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An FeIII-based metal–organic framework denoted as MIL-100(Fe) coated with cobalt–aluminium layered double hydroxide (CoAl-LDH) nanoplates has been synthesized.

Time and again, SBA-15-based composites as mesoporous materials and the incorporation of transition metals in them have been attracting dramatic attention in the field of catalysis due to their remarkable features. In this paper, the activity of SBA-15 supported ionic liquid–Pd(II) has been investigated in the catalytic transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes with formic acid as a hydrogen donor at room temperature in water medium, and the oxidation of benzyl alcohols to benzaldehyde derivatives under atmospheric oxygen at high temperature. This novel nanocatalyst was characterized by FT-IR, SA-XRD, BET, BJH, TGA, FE-SEM, TEM, and ICP as the most commonplace techniques for analyzing its characteristics to be revealed as truth. Furthermore, the EDX analysis illustrates the grafting of the ionic liquid–Pd(II) into SBA-15. The catalyst showed high stability under reaction conditions, and can be recovered and reused for at least 15 and 6 reaction runs in oxidation and reduction reactions, respectively.

A unique composite of the cerium-based metal–organic framework (Ce-UiO-66) modified with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4) has been synthesized. The g-C3N4@Ce-MOF as a photocatalyst was employed in photocatalytic aerobic oxidative Hantzsch pyridine synthesis of styrene.

Introduction: In this study, the effect of zinc sulfate (ZS) supplement and eight-week continuous training (CT) and interval training (IT) on liver oxidative stress of morphine-dependent rats following withdrawal syndrome (WS) were evaluated. Methods: Seventy Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: control rats, withdrawing rats (WS), withdrawing rats receiving 9mg/kg ZS orally (WS+Z), withdrawing rats under CT (WS+CT), withdrawing rats under IT (WS+IT), withdrawing rats under CT and receiving 9mg/kg zinc sulfate (WS+Z+CT), withdrawing rats under IT and receiving 9mg/kg zinc sulfate (WS+Z+IT). Animals were addicted by 0.4g/l morphine sulfate in 21 days. Animals in the training groups ran on a treadmill and received ZS 5 days/week for 8 weeks. At the end of the study, oxidative stress in liver tissue and liver enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric and ELISA methods. Results: ZS supplement, CT/IT led to decrease DNA damage and malondialdehyde in comparison with morphine group. Also, ZS, CT and IT significantly elevated levels in superoxide dismutase, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity and thiol groups in the liver of rats in comparison with morphine group. Additionally, it is observed that ZS and CT/IT made a significant reduction in aspartate aminotransferase levels in comparison to the morphine group. Conclusion: CT/IT with ZS because of its antioxidant effects has the potential to be used for decreased withdrawal syndrome complications.

It is well established that prenatal valproic acid exposure in rats leads to autism-like behaviours and social deficits. Long-term potentiation changes in the brain have been proposed as a potential mechanism in the development of autistic behaviour. However, there are controversies regarding the effect of in utero valproic acid exposure on long-term potentiation. This study examined the social interaction and long-term potentiation induction in perforant pathway-dentate gyrus synapses in male offspring of a rat model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. On Embryonic Day 12.5, the pregnant dams received an injection of 500 mg/kg valproic acid (intraperitoneal) to produce the autism model. The sociability test was performed between Postnatal Days 37 and 40. The offsprings were urethane-anaesthetized and placed into a stereotaxic apparatus for surgery, electrode implantation and field potential recording on Postnatal Days 45–55. In the dentate gyrus region, excitatory postsynaptic potential slope and population spike amplitude were measured. Valproic acid-exposed offspring showed significantly impaired social interaction. The birth weight in valproic acid-exposed rats was significantly lower than in control rats. The ability of dentate gyrus synapses to induce long-term potentiation was hampered by valproic acid exposure. The decreasing excitatory postsynaptic potential slope and population spike amplitude of long-term potentiation provide evidence in favour of this notion. It is widely supposed that the hippocampus plays a central role in the process of learning and memory as well as social interaction and social memory. Therefore, deficiencies in hippocampal synaptic plasticity may be responsible, at least in part, for the social interaction deficits in valproic acid-exposed rats.

