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Oil drilling fluids require additives to control and regulate their rheological properties. For water-based mud, many components such as polymers are introduced to respond to specific functions. In this work, starches extracted from potatoes and corn, were proposed as a filtration controller and their effects on the rheological properties of Algerian Na-Bentonite are examined. The potato and corn starches were fabricated by adopting an easy, eco-friendly, and cost-effective route (peeling, mixing, filtration and drying) for potatoes and (soaking, crushing, filtration and drying) for corn kernels. A comparative study of the rheological properties included apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point and gel strength. The measurements were performed in the presence of caustic soda and potassium chloride while varying the concentration for both starches (0.6, 1.2, and 2.0%) and potassium chloride (1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%). From the obtained results, both potato and corn starches enhanced the rheological properties meanwhile reduced the fluid loss and the filter cake thickness by an average of (20.66% and 26.66%) and (6.33% and 17.77%), respectively in basic/saline media drilling fluid formulations. This research demonstrates that bio-starches stand as a potential alternative additives for the enhancement of rheological and filtration properties in water-based drilling fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the morphology and various thermal, mechanical, and rheological properties of polylactic acid (PLA)-based nanobiocomposites. The objective of this investigation is to evaluate the potential of modified Algerian clay as a nanofiller through an examination of the characteristics of PLA/Mag-CTA and PLA/CMC nanobiocomposites with varying levels of prepared fillers. This study is concerned with the synthesis of poly(lactic acid)/Maghnite-CTA (PLA/Mag-CTA) and poly(lactic acid)/microcrystalline cellulose (CMC) nanobiocomposites, with two distinctive catalysts and organic reinforcements produced in solution. The outcomes of the various techniques employed demonstrate that PLA nanobiocomposites exhibit a mixed morphology, comprising intercalation and exfoliation. The results from the diverse techniques used show that the PLA nanobiocomposites developed have a mixed intercalated-exfoliated morphology. The dispersion of the Maghnite-CTA filler and microcrystalline cellulose was enhanced during the production of the various materials, as well as the presence of aggregates at high levels. The best rheological performance, corresponding to the optimal dispersion of the nanofiller, was observed for a low quantity of organic filler. Thermal behavior properties were significantly enhanced with the incorporation of the two nanofillers. Analysis by steric exclusion chromatography showed that the fillers used in the nanobiocomposite synthesis increased the average molecular weights of the PLA chains, while the polydispersity index remained constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of supportable, cost-effective, and high-performance nanoparticles (NPs) is one of the new examination points within penetrating applications. The consideration of tailorable nanoparticles offers the chance to figure out water-based drilling fluids (WBDFs) with upgraded properties, providing exceptional opportunities in the energy, oil, gas, water, or framework enterprises. In WBDFs, nano and micron materials are investigated to control their rheological properties and their influence. This paper aims to analyze the influence of nano Fe2O3 on the rheological behavior of drilling fluid muds under high temperatures and pressure. Additionally, we seek to identify the optimal concentration of iron oxide nanoparticles that maintain consistent rheology; we examined the interfering effects of shear rates and iron oxide nanoparticle temperature on the sheartype of the changed depleting liquid in the Dibella oil field to make the penetrating activity efficient, realistic, and skilled. We observe that as the temperature increases, the water-based mud (WBM), plastic viscosity (PV), yield point (YP), and gel strength (Gs) decrease until the reject structure is disrupted. Therefore, we must proceed with our assessment using nano Fe2O3 to resolve the shortcomings of the slope framework. Six water-based mud cakes containing 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3g weight percent of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were prepared for this evaluation. The experimental outcomes revealed an optimal nanoparticle mixing of 2.5 g weight percent, which resulted in a 13.8% reduction in the API filtrate volume and a 40% reduction in filter cake thickness. At 300°F temperature and type 10.00 pressure, the results of our experiments consistently demonstrate a decrease of 14.77% in the rheological properties of PV and YP and 10 s and 10 min in the gel strength of carbon oxide nanoparticles. The YP-PV span is 2.7, and the yield strength is 11 lb/100 ft2. On the other hand, mud cake A, which contains 0.5 wt% NPs, loses 6 mL of fluid after 30 min. In contrast, drilling mud cake E, which is composed of 3 wt% NPs, shows a fluid loss of 5.1 mL in the API filter press test. Based on the Bingham plastic model, the maximum shear stress versus shear rate was observed for bentonite drilling muds E and F, with 2.5 wt% and 3 wt% NPs, respectively, and this result indicates that the use of nano Fe2O3 can effectively adjust the properties of drilling fluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Practical Application This study investigates the impact of aqueous ozone (AO) on the yield, molecular structure, and rheological properties of wheat gluten separated using the batter procedure. Employing strong gluten flour (SGF) and weak gluten flour (WGF), we demonstrate that AO pretreatment significantly enhances the yield and purity of separated starch and gluten. Surface hydrophobicity, free sulfhydryl groups, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, and size exclusion‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (SE‐HPLC) analyses were used to evaluate the effects of AO on the molecular structure of gluten. Our analysis reveals that low concentrations of AO induce specific modifications in gluten proteins. AO treatment increases cross‐linking in glutenin macropolymer (GMP), reduces surface hydrophobicity, and stabilizes secondary and tertiary structures. These changes include an increase in β‐sheet content by approximately 9% and a corresponding decrease in β‐turn structures, leading to enhanced viscoelastic properties of the gluten. The research highlights AO's potential as a sustainable and efficient agent in wheat flour processing, offering advancements in both product quality and eco‐friendly processing techniques. Future research should optimize AO treatment parameters and explore its effects on different cereal types further to enhance its applicability and benefits in food processing.Our work substantially advances the existing knowledge on wheat flour processing by demonstrating the multifaceted benefits of AO pretreatment. We unveil significant improvements in the yield and purity of starch and gluten when compared to conventional separation methods. Moreover, our in‐depth analysis of molecular changes induced by AO, including increased cross‐linking, alterations in surface hydrophobicity, and modifications in glutenin macropolymer content, provides new insights into how AO affects the viscoelastic properties of gluten. This contribution is pivotal for the development of more efficient, sustainable, and eco‐friendly wheat flour processing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Response to exterior stimulants, such as light and pH and also self-healing behavior are the major specifications of smart nanocomposites. This project aims to synthesise various weight percentages of smart fluorescent hydrogel nanocomposites using natural and bio-friendly materials including polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), corn starch (CS), aloe vera (AV) and g-C3N4QDs (PSA/CN). Graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-C3N4QDs or CN) were synthesised by way of pyrolysis of the urea and citric acid (CA) blend with 18:1 weight proportion employing