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Pour diminuer la pollution sonore due aux bruits de roulement générés par le trafic urbain, une solution se présente sous la forme d’un enrobé poreux ayant des propriétés phoniques. Cependant, ce dernier présente des propriétés mécaniques différentes de celles d’un enrobé conventionnel. Cet article présent deux approches pour déterminer la durabilité et efficacité de ce revêtement. Une méthode numérique basée sur une approche multi-échelle sera adoptée. À chaque échelle, le milieu hétérogène est considéré comme un milieu biphasique composé d’inclusions élastiques et une matrice viscoélastique. Les inclusions sont générées d’une manière aléatoire grâce à un logiciel interne à notre laboratoire. Par la suite, les modèles sont importés sous le code des éléments finis ABAQUS pour le calcul numérique. L’approche expérimentale consiste à tester des éprouvettes fournies par la société COLAS en tension/compression. Enfin, les valeurs de ces méthodes (numériques et expérimentaux) seront corrélées et les propriétés mécaniques comme le module complexe seront déterminés., Academic Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol 37 No 1 (2019): Special Issue - RUGC 2019 Sophia Antipolis

The main goal of the project was to generate more information on insect vectors of bacteria and phytoplasmas of phytosanitary concern, more specifically: a) on phloem and xylem feeding insects that should be tested as possible vectors for bacteria and phytoplasmas b) on the fruit and field crop range that the vectored bacteria and phytoplasmas cause damage to c) on the capability of the insects to vector specific bacteria and phytoplasmas of phytosanitary concern d) on the specific association between vector and plant pathogen. The main objectives of the project were to gain insight into the following questions: -Should yet-unknown phloem and xylem feeding insects (Auchenorryncha) be regarded as vectors of the pathogens in selected major crops in Europe? -What monitoring and trapping techniques are optimal to efficiently survey the phloem and xylem feeding insect vectors? -Are there reliable and validated diagnostic tools available to detect/monitor the prokaryotic plant pathogens inside the vectors? -Can we generate extra information on the transmission pathways by monitoring phloem and xylem feeding insect vectors in and around selected infested fields? -Can we generate extra information on the host range of the prokaryotic pathogens by performing vector-transmission trials between different test crops? -Can we reduce the number of treatments of pesticides due the better understanding of relation vector/pathogen/environment and thereby enable a better integrated management of vectors and diseases in the crops., Report of the Euphresco project 2015-D-168 'Tracking vectors of bacteria and phytoplasmas threatening Europe's major crops (VECTRACROP)'

Goldarazena, Arturo, Dianzinga, Niry T., Frago, Enric, Michel, Bruno, Reynaud, Philippe (2020): A new species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Malagasy Region. Zootaxa 4750 (3): 443-446, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4750.3.13

