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INRAE a mené une réflexion prospective collective sur les risques environnementaux dans une perspective inter- et transdisciplinaire inscrite dans le cadre des sciences de la durabilité. Les risques pour les sociétés, les écosystèmes et les milieux ont été considérés conjointement et de façon holistique. Cet article résume les quatre priorités scientifiques identifiées, exprimées de manière transverse. Une feuille de route pour atteindre ces objectifs est également proposée, incluant les ressources humaines, les infrastructures, l’animation scientifique et les partenariats. Ces conclusions devraient participer à la structuration de la recherche française et internationale, et constituer ainsi une contribution significative à l’effort requis par l’urgence environnementale actuelle.

Manon Levêque,1 Nadim Cassir,2 Fanny Mathias,3 Cindy Fevre,4 Florence Daviet,5 Julien Bermudez,1 Geoffrey Brioude,6 Florence Peyron,3 Martine Reynaud-Gaubert,1 Benjamin Coiffard1 1Department of Respiratory Medicine and Lung Transplantation, APHM, Aix Marseille University, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France; 2Department of Infectious Disease, APHM, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France; 3Department of Pharmacy, APHM, Aix Marseille University, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France; 4Research and Development, Pherecydes Pharma, Romainville, France; 5Intensive Care Medicine, APHM, Aix Marseille University, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, France; 6Department of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, APHM, Aix Marseille University, Hôpital Nord, Marseille, FranceCorrespondence: Benjamin Coiffard, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Lung Transplantation, APHM, CHU Nord, Chemin des Bourrely, Marseille, 13915, France, Tel +33491966133, Email benjamin.coiffard@ap-hm.frAbstract: Recipients transplanted for bronchiectasis in the context of a primary immune deficiency, such as common variable immunodeficiency, are at a high risk of severe infection in post-transplantation leading to poorer long-term outcomes than other transplant indications. In this report, we present a fatal case due to chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection in a lung transplant recipient with common variable immunodeficiency despite successful eradication of an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strain with IgM/IgA-enriched immunoglobulins and bacteriophage therapy. The fatal evolution despite a drastic adaptation of the immunosuppressive regimen and the maximal antibiotic therapy strategy raises the question of the contraindication of lung transplantation in such a context of primary immunodeficiency.Keywords: primary immunodeficiency diseases, lung transplantation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, phage therapy, immunoglobulin therapy

Focusing on Vivian Qu’s Angels Wear White (2017), this paper uses Judith Butler’s discussion of vulnerability, resistance, and performativity as a theoretical framework to analyse the film’s narrative and directing choices when addressing issues of sexual assault on minors and genders norms in contemporary China. The film’s depiction of social inequalities, economic precariousness, corruption, and the construction and performance of femininity demonstrates the way Chinese women are vulnerable to violence – sexual or not – and to gender norms they are expected to conform to, without falling into the trap of paternalism and victimisation.

Abstract Background Car driving is more and more automated, to such an extent that driving without active steering control is becoming a reality. Although active driving requires the use of visual information to guide actions (i.e., steering the vehicle), passive driving only requires looking at the driving scene without any need to act (i.e., the human is passively driven). Materials & Methods After a careful search of the scientific literature, 11 different studies, providing 17 contrasts, were used to run a comprehensive meta‐analysis contrasting active driving with passive driving. Results Two brain regions were recruited more consistently for active driving compared to passive driving, the left precentral gyrus (BA3 and BA4) and the left postcentral gyrus (BA4 and BA3/40), whereas a set of brain regions was recruited more consistently in passive driving compared to active driving: the left middle frontal gyrus (BA6), the right anterior lobe and the left posterior lobe of the cerebellum, the right sub‐lobar thalamus, the right anterior prefrontal cortex (BA10), the right inferior occipital gyrus (BA17/18/19), the right inferior temporal gyrus (BA37), and the left cuneus (BA17). Discussion From a theoretical perspective, these findings support the idea that the output requirement of the visual scanning process engaged for the same activity can trigger different cerebral pathways, associated with different cognitive processes. A dorsal stream dominance was found during active driving, whereas a ventral stream dominance was obtained during passive driving. From a practical perspective, and contrary to the dominant position in the Human Factors community, our findings support the idea that a transition from passive to active driving would remain challenging as passive and active driving engage distinct neural networks.