microwave-supported procedure. Next, synthesis and properties of the prepared nanocomposites were verified by means of microscopic and electroscopic methods. The strong absorption peaks registered at 230, 290 and 390 nm confirmed UV absorption ability of the synthesised PSA/CN nanocomposites. In response to 390 nm exciting wavelength, these nanocomposites emitted green fluorescence (FL) at 505–510 nm. Adding CN (0.25 wt% and 0.5 wt%) to the hydrogel matrix bred a growth in thermal stability of the resultant nanocomposites. Loading diverse weight percentages of CN into hydrogel matrix led the rheological features of the hydrogel nanocomposites to improve. Studies on pH-responsive and rheological analyses approved self-healing behavior of the PSA/CN nanocomposites against damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Our study focuses on the gelling properties of pea protein (PP), which are comparatively weaker than those of other plant proteins, thereby limiting its application. However, we found that the addition of κ‐carrageenan (κ‐CAR) significantly (P < 0.05) increased PP gels' hardness and water‐holding capacity irrespective of gel formation temperature (80 or 95 °C). Rheological and microstructural analysis confirmed a synergistic effect between PP and κ‐CAR, with higher synergy values observed in hydrogels formulated at 95 °C. Molecular force studies revealed that non‐covalent interactions were dominant, with disulphide bonds contributing only to the structure of gels formed at 95 °C. These promising findings not only enhance our understanding of the PP and κ‐CAR gel formation mechanism but also hold practical implications, potentially leading to improved gelling properties of PP and expanding its applications in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, a novel frozen pasta product (direct‐fried yeast‐fermented frozen youtiao, DFYF‐frozen youtiao) was developed, and its quality deterioration mechanism was explored from gluten. The comprehensive quality assessment revealed that DFYF‐frozen youtiao essentially satisfied consumers' expectations. However, after 10 freeze–thawed cycles (FTc), its specific volume dropped, accompanied by an 83.3% reduction in gas production capacity. Meanwhile, FTc treatment resulted in a noticeable decrease in springiness and resilience, and increased the hardness and springiness by 32.8% and 44.5% respectively. The deterioration of rheological properties for DFYF‐frozen youtiao dough during FTc was attributed to the loose gluten network, as evidenced by glutenin macropolymer depolymerisation, high hydrophobicity and weak thermal stability of gluten proteins. This study aims to offer technical guidance for producing palatable frozen youtiao with enhanced health attributes and understand the intricate relationships between the characteristics of gluten proteins and quality of DFYF‐frozen youtiao. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, lignin has received increasing attention due to its wide availability, low cost, renewability, and potential for improving the performance of asphalt pavement. The purpose of this study is to investigate the rheological properties and microscopic mechanism of modified asphalt by using different types of lignin. The effects of different aging durations on the rheological properties, as well as the chemical and morphological changes of different lignin-modified asphalts, were analyzed using dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The results of the rheological tests demonstrated that the addition of lignin had a positive effect on the permanent deformation of the asphalt matrix and significantly improved the rutting resistance of the asphalt at high temperatures, with the most significant change observed in enzymatic lignin. The addition of lignin improves certain fatigue resistance and good fatigue life. The chemical test results indicate that lignin, as a blending agent, can compensate for the molecular weight changes caused by the aging of the matrix asphalt when degrading, maintaining a balanced distribution of molecular weight, which is the main mechanism of resistance to thermal oxidation aging of lignin-modified asphalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major global consumption of coffee has led to the generation of a substantial amount of spent coffee grounds (SCG), which contribute to environmental burdens. Research on using SCG for asphalt modification is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of using biochar from spent coffee grounds (SBC) produced through low-oxygen pyrolysis as a modifier for asphalt, to enhance high-temperature performance and aging resistance. The results demonstrated excellent compatibility between SBC and asphalt binder without causing agglomeration. The introduction of SBC significantly enhanced asphalt's high-temperature stability and resistance to deformation, while some adverse effects on low-temperature performance were found. The inclusion of SBC improved the anti-aging properties of asphalt, as indicated by various aging performance indices. A decreasing trend was observed for sulfoxide (S═O) 1,030 cm−1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images revealed the changes in the size and shape of beelike structures, with smaller bee structures observed in SBC-modified asphalt (SBCMA). Overall, these microscopic structures were consistent with the rheological properties. Due to the improvement of high-temperature stability and anti-aging properties, SBC could prove to be an environmentally friendly and sustainable modifier for asphalt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of warm-mix flame retardant rubber asphalt (WFRA) in tunnel pavement offers a promising solution that enhances both energy conservation and tunnel safety. First, a commercial halogen-free flame retardant (ZK), alumina trihydrate (ATH), and organic montmorillonite compound ATH flame retardant (OMMT/ATH) were melt-blended with warm-mix rubber asphalt (WRA) to prepare different types of WFRAs. Then, the effects of various flame retardants (FRs) on flame retardancy and rheological properties of the WRA were evaluated. Moreover, the functional groups of FR, WRA, and WFRA were investigated. Finally, the synergistic mechanism of FR on the WRA was explored based on the analysis of flame retardancy, rheological properties, and functional groups. Results show that the flame-retardant effect of OMMT/ATH on the WRA is much better than that of single FRs (ZK and ATH), indicating that the OMMT and ATH exhibit synergistic flame-retardant effect. The addition of OMMT/ATH enhances the high-temperature performance but shows little effect on the fatigue performance of the WRA. The synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of OMMT/ATH on the WRA is mainly attributed to the physical barrier effect of OMMT, the cooling and dilution effect of ATH, and the synergistic covering layer effect of OMMT and ATH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the influence of flame-retardant materials on the rheological properties of warm-mix asphalt was investigated. The rheological properties of base asphalt and styrene–butadiene–styrene-modified (SBS) asphalt modified with 2% Sasobit and flame-retardant materials, such as alumina trihydrate and organic montmorillonite (OMMT) in a proportion of 3:1 (AM), were systematically explored. The investigation was carried out under three dosages of AM; i.e., 4%, 8%, and 12%. Experiments including dynamic shear rheological tests, multiple stress creep recovery tests, bending beam rheometer tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy tests, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) tests, and fluorescence microscopy (FM) tests were conducted to evaluate the rheological properties and micromechanism of warm-mix flame-retardant asphalt under different AM dosages. The results showed that the rheological properties of warm-mix flame-retardant SBS asphalt (SOA) at high and low temperatures were better than those of warm-mix flame-retardant asphalt (POA) at the same AM dosage. The increase in AM dosage improved the high-temperature rheological properties and decreased the low-temperature rheological properties. Based on the combined analysis of FTIR spectroscopy, GPC results, and FM results, the reason for this phenomenon was speculated to be the occurrence of wax-crystal structure