Thrips reunionensis sp.n. Female macroptera. Colour of macerated slide mounted females brown (Fig. 1), legs brown with tibia and tarsi yellow; antennal segments I���II brown, III mainly yellow (Fig. 7), IV���V yellow at base; fore wing shaded with basal area close to the clavus slightly clearer. Antennae 7-segmented. Ocellar setae III arising on the lateral side of the triangle, shorter than the distance between hind ocelli (Fig. 6). Pronotum with many transverse sculpture lines not closely spaced, about 40 discal setae, posteroangular setae about 0.6 as long as pronotum with 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae (Fig. 2). Mesonotal anteromedian campaniform sensilla present. Metanotum medially with longitudinal row of large slightly elongate reticles that lack internal markings, median setae not on anterior margin; campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 5). Fore wing first vein almost complete with 2 setae on distal third (Fig. 3); clavus with 5 marginal setae and 1 discal setae (Fig. 8). Abdominal tergites with sculpture lines extending to seta S2 but not between S1 and the campaniform sensilla (Fig. 13); tergite II with 3 lateral marginal setae (Fig. 11); ctenidia present on V���VIII. Pleurotergites with no discal setae and without microtrichia. Tergite VIII with comb of microtrichia complete, long and slender (Fig. 14). Sternites III���VII with 10���15 discal setae in one irregular row (Figs 9���10); II without discal setae and with 2 pairs of marginal setae. Measurements (holotype female in microns). Body length 1710. Head, length 121; width across eyes 146; ocellar setae II 9, III 23. Pronotum, length 128; width 230; posteroangular setae 85, 84. Fore wing length 997. Antennal segments I���VII length 26, 40, 65, 66, 46, 57, 15. Male. Similar to female but smaller and yellow (Fig. 4). Tergite VIII posteromarginal comb absent, microtrichia absent also laterally. Tergite IX setal pair S2 arising slightly behind pair S1, but arranged almost in straight line. Sternites III���VII each with transverse oval pore plate and one or two pairs of discal setae (Fig. 12). Specimens studied. Holotype female, La Reunion Island, on flowers of Dombeya sp. (Malvaceae), 14.vi.2018 (Enric Frago and Niry Dianzinga) in the collection of insects of the Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (CBGP) Montpellier, France. Paratypes: 6 females and 12 males with the same data as holotype in CBGP Montpellier, 1 female and 1 male in Mus��um national d��� Histoire naturelle, Paris. Comments. Using the key by Mound (2010) this species tracks to couplets 24 and 25 but it differs from Thrips kurahashii in the position of ocellar setae III and the presence of metanotal campaniform sensilla. The colour also is different, yellow in T. kurahashii and brown in T. reunionensis. Mound (2010) noted variation in Thrips acaciae but that species has four lateral marginal setae on tergite II, more than 24 discal setae in sternites III���VII and a weak comb of microtrichia on tergite VIII posterior margin. Because in Thrips the number of antennal segments within species may vary from seven to eight this species could be confused also with specimens of Thrips simplex with seven antennal segments. However, the male of simplex is black with longer and wider pore plates, and in both sexes the metanotal campaniform sensilla are absent and the metanotal reticles have internal markings. Moreover, the fore wings of T. simplex have a long white proximal area that is light brown in T. reunionensis., Published as part of Goldarazena, Arturo, Dianzinga, Niry T., Frago, Enric, Michel, Bruno & Reynaud, Philippe, 2020, A new species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Malagasy Region, pp. 443-446 in Zootaxa 4750 (3) on pages 443-446, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4750.3.13, http://zenodo.org/record/3707452, {"references":["Mound, L. A. (2010) Species of the genus Thrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) from the Afro-tropical region. Zootaxa, 2423 (1), 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2423.1.1"]}

National audience

Les thrips comptent parmi les ravageurs les plus importants des agrosystèmes serres en raison des attaques récurrentes des espèces indigènes et envahissantes. Pourtant, la biodiversité, la distribution et l'écologie des différentes espèces de thrips sont encore peu documentées. Leur petite taille, la forte similitude morphologique entre les différentes espèces et leur discrétion en dehors des pullulations sur cultures expliquent probablement cette situation. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes donc intéressés à la diversité des thysanoptères collectés en cultures ornementales en France via une approche de type « DNA-Barcoding » couplant une caractérisation moléculaire basée notamment sur une portion du gène mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (COI) et une caractérisation précise sur des caractères morphologiques. Grâce à un vaste réseau collaboratif, plus de 1000 échantillons de thrips ont ainsi été échantillonnées parmi lesquels plusieurs centaines ont été caractérisés ce qui nous a permis i) de clarifier la diversité réelle des thrips dans ces agroécosystèmes, ii) de rechercher plus particulièrement certaines espèces spécifiques présentant des risques élevés et/ou nouvelles sur le territoire, iii) concevoir un outil de diagnostic moléculaire rapide, simple et peu coûteux pour leur identification en routine., Thrips are among the most important pests in greenhouses worldwide because of recurrent outbreaks of both native and invading species. Yet, their biodiversity, distribution and ecology remain still poorly documented, probably because of their small size, the high morphological similarity between taxa and their discretion apart from the outbreak in crops. In this study, we thus developed a so-called DNABarcoding approach coupling, on one side, the sequencing of some molecular markers - e.g. a part of the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) – and, on the other, the precise examination of some morphological characters. Thanks to a collaborative network, several thousands of samples were hence collected in or around crops and more than 1000 individuals were characterized, making it possible (i) to clarify the actual diversity of thrips in these agroecosystems, ii) to focus on some particular (risky and/or invading) species, iii) to design a fast, simple and low cost molecular diagnostic tool for their identification.