Marie Viprey,1,2 Frédéric Mougeot,3 Alexandra Lelia Dima,2,4 Julie Haesebaert,2,5 Pauline Occelli,2,5 Isabelle Durieu,2,6 Héloïse Rouzé,2,5 Quitterie Reynaud,2,6 Sandrine Touzet2,7 1Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service des Données de Santé, Lyon, France; 2Research on Healthcare Performance RESHAPE, INSERM U1290, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; 3Centre Max Weber, UMR 5283 - ENSEIS, Villeurbanne, France; 4Health Technology Assessment in Primary Care and Mental Health (PRISMA) Research Group, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; 5Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service Recherche et Epidémiologie Cliniques, Lyon, France; 6Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Centre de Référence Adulte de la Mucoviscidose, Pierre Bénite, France; 7Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle Santé Publique, Service de Santé au Travail, Lyon, FranceCorrespondence: Marie Viprey, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service des Données de Santé, 162 Avenue Lacassagne, Lyon, 69003, France, Tel +33 4 72 11 51 39, Fax +33 4 72 11 57 20, Email marie.viprey@chu-lyon.frPurpose: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited life-shortening disease involving a significant treatment burden. Few interventions have been proven effective in improving adherence, and of these fewer have been adopted for implementation. Patient participation in research is increasingly desired in developing relevant health care services. A participatory approach was implemented in an adult CF center to co-design an adherence-enhancing intervention toolkit. We aimed to report on the participatory process and the results regarding the co-designed intervention.Patients and Methods: Two focus group sessions and four working sessions were conducted at 4-week intervals with three healthcare professionals (HCP; physician, nurse, physiotherapist), eight patients, and two researchers (sociologist, public health pharmacist). The two initial focus group sessions were dedicated to the collection of narratives about CF treatment experiences to identify drivers of adherence. The next four working sessions were dedicated to the reflection on solutions that could alleviate the difficulties identified and be used in current clinical practice. The researchers observed during all sessions the interactions between participants, group dynamics, and process of implementation of the collective reflection.Results: The process facilitated an active participation of patients and HCP, who contributed equally to the intervention development. The co-design adherence-enhancing intervention toolkit consisted in a self-questionnaire to be completed by patients before the medical consultation and used as a communication support during the consultation, plus a toolkit of solutions to be proposed by the HCP for each barrier identified by patients, and to be followed up during the next consultation.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a participatory approach involving CF patients and HCP lead to the development of an adherence-enhancing intervention toolkit, using a 6-session format; the benefits of the co-designed intervention on the medication adherence have yet to be tested in a multicenter, open-label study in 3 centers in France.Keywords: cystic fibrosis, chronic treatment, medication adherence, patient engagement, participatory research

Les outils du spatial, qui ne cessent de progresser, apparaissent aujourd’hui incontournables pour compléter efficacement et à moindre coût les programmes de surveillance des paramètres ciblés par la directive cadre sur l’eau. Plusieurs paramètres peuvent être suivis, comme la température de l’eau, la transparence, la concentration en chlorophylle-a ou le marnage. Cet article propose un aperçu des avancées françaises récentes pour caractériser ces paramètres, à partir de satellites d’intérêts au travers notamment des travaux conduits dans les centres d’expertise scientifique du Pôle national de données et services dédié aux surfaces continentales (THEIA).

Functional connectivity is a neurobiological notion, informally stating that there would be a strong dependence between neurons and that this dependence might be useful in understanding the way the brain encodes stimuli, programs actions, etc. However, in practice such strong dependencies are often reconstructed via Hawkes processes based on an amazingly small number of neurons, because of the very scarce observation of this very complex and huge network. We derive new simple equations, which explain how the ideal Hawkes reconstruction is linked to the covariance between the observed neurons. These equations help us in particular to understand what the Hawkes reconstruction does in two settings, synchronization and classical point process asymptotics. Moreover they might help us to also understand what is qualitatively happening at the scale of the huge unobserved network, paving the path for a possible mathematical definition of functional connectivity.

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the management of solid organ transplant recipients and on clinical evolution in post-transplantation. Little is known on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection in these patients. The severity and lethality of this disease in solid organ transplant patients are higher thanin the general population. This study aims to describe clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in solid organ transplant recipients followed in our center.MethodsIn this observational study, we enrolled all kidney transplant recipientsattending the A.O.U. Federico II of Naples from March 2020 to January 2021. For each patient we evaluated the epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as outcome.ResultsWe enrolled 369 kidney transplant patients (229, male, 62%). Of these, 51 (13.8%) acquired SARS-CoV-2 infection and 29 showed symptomatic disease. Of the 51 patients with the infection, 48 (94.11%) had at least one comorbidity and such comorbidities did not constitute a risk factor for a more severe disease. Hospitalization was necessary for 7 (13.7%) patients. Of these, 2 required low-flow oxygen supplementation, 3 non-invasive/high flow ventilation and 2 invasive ventilation. Finally, 2 patients died.ConclusionsOur study shows a lower mortality and hospitalization rate compared to figures available in the literature (4% vs. 13–30% and 14% vs. 32–100%, respectively). Furthermore, the comorbidities examined (hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes) did not constitute a risk factor for a more severe disease condition in this patient category. Further studies with larger sample size are necessary to confirm these data.