and filler–asphalt interaction between asphalt and AM. Furthermore, organic cations in OMMT adsorbed the lightweight components present in asphalt, which reduced their proportion and improved the high-temperature and rheological properties. Moreover, the increase in AM led to the increase in physical volume filling, which increased the mechanical properties and brittleness of asphalt. The stress concentration led to the worsening of the stress-diffusion capacity of POA and SOA and eventually led to the decrease in the low-temperature rheological properties of POA and SOA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the effects of silane-modified polyimide polymer (PIS) on cement mortar. The PIS was added to replace cement in a specified ratio. Obtained results revealed that the PIS caused retardation on setting time, and accelerated UPV mostly by encapsulating unhydrated cement particles, filling pores, or reacting with C–S–H and Ca(OH)2 with shifting to Si–O vibrations. SEM results showed a good compact interface without forming considerable agglomeration and voids on the microstructure, and this improved flexural and compressive strength properties. In conclusion, silane-modified polyimide as an admixture or cement replacement can be recommended for construction industries to enhance the properties of cement mortar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the presented research, oleosomes were obtained from unroasted hazelnuts in an aqueous environment with a pH of 9.5, adjusted using sodium bicarbonate. Model emulsions were then prepared to contain oleosomes in proportions of 15, 25, and 35%. Rheological and viscosity analyses were conducted on these model emulsions, focusing on elastic and viscous modulus values. The results of the analyses, which revealed that an increase in the oleosome content in the model emulsions correlated with a concurrent increase in emulsion viscosity as well as in the elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli, demonstrate the significant impact of oleosome concentration on the rheological properties of the emulsions. All samples exhibited a G′ > G″ relationship, indicating their semi-solid nature. Moreover, an increase in the oleosome content was found to result in a higher consistency index for the product, while the flow index remained largely unchanged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devulcanized rubber-modified asphalt (DRMA) possesses broad application potential due to its environmental friendliness and exceptional performance. However, the relationship between the rubber devulcanization degree, rubber content, and the modification effect of asphalt binder has not been clearly revealed. In this work, DRMA with different rubber devulcanization degrees and contents was prepared. The storage stability and rheological properties of several asphalt binders were evaluated, and the interaction mechanism between different devulcanized rubber (DVR) and asphalt was also detected. The storage stability of DRMA increased with the rubber devulcanization degree and decreased with the DVR content. The rheological test results demonstrated that under the same rubber devulcanization conditions, the elasticity ratio, rutting resistance, and fatigue resistance of the ML40 series was enhanced continuously, while the above properties of DRMA of the other series were enhanced and then weakened with the rubber devulcanization degree. Additionally, the DRMA of the ML60 series had a superior elasticity ratio and rutting resistance when the DVR content was the same. The low-temperature performance of DRMA increases with the rubber devulcanization degree and DVR content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this research, two different particle sizes of kaolin were selected, and their rheological properties were characterized by steady-state and dynamic rheological tests. Stress relaxation in the flow curves was a novel finding; redefinition and interpretation of flow curves were the focus of our research. Two methods were used and compared for determining the yield stress. The results showed that suspensions with higher solid content and smaller particle size showed more compact inter-particle interactions, exerting multiple stress relaxation and a strong yield and viscoelastic characteristic. The thixotropic properties were also strongly affected by solid content and particle size, and the differences were reflected in the structural recovery capability. Finally, the effects on rheological properties by introducing deflocculant were studied; the stress relaxation disappeared gradually, and storage modulus and yield stress increased.Moreover, kaolin suspensions with smaller particle sizes required more deflocculant for adsorption and electrical neutralization, confirming that more positively charged edges were exposed after fragmentation. This study has provided an excellent approach to control and adjust the rheological properties of kaolin suspensions in industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple and scalable production of micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) is crucial to address the energy requirements of miniature electronics. Although significant advancements have been achieved in fabricating MSCs through solution-based printing techniques, the realization of high-performance MSCs remains a challenge. In this paper, graphene-based MSCs with a high power density were prepared through screen printing of aqueous conductive inks with appropriate rheological properties. High electrical conductivity (2.04 × 104 S∙m−1) and low equivalent series resistance (46.7 Ω) benefiting from the dense conductive network consisting of the mesoporous structure formed by graphene with carbon black dispersed as linkers, as well as the narrow finger width and interspace (200 µm) originating from the excellent printability, prompted the fully printed MSCs to deliver high capacitance (9.15 mF∙cm−2), energy density (1.30 µWh∙cm−2) and ultrahigh power density (89.9 mW∙cm−2). Notably, the resulting MSCs can effectively operate at scan rates up to 200 V∙s−1, which surpasses conventional supercapacitors by two orders of magnitude. In addition, the MSCs demonstrate excellent cycling stability (91.6% capacity retention and ~100% Coulombic efficiency after 10,000 cycles) and extraordinary mechanical properties (92.2% capacity retention after 5000 bending cycles), indicating their broad application prospects in flexible wearable/portable electronic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of a study on the effect of the dispersed phase on the lubricating and rheological properties of selected lubricant compositions. A vegetable oil base (rapeseed oil) was used to prepare vegetable lubricants, which were then thickened with lithium stearate, calcium stearate, aluminum stearate, amorphous silica, and montmorillonite. Based on the results of the tribological tests of selected lubricating compositions, it was found that calcium stearate and montmorillonite have the most beneficial effect on the anti-wear properties of the tested lubricating greases, while silica thickeners (amorphous silica and montmorillonite) provide the effective anti-wear protection in compared to the lubricants produced on lithium and aluminum stearate. The lowest structural viscosity was found for grease thickened with montmorillonite. Much higher values of this parameter were observed for composition, where aluminum stearate was the dispersed phase, while the highest value of structural viscosity was observed for composition, where aerosol–amorphous silica was the thickener. The composition thickened with amorphous silica had the highest yield point value, while the composition in which montmorillonite was the dispersed phase had the lowest value. Dynamic viscosity decreases with temperature, which is characteristic of lubricants. No significant differences in dynamic viscosity were found for the lubricating compositions tested at temperatures above 50 [°C]. The most favorable rheological properties were observed for composition, which was produced using calcium stearate, as it allows the lowest dynamic viscosity at −20 [°C]. Lubricants produced with lithium stearate or aluminum stearate were characterized by higher viscosity at low temperatures. For grease, in which the lithium stearate was used as a thickener, the value of