Ce numéro comprend les articles correspondant aux présentations du Colloque Casdar 2018.; National audience; Thrips are among the most important pests in greenhouses worldwide because of recurrent outbreaks of both native and invading species. Yet, their biodiversity, distribution and ecology remain still poorly documented, probably because of their small size, the high morphological similarity between taxa and their discretion apart from the outbreak in crops. In this study, we thus developed a so-called DNABarcoding approach coupling, on one side, the sequencing of some molecular markers - e.g. a part of the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) – and, on the other, the precise examination of some morphological characters. Thanks to a collaborative network, several thousands of samples were hence collected in or around crops and more than 1000 individuals were characterized, making it possible (i) to clarify the actual diversity of thrips in these agroecosystems, ii) to focus on some particular (risky and/or invading) species, iii) to design a fast, simple and low cost molecular diagnostic tool for their identification.; Les thrips comptent parmi les ravageurs les plus importants des agrosystèmes serres en raison des attaques récurrentes des espèces indigènes et envahissantes. Pourtant, la biodiversité, la distribution et l'écologie des différentes espèces de thrips sont encore peu documentées. Leur petite taille, la forte similitude morphologique entre les différentes espèces et leur discrétion en dehors des pullulations sur cultures expliquent probablement cette situation. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes donc intéressés à la diversité des thysanoptères collectés en cultures ornementales en France via une approche de type « DNA-Barcoding » couplant une caractérisation moléculaire basée notamment sur une portion du gène mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (COI) et une caractérisation précise sur des caractères morphologiques. Grâce à un vaste réseau collaboratif, plus de 1000 échantillons de thrips ont ainsi été échantillonnées parmi lesquels plusieurs centaines ont été caractérisés ce qui nous a permis i) de clarifier la diversité réelle des thrips dans ces agroécosystèmes, ii) de rechercher plus particulièrement certaines espèces spécifiques présentant des risques élevés et/ou nouvelles sur le territoire, iii) concevoir un outil de diagnostic moléculaire rapide, simple et peu coûteux pour leur identification en routine.

Ce numéro comprend les articles correspondant aux présentations du Colloque Casdar 2018.; National audience; Thrips are among the most important pests in greenhouses worldwide because of recurrent outbreaks of both native and invading species. Yet, their biodiversity, distribution and ecology remain still poorly documented, probably because of their small size, the high morphological similarity between taxa and their discretion apart from the outbreak in crops. In this study, we thus developed a so-called DNABarcoding approach coupling, on one side, the sequencing of some molecular markers - e.g. a part of the mitochondrial marker Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) – and, on the other, the precise examination of some morphological characters. Thanks to a collaborative network, several thousands of samples were hence collected in or around crops and more than 1000 individuals were characterized, making it possible (i) to clarify the actual diversity of thrips in these agroecosystems, ii) to focus on some particular (risky and/or invading) species, iii) to design a fast, simple and low cost molecular diagnostic tool for their identification.; Les thrips comptent parmi les ravageurs les plus importants des agrosystèmes serres en raison des attaques récurrentes des espèces indigènes et envahissantes. Pourtant, la biodiversité, la distribution et l'écologie des différentes espèces de thrips sont encore peu documentées. Leur petite taille, la forte similitude morphologique entre les différentes espèces et leur discrétion en dehors des pullulations sur cultures expliquent probablement cette situation. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes donc intéressés à la diversité des thysanoptères collectés en cultures ornementales en France via une approche de type « DNA-Barcoding » couplant une caractérisation moléculaire basée notamment sur une portion du gène mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (COI) et une caractérisation précise sur des caractères morphologiques. Grâce à un vaste réseau collaboratif, plus de 1000 échantillons de thrips ont ainsi été échantillonnées parmi lesquels plusieurs centaines ont été caractérisés ce qui nous a permis i) de clarifier la diversité réelle des thrips dans ces agroécosystèmes, ii) de rechercher plus particulièrement certaines espèces spécifiques présentant des risques élevés et/ou nouvelles sur le territoire, iii) concevoir un outil de diagnostic moléculaire rapide, simple et peu coûteux pour leur identification en routine.