Background Recent studies show that gender may have a significant impact on brain functions. However, the reports of sex effects on spatial ability and synaptic plasticity in rodents are divergent and controversial. Here spatial learning and memory was measured in male and female rats by using Morris water maze (MWM) task. Moreover, to assess sex difference in hippocampal synaptic plasticity we examined hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus (PP-DG) synapses. Results In MWM task, male rats outperformed female rats, as they had significantly shorter swim distance and escape latency to find the hidden platform during training days. During spatial reference memory test, female rats spent less time and traveled less distance in the target zone. Male rats also had larger LTP at PP-DG synapses, which was evident in the high magnitude of population spike (PS) potentiation and the field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) slope. Conclusions Taken together, our results suggest that sex differences in the LTP at PP-DG synapses, possibly contribute to the observed sex difference in spatial learning and memory.

Aims Hyperglycemia occurring in the diabetic condition can cause apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway with higher pro-apoptotic protein expression. Probiotics are viable microorganisms that have anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. Also, exercise may affect the signaling pathways of skeletal muscle apoptosis. This study examined the aerobic exercise training and probiotic supplementation effects on some apoptotic indices of the soleus muscle in diabetic rats-induced by streptozotocin. Main methods We examined 32 male Wistar rats (weight: 250–270 g; age: eight weeks old) and divided them into four groups: control, control + probiotics, aerobic training (AT), and AT + probiotics (ATS). The rats in the training groups aerobically exercised using a treadmill five days per week for five weeks. We evaluated the gene expression of Bax, Bcl2, and p53 using the RT-PCR. We also used a one-way ANOVA for statistical analysis and set the significance level at P ≤ 0.05. Key findings The results showed that the fasting blood sugar was significantly higher in the control and control + probiotics groups (P = 0.008). Moreover, the AT + probiotics group showed lower expression of p53 (P = 0.005), Bax (P = 0.001) and the Bax/Bcl2 ratio (P = 0.001). Conversely, Bcl2 expression was higher after aerobic training and receiving probiotics (P = 0.002). However, the groups revealed no significant difference regarding muscle weight (P = 0.053) and the muscle weight/final body weight ratio of the rats (P = 0.26). Significance It appears that aerobic exercise training with the use of probiotics prevents apoptosis in the muscle with the down-regulation of blood glucose.

Physio-biochemical responses of pistachio varieties including Pistacia vera L. ‘Ghazvini’ (GH), P. vera ‘Ghermez-Pesteh’ (GP) and P. atlantica subsp. mutica (M) were assessed under salt stress to understand the common mechanisms of salt tolerance in two popular Pistacia species. In the experiment, half-sib seedlings of the varieties were subjected to high (100 mM) and severe (200 mM) levels of NaCl-induced salinity for 90 days. Growth, physiological, biochemical and ionic parameters in the roots and shoots of plants were measured in the experiment. Salinity markedly declined plant growth, and increased the number of necrotic leaves (NL) and leaf abscission. In terms of physiological responses, salinity reduced the relative water content (RWC), membrane stability index (MSI) and the concentrations of photosynthetic pigments, but increased carbohydrates and proline content in the leaves. MSI of the leaves was positively correlated with the concentrations of anthocyanins and carotenoids. Salinity increased sodium content in root and shoot tissues of the plants, and decreased potassium concentration and K/Na ratio. Among the rootstocks, GH had better performance on all parameters. Despite the high concentration of Na+ and low K/Na ratio in the shoots, the lowest number of NL was found in GH under both salinity levels. The results indicated that salt tolerance in GH was most likely related to compartmentation of Na+ ions. Finally, accumulation of osmolytes and sodium compartmentation were considered to be the most important mechanisms in the salt tolerance of pistachio rootstocks.