the elasticity index determines the weak viscoelastic properties of tested grease and a greater tendency to change structure under the influence of applied forces. For vegetable grease thickened with aluminum stearate, more than 15 times lower values of the MSD function were observed, and the calculated elasticity index value proves the stronger viscoelastic properties of the aluminum stearate grease in relation to grease thickened with the lithium stearate. The elasticity index value for grease thickened with amorphous silica was lower than for greases thickened with lithium and aluminum stearate, indicating its stronger viscoelastic properties in relation to these two greases. For grease composition prepared on the vegetable oil base and thickened with montmorillonite. The value of the elasticity index was lower than most of the tested grease compositions, without the composition, in which the calcium stearate was used as a thickener. Such results testify to moderately strong viscoelastic properties, which leads to the conclusion that the produced lubricant was a stable substance on changes in chemical structure under the influence of variable conditions prevailing during work in tribological joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable and bio-based polymers, including polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), polylactic acid (PLA), and poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA), stand out as sustainable alternatives to traditional petroleum-based plastics for a wide range of consumer applications. Studying binary and ternary blends is essential to exploring the synergistic combinations and efficiencies of three distinct biopolyesters. A comprehensive evaluation of melt-extruded binary and ternary polymer blends of PHA, PLA, and PBSA was conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed a heterogeneous morphology characteristic of immiscible blends, with a predominant spherical inclusion morphology observed in the majority of the blends. An increased PBSA concentration led to an elevation in melt viscosity and elasticity across both ternary and binary blends. An increased PHA content reduced the viscosity, along with both storage and loss moduli in the blends. Moreover, a rise in PHA concentration within the blends led to increased crystallinity, albeit with a noticeable reduction in the crystallization temperature of PHA. PLA retained amorphous structure in the blends. The resultant bio-based blends manifested enhanced rheological and calorimetric traits, divergent from their pure polymer counterparts, highlighting the potential for optimizing material properties through strategic formulation adjustments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced ceramics are widely used in various industries like medical, automotive, and aerospace. Production of ceramic components has been constrained due to challenging machining procedures and the difficulty of forming complicated parts. Powder injection molding is one of the suitable methods to produce complex ceramics and overcome the difficulties of producing these parts. This paper investigates the effect of micro and nano powder addition on the rheological properties, segregation, and imbalance filling. For this purpose, different amounts of nano and micro SiC powder (5 wt%, 10 wt%, 15 wt%, and 20 wt% of micro SiC and 1-3 wt% of nano alumina) were added to alumina powder and the prepared feedstocks were injected at various flow rates. Rheological properties of feedstocks and segregation phenomenon in the green parts were investigated by rotational rheometer and thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. As well as, mold filing, segregation and distribution of temperature during filling were simulated using Moldflow Synergy (Autodesk) 2019 software and compared to the experimental results. It was found that feedstocks containing 15 wt% micro SiC and 2 wt% nano SiC showed the best rheological behavior. The segregation phenomenon was observed in samples injected at flow rate of 15 cm3/s. No imbalance filling was observed in none of the samples, but by increasing the flow rate the segregation was intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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AbstractThe particle size of polybutadiene (PB) particles can be effectively controlled through polymer agglomeration. However, up to now, the impact of the particle size and concentration of agglomerated PB on the mechanical properties and rheological behavior of ABS terpolymer remains unclear. Our research described here studied the effect of the particle size and content of agglomerated PB on the mechanical and rheological properties of ABS. It was found that the impact strength of ABS with a bimodal size distribution of PB (67/452 nm) exceeded that of ABS with a unimodal PB size distribution within the PB content range studied. Furthermore, the impact strength of the ABS containing 319 nm PB above the brittle-toughness transition point was greater than that of other ABS containing unimodal PB at the same PB content. For ABS with a unimodal PB distribution, the PB contents of ABS containing 220, 319, and 415 nm PB at the brittle ductile transition point were 14%, 12%, and 16%, respectively. The tensile strength and melting index of the ABS containing different particle sizes of agglomerated PB decreased linearly with the increase of PB content. Rheological tests showed the viscosity and dynamic viscoelastic properties of the ABS blends. All ABS exhibited shear-thinning behavior, and the addition of PB content resulted in more elastic than viscous behavior in the ABS blends. At the same angular frequency (ω), higher PB content corresponded to greater complex viscosity in the ABS blends. In addition, as the PB content in ABS was increased, it exhibited more solid-like behavior. This study, we suggest, provides a good insight into the effect of agglomerated PB on the ABS/PB blend properties and explores practical applications for the polymer agglomeration of polybutadiene latex (PBL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generic medications contain the identical active ingredient in the same concentration as their branded counterparts and are administered in the same manner, aiming to deliver comparable efficacy, dosage, and clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, variations in additives and formulation processes, particularly noticeable in topical medications, can influence factors like ease of use and patient adherence. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the rheological attributes of branded and generic injectable ointments, assessing disparities in formulation performance and their impact on patient care. Posterisan® Forte and Hemoporison® ointments were used as the branded and generic versions, respectively, and their viscosity, ductility, and viscoelastic properties were evaluated. Posterisan® Forte showcased enhanced spread ability, maintaining uniform flow characteristics across varying temperatures, whereas Hemoporison® displayed pronounced thixotropic properties and stiffness, suggesting potential benefits for applications necessitating reversible viscosity adjustments and heightened rigidity. Despite sharing identical additives, observable differences in physical characteristics highlight the necessity of understanding formulation traits, which could influence ointment behavior. Alterations in fluidity and viscosity may affect how patients perceive and apply the medication, potentially influencing treatment outcomes and the occurrence of adverse effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important part of straw, cellulose is the key to determine its mechanical strength. If applied to asphalt pavement, it is expected to improve the performance of the pavement and solve the problems of straw degradation and aging in the pavement. Firstly, the central composite design-response surface method was used to explore the influence of the extraction process of cellulose in straw on the performance of asphalt, and the optimum extraction process of cellulose was determined. Secondly, the effects of cellulose on high temperature stability, low temperature crack resistance and storage stability of asphalt were studied by rheological property test, segregation test and infrared spectrum test. The results show that the