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Background: We examined the joint associations of diet and device-measured intensity-specific physical activity (PA) with all-cause mortality (ACM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer incidence. Methods: We used data from 79,988 participants from the UK Biobank, a population-based prospective cohort study. Light PA (LPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and total PA (TPA) were measured using a wrist-worn accelerometer. Diet quality score (DQS) was based on 10 foods and ranged from 0 (unhealthiest) to 100 (healthiest) points. We derived joint PA and diet variables. Outcomes were ACM, CVD, and cancer incidence including PA, diet and adiposity-related (PDAR) cancer. Results: During a median follow-up of 8 years, 2,863 deaths occurred, 11,053 participants developed CVD, 7,005 developed cancer, and 3,400 developed PDAR cancer. Compared with the least favorable referent group (bottom PA tertile/low DQS), participants with middle and high (total and intensity specific) PA, except for LPA, had lower ACM risk and incident CVD risk, regardless of DQS. For example, among middle and high VPA and high DQS groups, CVD HR were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.74-0.86) and 0.75 (95% CI, 0.69-0.82), respectively. The pattern of cancer results was less pronounced but in agreement with the ACM and CVD incidence findings (e.g., HR, 0.90, 95% CI, 0.81-0.99; 0.88, 0.79-0.98; and 0.82, 0.74-0.92 among high VPA for low, moderate, and high DQS groups, respectively). Conclusions: Device-measured PA reveals novel joint associations with diet on health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion The prevalence of diabetes and hypertension according to body mass index (BMI) status in Brazilian adults has not been described yet. Herein, we aimed to identify the time trends in hypertension and diabetes, individually and combined (multimorbidity), by BMI in Brazilian adults.In this time series cross‐sectional study, we retrieved self‐reported data from 806 169 adults between 2006 and 2023, using the Surveillance System of Risk and Protective Factors from Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel). Weight and height were used to classify participants into normal/underweight (<25 kg/m2), pre‐obesity (25 to 29.9 kg/m2), and obesity (≥ 30 kg/m2). We calculated the prevalence of medical diagnoses of hypertension and diabetes, individually and combined, by BMI categories, and by sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age group, educational attainment) for participants with obesity. We performed Prais‐Winsten linear regression models to identify temporal trends.The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes increased between 2006 and 2023. Among adults with obesity, we observed a slight decrease in the prevalence of hypertension (from 44.5% in 2006 to 41.7% in 2023) and the prevalence of either hypertension or diabetes (47.1% to 45.5%); an increase in the prevalence of diabetes (12.8% to 15.13) and both conditions combined (10.2% to 11.2%). Participants with obesity had more than twice the prevalence of hypertension and diabetes compared with those who were normal/underweight. We observed a differential time trend by sex, age group, and educational attainment.Our findings indicate the need for differentiated approaches for interventions for hypertension and diabetes, considering variations over time by sociodemographic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Few studies have examined risk factors of frailty during early life and mid-adulthood, which may be critical to prevent frailty and/or postpone it. The aim was to identify early life and adulthood risk factors associated with frailty. (2) Methods: A systematic review of cohort studies (of at least 10 years of follow-up), using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA). A risk of confounding score was created by the authors for risk of bias assessment. Three databases were searched from inception until 1 January 2023 (Web of Science, Embase, PubMed). Inclusion criteria were any cohort study that evaluated associations between any risk factor and frailty. (3) Results: Overall, a total of 5765 articles were identified, with 33 meeting the inclusion criteria. Of the included studies, only 16 were categorized as having a low risk of confounding due to pre-existing diseases. The long-term risk of frailty was lower among individuals who were normal weight, physically active, consumed fruits and vegetables regularly, and refrained from tobacco smoking, excessive alcohol intake, and regular consumption of sugar or artificially sweetened drinks. (4) Conclusions: Frailty in older adults might be prevented or postponed with behaviors related to ideal cardiovascular health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cancer is an increasing cause of death and disability in Brazil and a pivotal vector for growing health expenditures. Lower levels of leisure-time physical activity are associated with a higher risk of some cancers. We quantified the current and future cancer direct healthcare costs attributable to insufficient leisure-time physical activity in Brazil. Methods: We performed a macrosimulation model using: (i) relative risks from meta-analyses; (ii) prevalence data of insufficient leisure-time physical activity in adults ≥ 20 years; (iii) national registries of healthcare costs of adults ≥ 30 years with cancer. We used simple linear regression to predict cancer costs as a function of time. We calculated the potential impact fraction (PIF) considering the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure and other counterfactual scenarios of physical activity prevalence. Results: We projected that the costs of breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancers may increase from US$ 630 million in 2018 to US$ 1.1 billion in 2030 and US$ 1.5 billion in 2040. The costs of cancer attributable to insufficient leisure-time physical activity may increase from US$ 43 million in 2018 to US$ 64 million in 2030. Increasing leisure-time physical activity could potentially save US$ 3 million to US$ 8.9 million in 2040 by reducing the prevalence of insufficient leisure-time physical activity in 2030. Conclusion: Our results may be helpful to guide cancer prevention policies and programs in Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]