Aims Ischemia-reperfusion injury is one of the most common cardiac disorders leading to irreversible heart damage. Many underlying mechanisms seem to be involved, among which mitochondrial dysfunction. Since physical training has a beneficial effect on mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission), it may have a cardioprotective effect against IR injury also via mitochondrial pathways. This study investigates the protective role of aerobic training against cardiac IR injury and the mitochondrial dynamics as a possible mechanism. Main methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats (8-week old) were divided into a control, sham, control + IR, and training + IR groups (8 rats each). Training group was exercised aerobically on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 days/week). After 8 weeks, anesthetized rats underwent a left thoracotomy (sham, control + IR, and training + IR groups) to access the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was occluded by a silk suture for 30 min and released for 90 min of reperfusion (IR groups). Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine the infarct size. The gene expression of mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) was evaluated by RT-PCR. A one-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis with the significance level set at P ≤ 0.05. Key findings Cardiac infarct size was smaller In training + IR group (20.24 ± 5.7%) than in control + IR (35.9 ± 2.3%; P ≤ 0.05). Training + IR showed higher expression of Mfn1 and Mfn2 (P ≤ 0.05). Conversely, Drp1 expression was lower after training (P ≤ 0.05). Significance Exercise-induced regulation of mitochondrial fusion and fission, leading to improvement of mitochondrial dynamics seems to be involved in the cardioprotection against IR injuries.

Adsorption processes as water purification processes have attracted more attention everywhere, from research departments to industrial sections. The first part of this chapter introduces the general principles of the adsorption processes. The next part presents more common pollution models. Then, various nanoadsorbents will be discussed. The fourth section deals with the mechanism of the adsorption, and the final section covers the conclusion of this contents. The chapter will be of excellent application to correct design of nanoadsorbents and development of water treatment process.

Purpose: Ischemia-Reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the most common cardiac disorders leading to irreversible heart damage. Many underlying mechanisms seem to be involved, among which disruption of cellular autophagy balance. Since physical training has a beneficial effect on the improvement of autophagy balance, it may have a cardioprotective effect against IR injury. This study investigates the protective role of aerobic training from cardiac IR injury and the autophagy process as a possible mechanism. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) were divided into control, sham, control plus IR, and training plus IR groups (8 rats each). The training group was exercised aerobically on a treadmill for 8 weeks (5 d/wk). After 8 weeks, the anesthetized rats underwent left thoracotomy (sham, control plus IR, and training plus IR groups) to access the left anterior descending coronary artery, which was occluded by a silk suture for 30 min and then released for 90 min of reperfusion (IR groups). Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining was used to determine the infarct size. The gene expression of Beclin-1 was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis with the significance level set at P≤0.05. Results: The cardiac infarct size was smaller in training plus IR (20.24±5.7%) group compared to that in the control plus IR (35.9±2.3%) group (P≤0.05). On the other hand, IR operation significantly increased the gene expression of Beclin-1, while exercise training prevented expression of the mentioned gene in training plus IR group (P≤0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic training can protect the heart against Ischemia-Reperfusion injury. It seems that improvement of autophagy balance during IR injury may be involved in exercise-induced cardioprotection against Ischemia-Reperfusion.

Due to their high variability and extraordinary features, the MOF-based nanomaterials are regarded as promising photocatalysts in organic reactions. In this study, the magnetic Co-MOF-based nanocomposite (denoted by Cys-CoFe/HK) was prepared through a facile sonochemical method. The composite design was based on the integration and synergy of the desired properties of the components, i.e., optical properties of the magnetic substrate and its separation capability, desirability of metal-organic framework to promote A3-coupling reaction, and use of cysteine ​​amino acid as a natural modifier to modify nanoparticles and make an efficient charge transfer. The information about their structural features was obtained using various characterization methods. In addition to the high photocatalytic activity of the developed composite in the aerobic oxidative propargylic functionalization of styrene under visible light illumination, the composite showed a high capability to interact with a wide range of amines, styrene, and terminal alkynes as participants in A3-coupling reaction. Furthermore, the developed catalyst demonstrated high accessibility of active sites, reusability, and magnetic properties, which accelerated the efficiency of the A3-coupling reaction. Moreover, the mechanistic investigations, including trapping experiments, confirmed the presence of superoxide radical (O2● ) and holes (h+) as essential species to perform the considered reaction. Our methodical approach to the fabrication of Cys-CoFe/HK composite provided optimal conditions for improving previous studies and thus the industrial processes in environmentally sensitive areas.