cellulose extracted under the condition of NaOH concentration of 2.5% and HNO3 concentration of 4.3% has the best effect on improving the physical properties of asphalt. At the same time, the incorporation of corn straw cellulose improves the high temperature stability, low temperature crack resistance and deformation resistance of asphalt under high-speed vehicle load shear. When the content of corn straw cellulose is 7%, the comprehensive performance of asphalt is the best, and there is no serious segregation phenomenon. Compared with matrix asphalt, the high temperature continuous grading temperature (TLH) of cellulose content at 7% is increased by 13 °C, and the low temperature performance is increased by 49.3%. In addition, cellulose only bonded with each other by physical enhancement to improve the performance of asphalt, and no chemical reaction occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphaltene-resin-paraffin deposition (ARPD) is a complicated and prevalent issue in the oil and gas industry, impacting the efficiency and integrity of petroleum extraction, production, transportation and processing systems. Considering all witnessed ARPD problems in Azerbaijan oil fields, this paper proposed a chemical method and optimized the type and concentration of chemical inhibitors. Then, the effect of selected chemical reagents on inhibiting the ARPD amount and thus enhancing oil recovery was detected by reservoir simulation during both waterflooding and CO2 flooding production. Three new chemical compounds (namely, Chemical-A, Chemical-B and Chemical-C) were examined in laboratory conditions, and their impact on rheological properties of high-paraffin oilfield samples of Azerbaijan (X, Y and Z) were investigated. Experimental results show that Chemical-C with a concentration of 600 g/t has the best efficiency for alleviating the problems. After adding Chemical-C to the crude oil, the freezing point of oil was decreased from 12 °C to (−4) °C, the ARPD amount declined from 0.185 to 0.016 g, and oil effective viscosity was reduced from 16.2 mPa·s to 3.1 mPa·s. It was determined that for water and CO2 flooding, higher injection pressure resulted in reduced asphaltene precipitation. Adding the selected ARPD inhibitor, the oil recovery for waterflooding can increase from 52% to 62%, while it can rise from 55% to 68% for CO2 flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the principle of additive manufacturing, the innovative technology, 3D bioprinting, can realize the rapid prototyping of bionic functional tissues or artificial organs by accurately positioning and assembling bioinks containing biological materials and cell units, bringing unprecedented opportunities to the medical field. Its application prospect is very broad, and it is expected to solve many medical problems and benefit human health. In the complex process of 3D bioprinting, the choice of bio-ink materials is crucial. It is the key to meeting the strict requirements of bio- safety, fineness and stability of 3D bioprinted bionic structures. Silk fibroin stands out as a potential biological 3D printing material due to its high biocompatibility, controllable biodegradability and adjustable mechanical properties and many other excellent properties. It is obtained by dissolving silk and dialysis, and then products that meet the requirements of different applications, such as hydrogels, films and sponges are prepared through physical or chemical crosslinking. Among the many cross-linking methods, compared with conventional physical cross-linking, thermochemical cross-linking and bioenzyme-catalyzed cross-linking, photocrosslinked fibroin hydrogel technology shows unique advantages. The photocrosslinked fibroin hydrogel technology has the characteristics of fast reaction rate, and can complete the crosslinking process in a short time, which greatly improves the work efficiency. Its conditions are milder and less damaging to biological materials and cells, helping to maintain their biological activity. At the same time, the spatiotemporal controllability makes it possible to precisely control the position and time of the crosslinking, thus achieving more fine and complex structures. In addition, the advantage of fewer by-products also reduces the potential harm to the environment and organisms. In this paper, the optical crosslinking technology of silk fibroin materials is the main line to carry out in-depth research and discussion. Based on rheological properties, the printing method suitable for photocrosslinked silk fibroin 3D printing was introduced. Through the in-depth analysis of the rheological properties of materials, the printing parameters can be optimized and the printing precision and quality can be improved. From the perspective of photocrosslinking reactivity, the photosensitive modification method of fibroin and the photoinduced crosslinking mechanism of fibroin were discussed, which is of great significance for understanding and mastering the photocrosslinking process and further improving and optimizing the technology. From the perspective of biocompatibility, the development of irradiation light source and photoinitiator was introduced. Good biocompatibility is an important prerequisite for the application of biological materials in the medical field, and the selection of appropriate irradiation light source and photoinitiator can guarantee this characteristic. Finally, the application of silk fibroin and its composite inks with synthetic and natural polymer materials in the field of photocrosslinked bioprinting was summarized, and the challenges in the preparation, development and application of photocrosslinked silk protein bioprinting were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the authors investigated the impact of extrusion-based printing process on the structural characteristics of bio-based resins through rheological measurements. Two commercially available filaments made from unfilled and wood-filled polylactide (PLA) polymers were considered. Three-dimensional specimens were prepared by printing these filaments under various operating conditions, i.e., changing the extruder temperature and printing rate, and examined using time sweep tests. Specific cycle rheological testing was conducted on pelletized filaments to simulate temperature changes in the printing process. The rheological characteristics of unprocessed materials, in terms of storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli, were found to be slightly affected by temperature changes. For a pure polymer, the G′ slope at a low frequency decreased over time, showing that the polymer chains evolved from a higher to a lower molecular weight. For wood-filled materials, the G′ slope rose over the testing time, emphasizing the formation of a percolated network of structured filler within the matrix. On the other side, the rheological parameters of both materials were strongly impacted by the printing extrusion and the related conditions. At lower nozzle temperatures (200 °C), by decreasing the printing speed, the G′ and G″ curves became increasingly different with respect to unprocessed resin; whereas at higher nozzle temperatures (220 °C), the influence of the printing speed was insignificant, and all curves (albeit distant from those of unprocessed matrix) mainly overlapped. Considerations on degradation kinetics of both materials during the printing process were also provided by fitting experimental data of complex viscosity with linear correlation over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral thrush and throat infections can occur in a wide range of patients. Treatments are available; however, resistance to drugs is a major problem for treating oral and throat infections. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) of fast dissolving oral films (FDFs) of linalool oil may provide an alternative solution. Linalool oil FDFs were printed by fused deposition modelling across 1–18 % w/w linalool content range with nozzle diameters of 0.4 or 1 mm at the temperature range of 150°C-185°C. The FDFs were evaluated for physicochemical and mechanical properties. Increasing the printer nozzle diameter to 1 mm allowed reducing the printing temperature from 185°C to 150°C; consequently, more linalool was quantified in the films with improved content uniformity. The higher linalool content in the films increased the film disintegration time and mechanical strength. FDFs containing 10% w/w linalool showed clear antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Raman spectroscopy suggested linalool separation from excipients at higher temperature printing. Viscoelastic measurements indicated that to achieve printing; the elastic modulus of molten filament needed to be higher than the loss modulus at low angular frequencies. In conclusion, increasing the printing nozzle diameter may avoid loss of the active ingredient by reducing the temperature of the 3DP process. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A goal of this study was to investigate the influence of fluidised bed agglomeration process with guar gum (GG) binder (0–0.3%) on the physical and rheological properties of agglomerated milk protein isolate (MPI). Larger and more porous particles were formed by the agglomeration process, resulting in an improvement in powder flowability, wettability and solubility. The agglomerate with 0.1% GG binder exhibited higher viscoelastic properties than other agglomerates, with viscoelastic moduli values decreasing as the binder concentration increased (0.1–0.3%). The findings demonstrate that the agglomeration process with GG improved the powder characteristics of MPI and influenced its rheological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of flow mechanisms consisting of unidirectionally arrayed fibers and uncured thermoset resin exist in prepreg materials. These mechanisms are percolation flow where resin flows out of the gaps between fibers, and shear flow where resin and fibers flow together. Based on our previous study, we assumed that percolation flow is controlled by the rheology of the matrix resin, whereas shear flow is controlled by the rheology of prepreg. Based on this assumption, we experimentally evaluated the 'multiscale' solidification (solidification of matrix resin and that of prepreg) process using dynamic mechanical analysis during gelation. The solidification of matrix resin was examined by observing the development of loss angle, which provides a continuous description of the solidification process. On the other hand, the solidification of prepreg was characterized by analyzing the relationship between the shear storage modulus of prepreg and that of the matrix resin. Finally, we examined the difference in the solidification process between prepreg and matrix resin during gelation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present report discusses the development of a novel nano-composite using a polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) and inorganic silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the SiO2 nanoparticles on the rheological properties of the PDLC films. In our research described in this paper SiO2 nanoparticle-doped polymer dispersed liquid crystal films were made from a mixture of ethylene glycol phenyl ether methacrylate (EGPEMA) pre-polymer, 4-Cyano-4′-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) liquid crystals (LC) and SiO2 nanoparticles by the polymerization induced phase separation (PIPS) process. Doping the PDLC systems with SiO2 improved the rheological properties of these materials; the percolation (network formation) observed reflected the good interfacial adhesion between the nanoparticles, the polymer matrix and the LC. On the other hand, a decrease in the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) of the PDLC systems after addition of the SiO2 nanoparticles confirmed their high flexibility and low crystallinity. A slight increase in G′ at 0.05 wt.% SiO2 resulted in the good mechanical strength of the doped PDLC. The viscoelastic behavior of the doped and undoped PDLC systems was confirmed at high frequencies. Thermal characterization by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PDLC with 0.05 wt.% of SiO2 nanoparticles, which showed that we had a more flexible material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Emulsified asphalt has become a popular green material in modern road construction due to its environmentally friendly and energy-saving characteristics. The method of obtaining residues is crucial for accurately evaluating the performance of emulsified asphalt and ensuring the quality of road construction. The evaporated residues of 3% and 6% SBR modified emulsified asphalt and 6% SBS modified emulsified asphalt were obtained by the low-temperature evaporation (LTE) method and the direct heating (DH) method, respectively. The rheological properties of the modified asphalt residues were tested by the temperature frequency sweeping (TFS), multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), and linear amplitude sweeping (LAS) tests using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and their aging resistance in the form of carbonyl index was measured by the Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The test results showed that, as compared to the DH method, the SBR modified emulsified asphalt residue obtained by the LTE method had higher elastic recovery rate, lower irrecoverable creep compliance, smaller accumulated performance deformation, longer fatigue life, and higher aging resistance, indicating that the LTE method using the low-temperature curing conditions (25°C, 24 h-60°C, 24 h) is more suitable for curing the SBR modified emulsified asphalt. However, the opposite trends of the performance indices except the aging resistance were observed for the SBS modified emulsified asphalt residue obtained from the LTE method, showing that the high-temperature curing condition (120°C, 30 min-163°C, 1 min) can give the SBS modified asphalt residue better rheological properties and higher fatigue resistance performance, but it also has the disadvantage of weakening the aging resistance. Therefore, in practical application, an appropriate curing temperature should be selected to condition the SBS modified emulsified asphalt for balancing its rheological performance and aging resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent consumer demand for non-dairy alternatives has forced many manufacturers to turn their attention to cereal-based non-alcoholic fermented products. In contrast to fermented dairy products, there is no defined and standardized starter culture for manufacturing cereal-based products. Since spontaneous fermentation is rarely suitable for large-scale commercial production, it is not surprising that manufacturers have started to adopt centuries-known dairy starters based on lactic acid bacteria (LABs) for the fermentation of cereals. However, little is known about the fermentation processes of cereals with these starters. In this study, we combined various analytical tools in order to understand how the most common starter cultures of LABs affect the most common types of cereals during fermentation. Specifically, 3% suspensions of rice, oat, and wheat flour were fermented by the pure cultures of 16 LAB strains belonging to five LAB species—Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus thermophilus, and Lactococcus lactis. The fermentation process was described in terms of culture growth and changes in the pH, reducing sugars, starch, free proteins, and free phenolic compounds. The organoleptic and rheological features of the obtained fermented products were characterized, and their functional properties, such as their antioxidant capacity and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the physicochemical–rheological properties of silver carp surimi gel was investigated. The gel strength, texture, water-holding capacity (WHC), dynamic distribution of water, and rheological properties of surimi gels added with different levels (0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1%) of EGCG were measured. The results showed that with the increase of EGCG content, the gel strength, hardness, WHC, and immobilized water contents of surimi gels showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and EGCG 0.02% and EGCG 0.04% showed better gel performance as compared with the control. EGCG 0.02% had the highest gel strength (406.62 g·cm), hardness (356.67 g), WHC (64.37%), and immobilized water contents (98.958%). The gel performance decreased significantly when the amounts of EGCG were higher than 0.06%. The viscosity, G′, and G″ of the rheological properties also showed the same trends. The