Sabina Janciauskiene,1,2,* Pierre-Joseph Royer,3,* Jan Fuge,1 Sabine Wrenger,1 Joanna Chorostowska-Wynimko,2 Christine Falk,4,5 Tobias Welte,1 Martine Reynaud-Gaubert,6 Antoine Roux,7– 9 Adrien Tissot,3 Antoine Magnan3 1Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, BREATH German Center for Lung Research (DZL) Hannover University School, Hannover, Germany; 2Department of Genetics and Clinical Immunology, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Warsaw, Poland; 3CHU de Nantes, Centre National De Référence Mucoviscidose Nantes-Roscoff, Nantes, France; 4Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; 5German Center for Infection Research DZIF Hannover Braunschweig Site, TTU-IICH, Hannover, Germany; 6Department ofPulmonary Diseases and Lung Transplantation, CHU Nord de Marseille; IHU - Méditerranée Infection, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France; 7Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France; 8Université Versailles Saint-Quentin- en-Yvelines, Versailles, France; 9 l’Institut du Thorax, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Sabina Janciauskiene Department of Pulmonary and InfectiousDiseases, Hannover Medical School, Feodor-Lynen Str. 23, Hannover 30625, GermanyTel +49-511-532-7297Email Janciauskiene.sabina@mh-hannover.deAbstract: Cumulating reports suggest that acute phase proteins (APPs) have diagnostic and prognostic value in different clinical conditions. Among others, APPs are proposed to serve as markers that help to control the outcome of transplant recipients. Here, we questioned whether plasma concentrations of APPs mirror the development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). We performed blinded analysis of serial plasma samples retrospectively collected from 35 lung transplanted patients, of whom 25 developed CLAD and 10 remained stable during the follow-up period of 3 to 4.5 years. Albumin (ALB), alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRPH), antithrombin-3 (AT3), ceruloplasmin (CER), and alpha2-macroglobulin (A2MG) were measured by the nephelometric method. We found that within the first six months post-transplantation, levels of A2MG, CER and AAT were higher in stable patients relative to those who later developed CLAD. Moreover, in stable patient’s plasma CRPH levels decreased during the follow-up period whereas opposite, in those developing CLAD, the CRPH gradually increased. The ALB levels became significantly lower at the end of the follow-up period in CLAD relative to a stable group. A logistic regression model based on A2MG, CER and AT3 at cut-offs levels of ≥ 175.5 mg/dL, ≥ 37.8 mg/dL and ≥ 27.35 mg/dL enabled to discriminate between stable and CLAD patients with a sensitivity of 87.5%, 100% and 62.5%, and specificity of 65.9%, 72.7% and 79.5%, respectively. We identified A2MG (below  175.5 mg/dL) as an independent predictor of CLAD (hazard ratio 11.5, 95% CI (1.5– 91.3), p< 0.021). Our findings suggest that profiles of certain APPs may help to predict the development of lung dysfunction at the very early stages after transplantation.Keywords: acute phase proteins, transplantation, allograft dysfunction

Héloïse Rouzé1,2, Marie Viprey1,2, Samuel Allemann2, Alexandra L Dima2, Pascal Caillet3, Angélique Denis1, Stéphanie Poupon-Bourdy1, Boubou Camara4, Catherine Llerena5, Philippe Reix6, Isabelle Durieu2,7, Quitterie Reynaud2,7, Sandrine Touzet1,2 1Public Health Department, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; 2HESPER Lab-EA 7425, Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France; 3Department of Clinical Pharmacology, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; 4Pulmonary Department, Adult CF Center, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; 5Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Pediatric CF Center, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; 6Pediatric Pulmonology Department, Pediatric CF Center, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France; 7Department of Internal Medicine, Adult Cystic Fibrosis Care Center, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, FranceCorrespondence: Héloïse RouzéHospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle de Santé Publique, Bâtiment A, 6ème étage, 162 Avenue Lacassagne 69003 Lyon, FranceTel +33 47 211 5132Email heloise.rouze@chu-lyon.frBackground: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening genetic condition that usually affects several organs and involves significant treatment burden. Adherence to medication is important for successful CF management.Objective: To describe medication adherence according to age, therapeutic class, and pharmaceutical form in adults and children followed in four regional CF centers in France.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with non-transplanted patients followed in two adult and two pediatric centers during 2015 who were covered by the French National Health Insurance (NHI). Sociodemographic, clinical, hospitalization, and prescription data were collected from patient medical records. Medication dispensations were extracted from the regional French NHI database. Adherence was calculated over 12 months using continuous medication availability (CMA) accounting for dose adjustments and hospitalizations. Drug-specific CMA was computed in R with the AdhereR package for each medication prescribed more than 3 months, which was averaged to obtain a composite CMA score (cCMA) for all treatments and per therapeutic class as well as pharmaceutical form for each patient.Results: A total of 228 patients were included. The number of chronic medications increased with age (r=0.50, p