Vascular endothelial function is a strong marker of cardiovascular health and it refers to the ability of the body to maintain the homeostasis of vascular tone. The endothelial cells react to mechanical and chemical stimuli modulating the smooth muscle cells relaxation. The extent of the induced vasodilation depends on the magnitude of the stimulus. During exercise, the peripheral circulation is mostly controlled by the endothelial cells response that increases the peripheral blood flow in body districts involved but also not involved with exercise. However, whether vascular adaptations occur also in the brachial artery as a result of isolated leg extension muscles (KE) training is still an open question. Repetitive changes in blood flow occurring during exercise may act as vascular training for vessels supplying the active muscle bed as well as for the vessels of body districts not directly involved with exercise. This study sought to evaluate whether small muscle mass (KE) training would induce improvements in endothelial function not only in the vasculature of the lower limb (measured at the femoral artery level in the limb directly involved with training), but also in the upper limb (measured at the brachial artery level in the limb not directly involved with training) as an effect of repetitive increments in the peripheral blood flow during training sessions. Ten young healthy participants (five females, and five males; age: 23 ± 3 years; stature: 1.70 ± 0.11 m; body mass: 66 ± 11 kg; BMI: 23 ± 1 kg ⋅ m-2) underwent an 8-week KE training study. Maximum work rate (MWR), vascular function and peripheral blood flow were assessed pre- and post-KE training by KE ergometer, flow mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery (non-trained limb), and by passive limb movement (PLM) in femoral artery (trained limb), respectively. After 8 weeks of KE training, MWR and PLM increased by 44% (p = 0.015) and 153% (p = 0.003), respectively. Despite acute increase in brachial artery blood flow during exercise occurred (+25%; p < 0.001), endothelial function did not change after training. Eight weeks of KE training improved endothelial cells response only in the lower limb (measured at the femoral artery level) directly involved with training, likely without affecting the endothelial response of the upper limb (measured at the brachial artery level) not involved with training.

A special composite of the cerium-based metal–organic framework (Ce-UiO-66) modified with graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4) has been synthesized. In order to make a comparison, a series of composites comprising g-C3N4 and Ce-MOF were synthesized as well. Their structural features were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), sorption of nitrogen (BET and BJH), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques. According to the obtained results, it was found that nanosheets of mesoporous g-C3N4 act as linkers between the cerium sites, playing a critical role in the formation of composites. In fact, the embedded g-C3N4 nanoparticles in the Ce-MOF cause a new kind of meso-porosity. Moreover, the coordination of nitrogen atoms in the graphitic carbon nitride structure to cerium atoms of the crystal brings about substantial changes in the optical properties, increasing the photoreactivity. On the other hand, since there is a physical contact between Ce-UiO-66 and g-C3N4 in the composite, the unaltered pore volume and optical properties lead to the formation of a physical mixture rather than a composite. The g-C3N4@Ce-MOF as a photocatalyst was employed in photocatalytic aerobic oxidative Hantzsch pyridine synthesis of styrene and indicated high performance under visible light. The stability and reusability of g-C3N4@Ce-MOF were also examined and showed high efficiency up to the 5th run. Besides, the PXRD and FT-IR analyses taken from the retrieved g-C3N4@Ce-MOF nanocomposite confirmed the catalyst stability after the completion of the cascade aerobic oxidative reaction. Despite the photocatalytic performance, the synergistic effect of open metal sites in the MOF as Lewis acid and nitrogen in g-C3N4 have greatly improved the efficiency of the catalyst. Moreover, the study of the reaction mechanism using ESR indicates the positive effect of composite formation on the performance of the photocatalytic aerobic oxidation reaction by the superoxide radical (O2˙—), as a selective oxidant species.