chemical interaction of surimi gels, secondary structure of myofibrillar protein (MP), and molecular docking results of EGCG and silver carp myosin showed that EGCG mainly affected the structure and aggregation behavior of silver carp myosin through non-covalent interactions such as those of hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The microstructures of EGCG 0.02% and EGCG 0.04% were compact and homogeneous, and had better gel formation ability. The lower concentrations of EGCG formed a large number of chemical interactions such as those of disulfide bonds and hydrophobic interactions inside the surimi gels by proper cross-linking with MP, and also increased the ordered β-sheet structure of MP, which facilitated the formation of the compact three-dimensional network gel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food innovation that utilises agricultural waste while enhancing nutritional value is important for waste valorisation and consumer health. This study investigated incorporating spinach (Spinacia oleracea), as a model leafy agricultural waste, into wheat bread. We analysed the nutrient content, colour, texture, sensory attributes and purchase/consume intention ratings. Adding 10–40% spinach (w/w) yielded loaves with similar heights but significantly different colour and texture (p < 0.05) from white bread. Increasing spinach decreased total carbohydrates (including starch) while significantly increasing other nutrients (protein, fibre, iron, magnesium, potassium, zinc, calcium, vitamins A, C, E, folate, niacin, pyridoxine, nitrate/nitrite and polyphenols) (p < 0.05). Spinach addition increased bread porosity, linked to higher pasting parameters (peak, trough, breakdown, final and setback viscosity) with reduced pasting time and temperature. Texture analysis resulted in decreased hardness, chewiness, gumminess and firmness while increasing cohesiveness, with maximum resilience at 20% spinach enrichment. Sensory analysis with 21 untrained panellists revealed decreased visual appeal, less preferred taste, odour and overall liking (p < 0.05) with increasing spinach, with no significant difference in texture acceptance, but the 20% enrichment had comparable acceptance to white bread. Enriching staple foods like bread with leafy vegetable waste offers a promising approach for increasing daily vegetable intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic (USC) treatments have been applied to starches, flours and grains to modify their physicochemical properties and improve their industrial applicability. The extent of the modification caused by USC treatment depends on the treatment conditions and the natural characteristics of the treated matter. Cavitation leads to structural damage and fragmentation and partial depolymerization of starch components. The amorphous regions are more susceptible to being disrupted by ultrasonication, while the crystalline regions require extended USC exposure to be affected. The increased surface area in USC-treated samples has a higher interaction with water, resulting in modification of the swelling power, solubility, apparent viscosity, pasting properties and gel rheological and textural properties. Starch digestibility has been reported to be modified by ultrasonication to different extents depending on the power applied. The most important treatment variables leading to more pronounced modifications in USC treatments are the botanical origin of the treated matter, USC power, time, concentration and temperature. The interaction between these factors also has a significant impact on the damage caused by the treatment. The molecular rearrangement and destruction of starch structures occur simultaneously during the USC treatment and the final properties of the modified matrix will depend on the array of treatment parameters. This review summarizes the known effects of ultrasonic treatments in modifying starches, flours and grains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the diverse effects of lithological on the properties of alkali-activated slag systems by blending different stone powders - limestone (LP), dolomite (DP), quartz (QP), and magnesite (MP). The physical and chemical properties of the raw materials were first analysed, followed by the investigation of reaction kinetics, resulting products, and microstructure. Rheology, strength, and shrinkage were then evaluated. Results indicate that increased LP and DP content improves flowability due to their particle size, while QP has limited effect. All stone powders reduce the degree of reaction, although the stronger affinity of LP and DP for Ca2+ promotes the formation of more reaction products. Microstructural analysis highlights superior bonding of LP and DP to the paste, as evidenced by the lower macro-scale strength loss at low mixing ratios. DP can also mitigate drying shrinkage, whereas MP has the most adverse effect due to its highest capillary pore proportion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hydrogels have the ability to retain large amounts of water within their three-dimensional polymer matrices. These attractive materials are used in medicine and the food industry; they can serve as the basis for structured food products, additives, and various ingredients. Gelatin is one of widely used biopolymers to create hydrogels that exhibit biocompatibility and tunable rheological properties. In this study, we offer a comparative analysis of rheological properties of gelatin-based hydrogels (C = 6.67%), including mammalian gelatins from bovine and porcine skins and fish gelatins from commercial samples and samples extracted from Atlantic cod skin. Mammalian gelatins provide high strength and elasticity to hydrogels. Their melting point lies in the range from 22 to 34 °C. Fish gelatin from cod skin also provides a high strength to hydrogels. Commercial fish gelatin forms weak gels exhibiting low viscoelastic properties and strength, as well as low thermal stability with a melting point of 7 °C. Gelatins were characterized basing on the analysis of amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution, and biopolymer secondary structure in gels. Our research provides a unique rheological comparison of mammalian and fish gelatin hydrogels as a tool for the re-evaluation of fish skin gelatin produced through circular processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mycosystema is the property of Mycosystema Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nonsolvent-induced phase separation is a widely used technique in the manufacture of polymeric separators. This method involves fine-tuning porous structures through the phase separation of polymer solutions in Li-ion secondary battery systems. The phase separation properties and kinetics of heat-resistant poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) polymer solutions were characterized by adjusting the weight ratio of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent and water as a nonsolvent using both macro- and micro-rheological techniques. The viscoelastic moduli, measured with a rotational rheometer as a macro-rheological technique, and autocorrelation functions describing the fast movements of tracer ceria particles within polymer solutions—quickly detected using the micro-rheological light scattering technique of multi-speckle diffusing wave spectroscopy—offered a comprehensive assessment of the phase separation status and its kinetics during changes in the NMP/water ratio. These results are expected to play a fundamental role in understanding and controlling the pore structures of actual separator membranes applied in Li-ion battery systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetorheological (MR) fluids are known for their controllable characteristics under the influence of magnetic fields and, hence, widely used as semi-active actuators for vibration control. Regardless of advantages such as fast response time and reversible property, MR fluids inevitably experience sedimentation caused by significant density mismatches between magnetic particles and carrier liquids. Moreover, the effect of the temperature on actuating characteristics is also one of the problems to be resolved for practical implementation. This study experimentally investigates the sedimentation behavior under various temperatures ranging from 25 to 70 °C using a