En África, en el sur de Europa y en Oriente Próximo era conocida, hasta ahora, la presencia de ocho especies del género Spodoptera , tres de las cuales tienen un serio impacto económico: S. exempta, S. exigua y S. littoralis (Brown y Dewhurst, 1975). S. frugiperda se suma ahora a este trío de plagas.

International audience; The xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of diseases on a large host range of plants. It has been observed in Americas since the XIXth century causing notably Pierceís disease of grape (Vitis vinifera) in North America, citrus variegated chlorosis on orange tree (Citrus sinensis) in South America and diseases on fruit trees (Prunus dulcis, P. domestica, P. persica, etc.), ornamentals (Coffea spp., Nerium oleander, Platanus occidentalis, etc.) and forest trees (Quercus spp., Ulmus spp., etc.). X. fastidiosa is a quarantine pest for the European Union and as such is listed on the directive 2000/29/EC and the introduction of many plants into the European Union is regulated. A risk of introduction is still pending due to the high number of non-regulated plant hosts which are imported from contaminated areas and to the presence of asymptomatic contaminated plants.

‪Contexte - Depuis 2016, la noctuelle Spodoptera frugiperda, d'origine américaine, s'est établie en Afrique subsaharienne. Sa grande nuisibilité est constatée notamment sur le maïs. Présentation - Ses caractéristiques sont détaillées : morphologie et critères de différenciation d'avec les trois autres principales espèces de Spodoptera, biologie avec sa nuisibilité et sa longue liste de plantes-hôtes (dont le maïs, le sorgho, le riz, la canne à sucre et le cotonnier), cycle et dégâts. Analyse du risque - Dans un premier temps, les territoires français menacés sont ceux de l'océan Indien (La Réunion, Mayotte). Cependant, l'intensité des échanges internationaux et les capacités de dispersion naturelle du ravageur entraînent un risque plus étendu d'introduction. Une analyse climatique montre un risque d'établissement notable à élevé sur tout le pourtour méditerranéen, y compris le sud de la France, et un risque d'incursions plus au nord.

Question: Transfers of fresh fruits and vegetables between countries via passengers or commercial trade enables insects such as Tephritidae (Diptera commonly named 'fruit flies') to colonize new areas, causing crop losses as well as displacement of indigenous species. Islands are very sensitive areas to alien species introductions, making application of import regulations important to protect local agriculture. In Réunion Island (Indian Ocean), 309 import pathways of fruits and vegetables have been identified using data registered between 2007 and 2012. The question, raised by the French Ministry of Agriculture to Anses (Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), was to rank the pathways representing a potential infestation risk by some of the 224 fruit flies species considered as the most threatening. Methods: Two methods were developed: an information system, gathering information collected in databases, websites and publications, helped to identify the potentially infested pathways. A decision support system enabled pathways ranking according to the fruit flies hierarchy established using Promethée multi-criteria methoda. Results: 55 risky import pathways were ranked, linked with potential infestation by 16 fruit fly species belonging to the genera Anastrepha, Bactrocera, Ceratitis, Dacus and Rhagoletis. Because of their high probability of entry and establishment, the threatening species would be, in order of importance, B. invadens, C. rosa (the African strain), B. dorsalis (separated from B. invadens), B. tryoni and D. vertebratus. The most risky pathways would be, in order of importance, fresh fruits from the genus Citrus, Prunus, as well as Cucumis melo and Cucumis sativus, all coming from South Africa, then Citrus imported from Madagascar and peaches from Zambiab. Conclusion: The ranking of pathways allowed by our method enables the customs risk manager to better define border management measures and to adapt the control of each pathway according to the threat linked to the fruit flies potentially conveyed. (Texte intégral)