En mettant en avant l’hydromorphologie comme un critère clé de la qualité écologique des masses d’eau, la directive cadre européenne sur l’eau s’est révélée être un moteur important de nouveaux travaux en Europe. Pour les plans d’eau, plusieurs méthodes ont été développées en France pour répondre à ce nouveau contexte réglementaire, par le biais d’une approche multi-échelles spatiales couplant informations numériques géolocalisées et mesures de terrain.

The Marnes Bleues Formation from the Vocontian Basin (Southeastern France) shows many dark-colored levels, some concomitant to oceanic anoxic events OAE1a (the so-called Goguel Level) and OAE1b (the Jacob, Kilian, and, above all, Paquier levels). These levels are usually referred to as being organic-rich; they are scattered through a thick, rather homogeneous, succession of marls, that is poor in organic matter (OM). Through a multi-parameter approach, the dark levels from the Aptian-Albian were characterized. Our results show that all dark levels are not OM-rich and that the dark levels exhibit variable characteristics, such as OM nature (marine vs. continental), sedimentation and accumulation rates, redox conditions, surface-water productivity and relative sea level, but they all show low to modest enrichments in OM. Furthermore, all the levels share in common the fact that they formed under conditions of normal to low productivity and oxic to suboxic conditions. Thus, our results strongly suggest that, in the absence of high productivity and anoxic bottom conditions, the other factors reputed to favor OM accumulation only led to sporadic and low enrichments in organic contents. It is as if such factors could only enhance OM accumulation but could not induce it alone. What was true for the Vocontian Basin may be extended to other settings, regardless of their time of deposition or location.

As the production of single use plastic packaging materials is increasing rapidly, the resultant generation of waste material is quickly becoming one of the world’s major environmental issues. These plastic materials are highly stable, with excellent material properties which can allow them to be used beyond their intended single use. To effectively utilize these recovered plastic materials, an understanding of their mechanical properties is required. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanical properties of recovered plastic bottles to prove the feasibility of utilisation for additional uses in non-shredding based recycling systems with lower energy requirements. This system would conserve the physical integrity of the bottles, using them as a raw material for new direct reuse and repurposing applications. Tensile tests were conducted on samples cut from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles considering different sets of variables: cutting method, orientation of the samples and degradation method. The results clearly demonstrate the superior strength characteristics, and minimal effect of degradation, showing the potential for a whole new field of applications where these recovered materials could be used. However, successful adoption of this new concept relies on structural changes to the operations of recycling and manufacturing companies as well as legislators, regulators and the general public.

The aim of this work was to present the creation of appropriate tools to evaluate the coping strategies in Oral-Health-related Quality of Life (OHrQOL) implemented by persons with schizophrenia (PWS), the Schizophrenia Coping Oral Health Profile (SCOOHP), and the results of a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: To determine if structurally intact, retrolaminar optic nerve (RON) axons are demyelinated in nonhuman primate (NHP) experimental glaucoma (EG). METHODS: Unilateral EG NHPs (n = 3) were perfusion fixed, EG and control eyes were enucleated, and foveal Bruchs membrane opening (FoBMO) 30° sectoral axon counts were estimated. Optic nerve heads were trephined; serial vibratome sections (VSs) were imaged and colocalized to a fundus photograph establishing their FoBMO location. The peripheral neural canal region within n = 5 EG versus control eye VS comparisons was targeted for scanning block-face electron microscopic reconstruction (SBEMR) using micro-computed tomographic reconstructions (µCTRs) of each VS. Posterior laminar beams within each µCTR were segmented, allowing a best-fit posterior laminar surface (PLS) to be colocalized into its respective SBEMR. Within each SBEMR, up to 300 axons were randomly traced until they ended (nonintact) or left the block (intact). For each intact axon, myelin onset was identified and myelin onset distance (MOD) was measured relative to the PLS. For each EG versus control SBEMR comparison, survival analyses compared EG and control MOD. RESULTS: MOD calculations were successful in three EG and five control eye SBEMRs. Within each SBEMR comparison, EG versus control eye axon loss was -32.9%, -8.3%, and -15.2% (respectively), and MOD was increased in the EG versus control SBEMR (P < 0.0001 for each EG versus control SBEMR comparison). When data from all three EG eye SBEMRs were compared to all five control eye SBEMRs, MOD was increased within the EG eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Structurally intact, RON axons are demyelinated in NHP early to moderate EG. Studies to determine their functional status are indicated.