This study is designed to evaluate the prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking and its related factors among Iranian adults. This is a cross-sectional study carried out during 2013/14 in Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran, among 1830 citizens aged over 15 years. Sampling was through Stratified multistage cluster sampling with proportional allocation within strata. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) questionnaire for waterpipe consumption was used for data gathering. Data were statistically analyzed by SPSS software. The prevalence of current waterpipe tobacco smoking was 17.6% .Waterpipe use prevalence in men was significantly more than women (24.2% vs. 11.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that age, sex, cigarette consumption, waterpipe consumption at home and ignorance of safety issues significantly influenced current waterpipe smoking (P = 0.001). Thus, prevalence of waterpipe smoking in Iranian adults is high and significant. Tackling waterpipe smoking should be considered in tobacco control programmes. However, further studies in this field are needed.تقييم معدّل انتشار تدخين الشيشة والعوامل المرتبطة به في طهران، جمهورية إيران الإسلامية.زهرا حسامي، محمد رضا مسجدي، رضا قهرماني، مهدي كاظم بور، حبيب إمامي.تم تصميم هذه الدراسة لتقييم معدل انتشار تدخن الشيشة والعوامل المتصلة به بن البالغن في إيران. وهي دراسة مقطعية أجريت خال عامَي 2013 و 2014 في طهران، جمهورية إيران الإسامية، وشملت 1830 مواطناً تزيد أعمارهم عن 15 عاماً. وتم أخذ العينات بأسلوب العينة العنقودية المتعددة المراحل والطبقية مع تخصيص نسبي للطبقات. واستخدم الباحثون استبيان "المسح العالمي للتبغ بن البالغن" لجمع البيانات حول استهلاك الشيشة. كا استخدموا برنامج SPSS لتحليل البيانات إحصائياً. واتضح أن معدّل انتشار تدخن الشيشة في الوقت الحالي 17.6 ٪ ، وأن معدل انتشار تدخن الشيشة بن الرجال (24.2 ٪) أكثر بكثر مما هو عليه بن النساء (11.3 ٪). وأظهر التحليل المتعدد المتغرات أن العمر والجنس واستهلاك السجائر، وتدخن الشيشة في المنزل والجهل بقضايا السامة أثرت بشكل كبر على تدخن الشيشة في الوقت الحالي (0.001 = P). وعى هذا، فإن معدل انتشار تدخن تبغ الشيشة بن البالغن في إيران مرتفع وهام. ويجب الأخذ بالاعتبار معالجة تدخن الشيشة في برامج مكافحة التبغ. ومع ذلك، فإن الحاجة ماثلة إلى المزيد من الدراسات في هذا المجال.Évaluation de la prévalence de la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau et de ses facteurs associés à Téhéran, République islamique d’Iran.La présente étude est conçue pour estimer la prévalence de la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau et de ses facteurs associés dans la population adulte iranienne. Il s’agit d’une étude transversale, conduite entre 2013 et 2014 à Téhéran, en République islamique d’Iran, parmi 1830 citoyens âgés de plus de 15 ans. La technique utilisée était celle de l’échantillonnage en grappe stratifié à plusieurs niveaux avec allocation proportionnelle dans les strates. Le questionnaire de l’enquête mondiale sur le tabagisme chez les adultes pour la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau a été utilisé afin de collecter les données. Celles-ci ont été analysées sur le plan statistique à l’aide du logiciel SPSS. La prévalence de la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau au moment de l’étude était de 17,6 %, et était plus importante chez les hommes que chez les femmes (24,2 % contre 11,3 %). L’analyse multivariée a montré que l’âge, le sexe, la consommation de cigarettes, la consommation de pipe à eau à la maison et l’ignorance des questions de sécurité influençaient de façon significative la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau (p = 0,001). Par conséquent, la prévalence de la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau est élevée et significative parmi les adultes iraniens. La question de la consommation de tabac par pipe à eau devrait être traitée dans le cadre des programmes de lutte antitabac. Néanmoins, d’autres études dans ce domaine sont requises.

High peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Among the various PAPR reduction methods, precoded technique and companding transform appear attractive for their simplicity and effectiveness. This paper proposes a new algorithm based on the combination of discrete Hartley transform (DHT) and μ-law companding for PAPR reduction. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation are presented. Compared with the conventional μ-law companded OFDM system, the proposed algorithm offers an improved bit error rate (BER) and reduces the PAPR effectively for a large companding parameter.