This paper describes a decision-support scheme (DSS) for mapping the area where economically important loss is likely to occur (the endangered area). It has been designed by the PRATIQUE project to help pest risk analysts address the numerous risk mapping challenges and decide on the most suitable methods to follow. The introduction to the DSS indicates the time and expertise that is needed, the data requirements and the situations when mapping the endangered areas is most useful. The DSS itself has four stages. In stage 1, the key factors that influence the endangered area are identified, the data are assembled and, where appropriate, maps of the key factors are produced listing any significant assumptions. In stage 2, methods for combining these maps to identify the area of potential establishment and the area at highest risk from pest impacts are described, documenting any assumptions and combination rules utilised. When possible and appropriate, Stage 3 can then be followed to show whether economic loss will occur in the area at highest risk and to identify the endangered area. As required, Stage 4, described elsewhere, provides techniques for producing a dynamic picture of the invasion process using a suite of spread models. To illustrate how the DSS functions, a maize pest, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, and a freshwater invasive alien plant, Eichhornia crassipes, have been used as examples.

EFSA guidance regarding pest risk assessment previously identified limitations within a generic qualitative risk assessment scheme published to support EU plant health decision making. In seeking to develop methods to overcome the limitations, we report results of a multiphase project where five test risk assessment methods were applied to Anoplophora glabripennis, Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri, Guignardia citricarpa, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, and Xanthomonas citri strains causing citrus bacterial canker. Teams of pest risk assessors applied the methods to the pests and compared methods in relation to EFSA PLH needs. The most promising method was then revised to incorporate desirable features from the other methods and tested on five more case study pests; Acidovorax citrulli, Ca.P. mali, Ca. P. prunorum, M. Fallax and Mycosphaerella dearnessii. In addition the risk assessment method that emerged from the EU funded project PRATIQUE was adapted to better suit EFSA needs and also tested on the second set of pests. Comprehensive datasheets on each pest were compiled to support the risk assessments. Datasheets included information that emerged from individual pest questionnaires distributed to the National Plant Protection Organisations of each EU Member State. Short term experimental studies were conducted to reduce uncertainty regarding survival and infectivity of the root-knot nematodes in the absence of host plants. Small scale experiments also clarified the role of vectors in the spread of Ca. Phytoplasma prunorum, proving that psyllids acquired the pathogen from wild Prunus sp. and transmitted it to orchards. Results from both sets of studies better informed the respective risk assessments and reduced some uncertainties although significant uncertainties still remain elsewhere within assessments. A novel method to determine an index of individual risk components, e.g. likelihood of entry, was developed. The performance of risk reduction options was evaluated by repeating assessments considering scenarios with and without risk reduction options in place.

The assessment of the suitability of the climate for pest establishment is an important part of pest risk analysis (PRA). This paper describes the work undertaken by the EU 7th Framework project PRATIQUE (Enhancements of Pest Risk Analysis Techniques) to develop guidance for this component of PRA. Firstly, there is a guide to rating the suitability of the climate in the PRA area using qualitative methods. Secondly, a Decision-support scheme (DSS) has been created to assist analysts in deciding whether to map climatic suitability, and to guide the selection of the most appropriate method from the large number available. The process of selecting a climatic mapping method is based on a review of the pest's climatic responses and distribution. A spreadsheet provides a comparison of the potential problems that can arise, depending on the mapping method and on the amount and quality of available data. Diagrams are provided to help choose the location data category that best represents the possible biases in the known distribution of the pest. A second spreadsheet provides general information on the differences and similarities of each method in terms of categories such as functionality, ease of use and quality assurance. A variety of data, tools and supporting documents are available as appendices to the DSS. All of the tools and guides are freely available online.

International audience; Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a species of neotropical origin, has been found for the first time in France (Alpes - Maritimes, Sophia - Antipolis) in 2008. Information is provided on its identification, geographical distribution and on the damage that it can cause. Potential risk linked to this species is discussed.