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Purpose: Creating value in family firms is considered a challenge, especially with the entry of the second generation. It is important to identify the obstacles and solutions to the challenges in the value creation process. This article answers the question of what factors prevent the success of the G1 and G2 in value creation and what solutions are there to deal with these challenges. In this research, the construct of "5 management levers at the corporate analysis level and the capabilities of G1 and G2 at the level of family analysis" were used. This research identifies and describes some of the barriers firms face and solutions are provided in this field. Method: To investigate the above relationships, a literature review method and case study of 5 firms were used with 13 semi-structured interviews with G1 and G2 and experts in the publishing industry. After the theoretical saturation of the findings, they were matched with the theoretical views of the background, and finally, the resulting data were analyzed using the analytical method of Straus Corbin. Using the construct of "5 managerial levers (Crossan, 2010)and capabilities of G1 and G2 in solving value creation challenges (Soluk J. K., 2021)" at the level of corporate and family analysis, based on the findings of axial and selective coding, a descriptive model and a theoretical framework were presented. Results: The factors of solving conflicts and obstacles with the interaction of two generations, acceptance of G2 in the firm, succession and empowerment of the new generation and reducing the risk aversion of the G1 with the arrival of the new generation and specialists were recognized as the main categories. and the factors of creating vision and motivation and flexibility in G1, interactions and exchanging knowledge and ideas between two generations, changing management style, structure and systems by transferring management to the new generation and creating an innovative culture and changing culture with The arrival of G2 and specialists were recognized as twogeneration value creation solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationalization is one of the most critical indicators for universities, and universities are the main players in entrepreneurial ecosystems. Although many studies have focused on the components of internationalization, so far off little attention has been paid to the role of entrepreneurship in university development simultaneously with the mediating role of education. Therefore, the present study set out to investigate whether internationalization affects the entrepreneurial university with the mediating role of education in Iranian universities or not. To collect data, a questionnaire was distributed among 171 individuals, including managers and faculty members in the fields of international activities and entrepreneurship. The findings suggest that the components of internationalization, including technology, human resources, finance, communications, and innovation, all have a positive impact on an entrepreneurial university as mediated by education. The human resource management component has the greatest impact on an entrepreneurial university with a mediating role of education. In addition, findings show that universities need to focus on the internal activities, more resources, and executive agents to find a better position. In this way, they can identify significant resources that can be used to develop universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of entrepreneurial marketing on innovative marketing in small- and medium-sized companies producing industrial tools and mechanical parts. The statistical population of this study consisted of all owners and workers of industrial tools and mechanical parts around the world. The sample size includes 195 people who were chosen through simple random sampling method and Cochran formula. This is a correlational research and the data were collected using a questionnaire designed by theoretical foundations and Likert scale. The validity of the tool was confirmed using the opinions of experts and specialists and the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha (0.891). Data were analyzed through structural equation modeling. The results show that value creation that includes creating value for customers through the products and services, and marketing activities and technology has the greatest impact on innovative performance. Also, innovation, which includes innovative strategy, management believes in innovation, and using new methods to carry out activities, is in the next place. Among the factors, the leverage of resources, which include the financial and human forces, has the least effect on innovative performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's world, development of businesses is determined on the basis of existing knowledge of their processes and products, but not based on the volume of their capital goods and tools. The effect of knowledge, particularly in information technology and businesses that are active in this field is more specific. The present study aimed to explain the entrepreneurial effect of customer knowledge management and its dimensions on the innovations in active Electronic businesses (hereafter acronym as E-business) as well as the role of organizational knowledge absorptive capacity in the relationship between these two. The data of the 115 administrators and knowledgeable people in the business of two- star medal in the electronic trust icon were collected using a questionnaire that its validity and reliability have been confirmed. The results of this study show that entrepreneurial effect of customer knowledge management, both generally and in each of its dimensions, positively influences on the product innovation in the E-businesses. In addition, absorptive capacity of knowledge moderates the relationship the entrepreneurial effect of customer knowledge management and product innovation in E-businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today competitive world, innovation is a key factor for creating competitive advantage and even for survival of the enterprises and as a propellant for business growth and prosperity and maintain more profitability for an organization, as a result of market needs and technology push. In service organizations, recognition of the conceptual framework of service innovation, improves performance of the Organization and creates core competencies for achieving competitive advantage through their systematic approach to service development, which is crucial for survival and maintaining competitiveness in the current financial markets. Banking systems due to the rapid global competition, the impact of structural change, deregulation effects, the use of new technologies and the increasing expectations of customers, have sought to develop and implement service innovation in their organizations. In this paper the effective factors of Service Innovation in service organizations has been introduced and case of study is Iranian Governmental Banks. Research methodology is qualitative and qualitative. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with academic experts and managers of governmental banking systems until theoretical saturation was achieved. The gathered data was analyzed using axial and open coding methods. The results show that dimensions of Service Innovation in financial service organization systems consist of six main dimensions including new service concept, new delivery system (organization), new delivery system (technological), interact with new customers, new value systems/new business partners and finally the new revenue models and 36 secondary factors. The results of this paper can be used for the understanding of service innovation for new service design and development in governmental banking system in a competitive environment at the other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extant literature implies that export companies attempt to improve export new product performance in order to reach superior and sustainable business performance and thus remain competitive. However, the degree to which companies must focus either on market or technological issues as the factors involved in new product performance has been a problem they often encounter. The current research aims at investigating the impact of those orientations on export new product performance. Surveying export chemical manufacturing companies, partial least squares indicate that although both orientations have significant positive impacts on export new product success, the impact of technology orientation is higher. After the conclusions are drawn, the limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing investment through the world. Meanwhile, lack of investment has been a constant problem in the agricultural sector, as one of the most vulnerable economic sectors. Hence, insurance, as an effective tool for securing the return on investment, is likely to solve this problem. The current research is aimed at identifying and analyzing the role of insurance in risk management of modern agribusinesses. In order to fulfil the research objective, a mixed method research was designed and qualitative and quantitative tools were developed. In the qualitative part, the research population includes the experts of agriculture and investment in new businesses, while the population of the quantitative part is composed of greenhouse owners in Tehran province. 9 interviews were carried out in the qualitative part and data were analyzed through open and axial coding. In addition, 137 questionnaires were investigated in the quantitative part. Quantitative data were analyzed by structural equation modelling method. The results demonstrate that various types of risk, including production, market, and environmental risks have a negative effect on the insurance rate, In other words, insurance coverage decreases when risk increases, which is a rational result. Moreover, insurance has a positive effect on investment promotion and can offset the negative effect of risk and lead to an increase in investment and hence, establishment of new businesses in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing descriptive-survey method, this paper aims to study the role of promotional-mix elements in the creation of consumer-based brand equity among the six brands of Damdaran, Mimas, Pegah, Kaleh, Mihan and Choopan which are the active dairy industry companies in Tehran. For this study, number of 240 questionnaires was distributed among the customers of the above-mentioned brands in Shahrvand chain stores of Tehran. Then the collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient test and path analysis model as well as LISREL 8.54 software. Finally Friedman test was used to rate the considered brands and indices. The obtained results show the positive impacts of brand equity dimensions on brand equity, and the great impacts of promotional-mix elements (except sales promotion) on these dimensions. Among the brand equity dimensions, "brand Image" achieves the greatest positive impact, and among the promotional-mix elements, "Direct Marketing" shows the most positive impact and "Sales Promotion" has the greatest negative impact. In terms of familiarity of customers with the brands and their consumption rate, Kaleh and Mimas enjoy maximum and minimum brand success, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to determine the relationship between li4 acupuncture point's electrical resistance and the intensity of pain in patients after facial surgery. We speculated that if this relationship could be proved, the construction of a special equipment to assess pain intensity is possible. This technique would not be subjective so the pain will be assessed more precisely. Methods: 100 patients between 17 to 65 years of age with pain after facial surgery participated in this study accomplished in Tehran Rasoule Akram Hospital and Al-Zahra Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. The pain intensity of the participants was entered in questionnaires in verbal rating scale after patients' recovery. Afterwards, the needles were inserted in Li4 and Li11 points and the electrical resistance of these two sites was measured and registered using the same scale. Findings: There were significant differences in the average pain intensity reported before and after narcotic injection. There was significant difference in resistance degrees before and after narcotic injection (P < 0.001). Vomiting and itching were observed in 20% and 3% of patients respectively, but there was no evidence of other possible side effects. Conclusion: It appears that there is a positive relationship between the electrical resistance of Li4 and Li11acupuncture points and pain intensity in facial surgery patients. If these findings would be confirmed by future studies, it would be possible to design an equipment to objectively measure the pain intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tinnitus is a chronic and bothering problem which in some patients may lead to some psychological reactions. While tinnitus may be caused due to some definable structural abnormalities, sometimes no structural etiologic defect can be found. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture on the inner ear originated tinnitus in the latter mentioned group. METHODS: This prospective clinical trial study has been done in Alzahra and Kashani hospitals in Isfahan, Iran during 2010-2011. Simple sampling was used to select patients who were then divided into two groups of true acupuncture group and placebo group. The number of patients in each group was 27. The hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), tinnitus severity index questionnaire, and tinnitus loudness scale were completed by the patients. Two latter questionnaires were completed again after the 5th and 10th sessions of acupuncture treatment. The case group was treated with effective acupuncture with true acupuncture needles while the control group was treated ineffectively, i.e. similar to the usual acupuncture method but with fake needles. Independent t-test was used to compare the mean of tinnitus severity index and loudness scores between the two groups. We also used repeated measures ANOVA test to compare the mean of tinnitus severity index and loudness for different assessments in either group. RESULTS: After the 5th and 10th sessions of treatment, the mean of tinnitus severity index reduced significantly only in the case group (p = 0.002, and p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, the quality of life in the case group also improved after the treatment. Moreover, the mean of tinnitus loudness also reduced significantly only in the case group after 5 and10 sessions of treatment (p = 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: It seems that acupuncture can improve tinnitus in some selected patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the issues anesthesia specialists permanently are faced with in spinal blocks is the prolongation of the surgery more what had been estimated. Provided that intravenous midazolam can increase duration of lidocaine interathecal block, it would solve the problem. Methods: This was a double-blind clinical trial study in which adults underwent elective abdominal surgery and lower extremities of ASA, I, II and studied in two 18-member groups. Midazolam group (0.03 mg/kg) underwent the intervention as Midazolam 2mg + fentanyl 1μg/kg (5 min after administration of midazolam) and the control group as normal saline 2cc + fentanyl 1μg/kg (5 min after administration of normal saline). The highest level of sensory block, duration of sensory block, duration of motor (movement) block and recovery duration were measured and documented. Finding: Mean duration of sensory block had no significant difference between the two groups; however, duration of motor block for the Midazolam group was 82.9 ± 27.3 minutes which significantly was more than control group with 59.1 ± 26.5 minutes (P = 0.01). The median of sensory block level for midazolam and control groups respectively were T8 and T10 and according to nonparametric median test, the median of sensory block level had a significant difference in the two groups (P = 0.02). The average duration of stay in the recovery, in the patients of midazolam group was 116.1 ± 29.6 minutes and in the control group also was 87.8 ± 24.1 minutes which significantly it was higher in midazolam group (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The present study indicated that intravenous midazolam injection in spinal anesthesia with lidocaine increased the duration of motor block without any side effects (nausea, vomiting and respiratory distress), and caused more hemodynamic and saturation loss of arterial blood pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several methods for assessment of severity of pain have been proposed but all of them are subjective., Objectives: This study evaluated the association concerning changes in electrical resistance (ER) between two acupuncture points and severity of postoperative pain in order to define an objective measurement of pain., Patients and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 50 patients undergoing lower extremity orthopedic surgery with postoperative moderate to severe pain (VAS > 4,) were consecutively enrolled. In the recovery room, the patients' pain scores were assessed and in patients with VAS > 4, the electrical resistance between Li4 and Li11 acupuncture points as well as pain scores was measured prior and following analgesic administration., Results: Following meperidine use, the mean VAS significantly decreased and the ER between the two acupoints was significantly increased. However, Pearson correlation analysis did not reveal any association between the trends of pain intensity and ER (P > 0.05). The ER change in patients operated under epidural anesthesia was significantly less than those who experienced general or spinal anesthesia., Conclusions: There is a coincidence of pain relief and change in the ER of acupuncture meridians without significant association. The diagnostic value of ER for pain, stress response or any other physiologic outcome needs to be investigated in clinical trials with a well-defined control group, with more accurate instruments and probably in different acupuncture meridians.

Background: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation (ES) has been shown to produce long-lasting fall of arterial blood pressure in animal or human models. Previous reports have shown that ES of acupuncture points (acupoints) enhances the hypotensive effect of isoflurane anesthesia. This study was designed to investigate the combined effect of acupoint ES and different infusion rates of nitroglycerin on controlled hypotension., Methods: Fifty-one adult ASA I patients undergoing elective mastoeidectomy were randomly divided into two groups, to receive either true or sham ES of ST36 (Zusanli) and ST38 (Tiaokou) acupoints. Each group was further subdivided into four groups to receive four different rates of nitroglycerin infusion (1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 microg/kg/min). Steady state mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and time to reach it were compared between two groups. The amount of bleeding in microscopic surgical field was quantitatively assessed and compared between two groups., Results: Steady state MAP was significantly lower in true ES group compared with sham ES group (60 +/- 4 mmHg in true ES vs. 66 +/- 5 mmHg in sham ES, P = 0.000) and the difference was significantly greater in lower dosage of nitroglycerin compared with higher dosage. In addition time to reach steady state MAP was significantly shorter in true ES compared with sham group (10 +/- 3 min in true ES vs. 15.8 +/- 4 min in sham ES, P = 0.000). Heart rate decreased significantly in true ES compared with sham ES group after commencement of ES and nitroglycerin infusion. Quality of operative ischemia was excellent in 20 (83.3%) patients of true ES compared with 6 (25%) patients in sham ES group (P = 0.000)., Conclusions: The result of this study shows that ES of ST36 combined with nitroglycerin infusion facilitates lowering of blood pressure and produces a bloodless surgical field. The mechanism of blood pressure lowering effect of acupoint ES may be reducing of norepinephrine and other sympathomimetic substances in the blood.