To achieve reliable solutions, today-s numerical and experimental activities need developing more accurate methods and utilizing expensive facilities, respectfully in microchannels. The analytical study can be considered as an alternative approach to alleviate the preceding difficulties. Among the analytical solutions, those with high robustness and low complexities are certainly more attractive. The perturbation theory has been used by many researchers to analyze microflows. In present work, a compressible microflow with constant heat flux boundary condition is analyzed. The flow is assumed to be fully developed and steady. The Mach and Reynolds numbers are also assumed to be very small. For this case, the creeping phenomenon may have some effect on the velocity profile. To achieve robustness solution it is assumed that the flow is quasi-isothermal. In this study, the creeping term which appears in the slip boundary condition is formulated by different mathematical formulas. The difference between this work and the previous ones is that the creeping term is taken into account and presented in non-dimensionalized form. The results obtained from perturbation theory are presented based on four non-dimensionalized parameters including the Reynolds, Mach, Prandtl and Brinkman numbers. The axial velocity, normal velocity and pressure profiles are obtained. Solutions for velocities and pressure for two cases with different Br numbers are compared with each other and the results show that the effect of creeping phenomenon on the velocity profile becomes more important when Br number is less than O(ε)., {"references":["Karniadakis, G. E. Beskok, A., and Aluru, N., \"Microflows and\nNanoflows: Fundamentals and Simulation\", Springer-Verlag, NewYork,\n2005","Ho, C. M., and Tai, Y. C., \"Micro-Electro-Mechanical-Systems (MEMS)\nand Fluid Flows,\" Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 30, Dec.\n1998, pp. 579-612.","Oran, E. S., Oh, C. K., and Cybyk, B. Z., \"Direct Simulation Monte\nCarlo: Recent Advances and Applications,\" Annual Review of Fluid\nMechanics, Vol. 30, Dec. 1998, pp. 403-441.","Zheng, Y., Garcia, A. L., and Alder, B. J., \"Comparison of Kinetic Theory\nand Hydrodynamics for Poiseuille Flow,\" Rarefied Gas Dynamics,\nVol. 23, Whislter, Canada, 2002.","Cai, C., Boyd, I., Fan, J., and Candler, G. V., \"Direct Simulation Methods\nfor Low-Speed Microchannel Flows,\" Journal of Thermophysics and\nHeat Transfer, Vol. 14, July-Sept. 2000, pp. 368-378.","Aristov, V. V., \"Direct Methods for Solving the Boltzmann Equations and\nStudy of Nonequilibrium Flows\", Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands,\n2001.","Ohwada, T., Sone, Y., and Aoki, K., \"Numerical Analysis of the\nPoiseuille Flow and Thermal Transpiration Flows Between Two Parallel\nPlates on the Basis of the Linearized Boltzmann Equation for Hard-\nSphere Molecules,\" Physics of Fluids A, Vol. 1, No. 12, 1989, p. 2042.","Xu, K., and Li, Z., \"Microchannel Flow in the Slip Regime: Gas-Kinetic\nBGK-Burnett Solutions,\" Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 513, Aug.\n2004, pp. 87-110.","Chen, C. K., and Weng, H. C., \"Developing Natural Convection with\nThermal Creep in a Vertical Microchannel,\" Journal of Physics D:\nApplied Physics, Vol. 39, No. 14, July 2006, pp. 3107-3118.\n[10] Du, D. X., Li, Z. X., and Guo, Z. Y., \"Effect of Reversible Work\nand Viscous Dissipation on Gas Flow Characteristics in a Microtube,\"\nJournal of TshingHua University (Science and Technology), Vol. 40, No.\n11, 2000, pp. 19-22.\n[11] Tunc, G., Bayazitoglu, Y., \"Heat transfer in microtubes viscous dissipation\",\nInternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 44(2001)2395-\n2405.\n[12] Xu, B., Ooi, K.T., Mavriplis, C., Zaghloul, M.E., \"Evaluation of viscous\ndissipation in liquid flow in icrochannels\", Journal of Micromechanics\nand Microengineering 13 (2003) 53-57\n[13] Darbandi, M., Vakilipour, S., \"Numerical Study of Flow and Heat in\nLong Micro and Nano Channels,\" International Conference of ASME\nMicro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer, Tainan, Taiwan, Jan. 6-9, 2008.\n[14] Darbandi, M., Vakilipour, S., \"Developing Consistent inlet Thermal\nBoundary Condition in Micro/Nano Scale Channels with Heat Transfer,\"\nInternational Conference of ASME Micro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer,\nTainan, Taiwan, Jan. 6-9, 2008.\n[15] Cai, Ch., Boyd, I. D., \"Compressible Gas Flow Inside a Two-\nDimensional Uniform Microchannel\", Jouranal of Thermophysics and\nHeat Transfer , Vol. 21, No. 3, July-September 2007.\n[16] Arkilic, E. B., Schmidt, M. A., Breuer, K. S., \"Gaseous Slip Flow in\nLong Microchannels,\" Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, Vol.\n6, No. 2, June 1997, pp. 167-178.\n[17] Schaaf, S.A., Chambre, P.L., \"Flow of Rarefied Gases\", Princeton\nUniversity Press, 1961."]}