the quest and achieve excellence and success in life. Thus, Reagan offers an altogether positive myth of transcendence for the future of America as he enters into the twilight of this Presidency.

Debating societies formed among tradesmen, craftsmen, professionals, and small businessmen of eighteenth-century England with the overt purpose of "improving" their members. A body of discourse arose in response which satirized the debating societies of the day. These classical examples of the satiric voice served as a form of argumentative practice in which the ideological struggle between social classes was waged.

Agnes of God's rhetorical impact stems from the unconventional manner in which it treats dialectical conflict. We argue that the film embodies a pattern of change distinct from those identified by Rushing, Frentz, and other critics, one we label 'dialectical disorientation.' This pattern emerges from conflict between wto antithetical but complementary life worlds and results in a paradoxical acceptance of the uncertainty and ambiguity of the human condition. Our examination of Agnes of God yields five characteristics of 'dialectical disorientation.' We conclude by discussing the rhetorical implications of the form, arguing that Agnes of God is representative of a class of highly configural films that function to jar conventional sensitibilities and articulate complex human problems that defy expression in more conventional, discursive form.

This study examines the conversational organization of shared laughter. Previous studies have shown that participants routinely create shared laughter through a sequence of first laugh invitation and second laugh response. The present study reports that, while in two-party interactions such a sequence routinely occurs with current speaker providing the first laugh, in multi-party interactions someone other than current speaker generally provides the first laugh. The distribution of 'who laughs first' is influenced in part by conversational activities in which shared laughter gets embedded, such as teasing or story and joke-telling. By letting someone else laugh first, current speakers in multi-party interactions may orient to a bias against laughing at one's own laughables. By this distributional feature, multi-party shared laughter comes closer in its organization to one-to-many communicative events, such as stand-up comedy. Thus laughter may be most fully realized in its small group manifestations rather than as a one-to-one phenomenon.

This essay argues for a revised perspective on presidential crisis rhetoric informed by an understanding of differing exigencies. Using speeches by Ronald Reagan, two types of crisis rhetoric are examined: those which fulfill a need for communal understanding and are characterized by epideictic strategies, and those which strive for policy approval and are characterized by deliberative strategies. The essay concludes that crisis rhetoric cannot be viewed as a homogeneous type of discourse; rather, it should be analyzed in relation to the different exigencies it responds to and the different functions it performs. Implications for the study of crisis rhetoric as a rhetorical genre are also discussed.

This paper presents a case study of a conversational storytelling in which a recipient redirects an ongoing storytelling. The storytelling begins as one which threatens to make another recipient its 'butt.' In redirecting the storytelling, the 'butt' is rescued. The account of how these activities are achieved indicates, first, that storytelling may be a way of accomplishing interpersonal activities, both for teller and recipients. Secondly, it demonstrates that recipient is an active participant in the storytelling, both in determining what the storytelling comes to be 'about,' and in working out the interpersonal activities it performs. Conclusions are drawn about the work of storytelling in the interactive construction of experience.

This paper investigates a strategy for giving an opinion by first soliciting another party's opinion and then producing one's own report in a way that takes the other's into account. This is done through a three-part 'perspective-display sequence,' consisting of (1) an opinion query or 'perspective-display invitation,' (2) the reply or recipient's opinion, and (3) asker's subsequent report. This sequence can be expanded through use of the prompt, a secondary query that prefigures askers' subsequent report and seeks the exact material with which that report can agree. Agreement and other exhibits of affiliation between recipient's and asker's displayed positions are preferred features of the device's use. Thus asker's report seconds or confirms recipient's perspective; at the same time, recipient's position is exploited to reinforce or affirm the position in inviter's report. The strategy of using a perspective-display sequence is pertinent to situations where cautiousness in giving reports and opinions seems warranted.

Pursuing Burke's conceptions of piety and appropriateness, this essay argues for propriety as the master term of rhetorical completion, assimilating style and argument to a common goal, holding discourse together as it extends that discourse into the world. A case study suggests that even a radical text might be self-justifying by creating its own sense of decorum.

Apologia theory thus far includes definitions, strategies, explorations of motivations, and boundaries. If apologies are made to satisfy a hierarchy of needs, they are also constrained by a complex hierarch of cultural and personal values. This essay provides a case study of Governor Ray Blanton's apologia by applying Bitzer's concept of functional communication, and extends Jamieson's concept of the constraint of antecedent genre upon the rhetorical situation by an examination of the impact of a speaker's antecedent rhetorical style upon later apologetic efforts.