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International audience; Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of heterogeneous, rare diseases affecting the connective tissues. The main clinical signs of EDS are skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and skin fragility. Currently, the classification of EDS in humans distinguishes 13 clinical subtypes associated with variants in 20 different genes, reflecting the heterogeneity of this set of diseases. At present, variants in three of these genes have also been identified in dogs affected by EDS. The purpose of this study was to characterize the clinical and histopathological phenotype of an EDS-affected Chihuahua and to identify the causative genetic variant for the disease. The clinical examination suggested a diagnosis of classical EDS. Skin histopathology revealed an abnormally thin dermis, which is compatible with classical EDS. Whole-genome sequencing identified a heterozygous de novo 27 bp deletion in the COL5A2 gene, COL5A2:c.3388_3414del. The in-frame deletion is predicted to remove 9 amino acids in the triple-helical region of COL5A2. The molecular analysis and identification of a likely pathogenic variant in COL5A2 confirmed the subtype as a form of classical EDS. This is the first report of a COL5A2-related EDS in a dog.

Retroperitoneal paragangliomas are rare tumors of the neuroendocrine system. Only a few canine case reports are available with rare descriptions of their imaging features. The objectives of this multi-center, retrospective case series study were to describe the diagnostic imaging features of confirmed retroperitoneal paragangliomas and specify their location. Medical records and imaging studies of 10 affected dogs with cytological or histopathologic results concordant with retroperitoneal paragangliomas were evaluated. Dogs had a median age of 9 years. Four of them had clinical signs and laboratory reports compatible with excessive production of catecholamines. Six ultrasound, four CT, four radiographic, and one MRI studies were included. The paragangliomas did not have a specific location along the aorta. They were of various sizes (median 33 mm, range: 9-85 mm of length). Masses had heterogeneous parenchyma in six of 10 dogs, regardless of the imaging modality. Strong contrast enhancement was found in all CT studies. Encircling of at least one vessel was detected in six of 10 masses, clear invasion of a vessel was identified in one of 10 masses. In five of 10 cases, the masses were initially misconstrued as lymph nodes by the on-site radiologist. Retroperitoneal paragangliomas appear along the abdominal aorta, often presenting heterogeneous parenchyma, possibly affecting the local vasculature, and displaying strong contrast enhancement on CT. Clinical signs can be secondary to mass effects or excessive catecholamine production. Underdiagnosis and misdiagnosis of this tumor are suspected as they can be silent, of small size, or confused with other structures.

Notice à reprendre pas de clé UT le 30 mai 2017; International audience; Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer. RACK1 (Receptor for activated protein kinase C) protein was proposed as a biological marker of melanoma in human and domestic animal species harboring spontaneous melanomas. As a scaffold protein, RACK1 is able to coordinate the interaction of key signaling molecules implicated in both physiological cellular functions and tumorigenesis. A role for RACK1 in rewiring ERK and JNK signaling pathways in melanoma cell lines had been proposed. Here, we used a genetic approach to test this hypothesis in vivo in the mouse. We show that Rack1 knock-down in the mouse melanoma cell line B16 reduces invasiveness and induces cell differentiation. We have developed the first mouse model for RACK1 gain of function, Tyr::Rack1-HA transgenic mice, targeting RACK1 to melanocytes in vivo. RACK1 overexpression was not sufficient to initiate melanomas despite activated ERK and AKT. However, in a context of melanoma predisposition, RACK1 overexpression reduced latency and increased incidence and metastatic rate. In primary melanoma cells from Tyr::Rack1-HA, Tyr::NRasQ61K mice, activated JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and activated STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) acted as RACK1 oncogenic partners in tumoral progression. A sequential and coordinated activation of ERK, JNK and STAT3 with RACK1 is shown to accelerate aggressive melanoma development in vivo.