multiguide-arm magnetic device that generates a uniform magnetic flux density across MR fluids. The sedimentation stability is then observed after 168 h at current inputs of 0, 1, and 2 A, respectively. Subsequently, the field-dependent rheological properties of MR fluids are evaluated using a rheometer and discussed, showing actuating capability, which depends on the viscosity, shear stress, and yield stress before (initial state) and after the sedimentation (sedimentation state). The field-dependent yield stresses, which directly represent the actuating force of the semi-active actuator, are specifically evaluated. Under the on-state condition (2 A) at a temperature of 70 °C, the yield stress decreased from 2.747 kPa (initial state) to 2.352 kPa (sedimentation state). By using this yield stress, the field-dependent damping force was evaluated, showing a decrement from 1672 N (initial state) to 1623 N (sedimentation state) at a velocity of 0.8 m/s. It is shown that the temperature causes the reduction of the actuating properties after the long-term operation. The insightful findings achieved in this work will provide useful information for the evaluation of actuating characteristics of smart MR fluids and the design of MR application systems subjected to particle sedimentation and temperature variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid treatment can alter the functional properties of whey protein isolate (WPI), but the effect of different acids on properties of WPI‐stabilised Pickering emulsion gel (PE) is unknown. Compared with WPI‐PE, droplet size of the acid‐treated WPI‐PE decreased but its zeta potential, apparent viscosity, binding water capacity and curcumin encapsulation were enhanced. Due to the formation of the tightest gel structure of malic acid‐Pickering emulsion gel, it showed the highest viscoelastic modulus, bound water content and gel stability. This work would introduce a novel method for the development of PEs with good gelatinisation and curcumin delivery system for food processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Waste rubber modified bitumen has gained significant attention as a sustainable and innovative material in the field of pavement engineering. This study aims to evaluate the performance of rubber modified bitumen mastic by considering its rheological properties, specifically focusing on preparation parameters, i.e., rubber content, mesh number, and filler to bitumen ratio. From the experimental results, the rheological properties of rubber modified bitumen mastic were significantly influenced by preparation parameters. Increasing the rubber powder content in bitumen mastic results in higher viscosity. Increasing the rubber content improves high-temperature rutting resistance to a certain extent, however, excessive rubber powder content would result in weakened high-temperature performance improvement. The rutting factor decreases gradually with an increase in the rubber mesh number. A ratio of filler to bitumen of 0.95 exhibits the best resistance to rutting at high temperatures. Higher rubber content and larger mesh number correspond to stronger low-temperature crack resistance in bitumen mastic. As the ratio of filler to bitumen increases, the low-temperature deformation capacity gradually decreases, resulting in weaker low-temperature crack resistance. Based on the grey relation analysis, the ratio of filler to bitumen has the greatest impact on the high and low-temperature rheological properties of bitumen mastic, followed by the rubber content. The rubber mesh number has a relatively lower impact. It is crucial to control the ratio of filler to bitumen to avoid excessive values. When possible, a higher rubber powder content should be used while meeting process requirements. These findings provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of rubber modified bitumen mastic, which can contribute to the development of sustainable and high-performance bitumen mixtures, promoting the use of recycled rubber in pavement engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a continuation of work on the use of plastic waste (such as PP, PS, LDPE, HDPE, and their mixtures) processed in the proprietary pyrolysis process as asphalt additives. The article carried out detailed tests of the mixes of selected additives with pen-graded bitumen 50/70, taking into account, among others, the influence of impurities and the ratio of PE to PP in the additives as well as short- (RTFOT) and long-term (RTFOT + PAV) ageing. An extensive research program was carried out, including functional and rheological tests in a wide range of temperatures. First, tests of stability and adhesion to various types of aggregates were carried out, demonstrating the usefulness of the proposed additives. Then, the elastic recovery and the impact of technological ageing on penetration, Fraass breaking temperature, and plasticity range were assessed. The same binder mixes were subjected to rheological tests in a wide range of technological and operational temperatures, assessing, among others, viscosity, the norm of the complex shear modulus, elastic recovery and compliance in the MSCR test, and stiffness in the bending beam rheometer. This entire class of tests was carried out for clean samples and those containing impurities, indicating their impact on individual material parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry extensively uses chemically modified starches and their hydrolysates, which is mainly due to their emulsification ability. Therefore, it becomes inevitable to develop new starch derivatives, including modified starch hydrolysates, and effective preparation methods to meet the increasing demands of producers, consumers, and technology. This study comprehensively researches the physical, chemical, and functional properties (such as the water-binding capacity, swelling power, solubility, and fat absorption capacity) of chemically modified biopolymers and their enzymatic hydrolysis products. We utilized oxidized and acetylated potato and waxy-corn starches with varying degrees of substitution by carboxyl and acetyl groups in our research. The process of enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in a recirculated membrane reactor (CRMR). Our findings indicated that the physicochemical properties of starch derivatives and their hydrolysates depended on the biological origin of the biopolymer and the type and degree of modification. However, the presence of carboxyl groups in the modified starch molecules is critical and affects the rheological properties and water-binding capacity of the starch preparations. For example, in the case of waxy-corn starch preparations with a lower content of carboxyl groups (i.e., derivatives with a low degree of oxidation), the water-binding capacity (WBC) increases when compared to native starch. The highest WBC value of 206.3% was noted for the doubly modified waxy-corn starch with an oxidation degree of 0.2% and an acetylation degree of 2.5%, while native waxy-corn starch shows a WBC of 161.4%. In contrast, it was observed that preparations with a higher content of carboxyl groups, i.e., derivatives with an oxidation degree of 2.5%, show a lower swelling power compared to native waxy starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we successfully realized the hydrolytic ring-opening co-polymerization of ε-caprolactam (CPL) and lysine derivative. A novel antibacterial modified polyamide 6 with a branched structure was obtained after the quaternization of the co-polymers. The co-polymers exhibited a significant increase in zero shear viscosity, melt index and storage modulus at the low frequency region. The quaternized co-polymers displayed thermal properties different from pure PA6 and good mechanical (tensile) properties. The antibacterial activity of the quaternized co-polymers depends on the quaternary ammonium groups' incorporated content. At 6.2 mol% incorporation of quaternary ammonium groups, the strong antibacterial activity has been introduced to the co-polymers. As the quaternary ammonium groups approached 10.1 mol%, the antibacterial polymers demonstrated nearly complete killing of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative). The above research results provided a new approach for the study of high-performance nylon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)