BackgroundLimited evidence exists in the literature regarding whether a specific mount is preferable to use for processing endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal biopsy specimens.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo compare 3 methods of handling endoscopically obtained gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from collection to laboratory processing and to determine if any technique produced superior results.AnimalsTwenty-three dogs and cats presented for gastrointestinal signs.MethodsProspective study of dogs and cats presented with gastrointestinal signs to a veterinary teaching referral hospital which underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Biopsy specimens were taken from the stomach and duodenum and submitted to the laboratory using 3 techniques: mounted on a cucumber slice, mounted on a moisturized synthetic foam sponge, and floating free in formalin. The techniques were compared with regard to the specimens' width, orientation, presence of artifacts, and pathologist's confidence in diagnosis.ResultsTwenty-three patients were included, with a total of 528 biopsies collected. Specimens on cucumber slice and on sponge were significantly wider (P < .001 and P = .001, respectively) compared to those floating free in formalin (mean width of 3.81 versus 3.31 and 2.52 mm, respectively). However, specimens on synthetic sponge had significantly fewer artifacts compared to those on cucumber slice (P = .05) and those floating free in formalin (P = .02). Confidence in the diagnosis also was superior with the sponge technique over floating free specimens (P = .002).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe use of mounted gastrointestinal biopsy specimens was superior over the use of specimens floating free in formalin. This technique improved the quality of the specimens and the pathologist's confidence in their histopathologic interpretation.

In this work, we characterized the phenotype of two transgenic mouse strains for which the melanocytic lineage is affected. The Tyr ::NRASQ61K, Ink4a-/- strain is a murine model for cutaneous melanoma. We showed that, in this model, there was a sequential development with at least four types of melanocytic lesions. We also characterized primitive melanocytic lesions at extracutaneous sites. Finally, we showed that cutaneous lesions were, morphologically, closer to the blue naevi family than to the conventional naevi and melanoma. The Dct::Sbno2 strain overexpresses the Strawberry Notch homolog 2 (Sbno2) gene under control of the Dopachrome tautomerase (Dct) gene which is specific for the melanocytic lineage. These mice have white limb and tail extremities, a white belly, and the rest of the coat exhibits premature graying. These findings are related to defects in expansion of the melanocytic lineage during embryogenesis and maintenance of melanocyte stem cells post-natally. Furthermore, these mice have peripheral nerve lesions associating reduced number of axons and endoneural fibrosis. Clinically, they show spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. Our data suggest an abnormal differentiation of neural crests-derived cells in Dct::Sbno2 mice: at the expanse of melanoblasts during and in favor of neurons and glial precursors during embryogenesis, at the expanse of neurons and in favor of endoneural fibroblasts in peripheral nerves post-natally., Nous avons cherché à caractériser le phénotype de deux lignées de souris transgéniques pour lesquelles le lignage mélanocytaire est affecté.La lignée Tyr ::NRASQ61K ; Ink4a-/- est un modèle murin de mélanome cutané. Nous avons montré qu'il existait dans ce modèle un développement séquentiel avec au moins quatre types de lésions mélanocytaires cutanées. Nous avons également caractérisé des lésions mélanocytaires primitives dans des organes autres que la peau. Sur le plan morphologique, nous avons enfin montré que les lésions cutanées se rapprochaient plus de la famille des naevi bleus que des naevi et mélanomes conventionnels.La lignée Dct::Sbno2 surexprime le gène Strawberry Notch homolog 2 (Sbno2) sous contrôle du promoteur du gène de la Dopachrome tautomérase (Dct), spécifique du lignage mélanocytaire. Ces souris ont les extrémités des pattes et de la queue blanches, le ventre blanc et le reste de leur pelage blanchit prématurément, traduisant un défaut d'expansion du lignage mélanocytaire pendant l'embryogenèse et un défaut de maintien des cellules souches de mélanocytes en période postnatale. En outre, ces souris présentent des lésions histologiques des nerfs périphériques associant diminution du nombre d'axones et fibrose endoneurale. Cliniquement, elles montrent une hyperactivité locomotrice spontanée. Nos données expérimentales sont en faveur d'un biais de différenciation des cellules dérivées des crêtes neurales chez les souris Dct ::Sbno2, au détriment des mélanoblastes et en faveur des neurones et précurseurs gliaux pendant l'embryogenèse ; au détriment des neurones et en faveur des fibroblastes endoneuraux dans les nerfs périphériques en période postnatale.

International audience

Chantier qualité GA; International audience; The paired box gene 3 (Pax3) is expressed during pigment cell development. We tested whether the targeted allele Pax3GFP can be used as a reporter gene for pigment cells in the mouse. We found that enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) can be seen readily in every melanoblast and melanocyte in the epidermis and hair follicles of Pax3GFP/+ heterozygotes. The GFP was detected at all differentiation stages, including melanocyte stem cells. In the dermis, Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars resembling the nestin-positive hair follicle multipotent stem cells exhibited a weaker GFP signal. Pigment cells could be purified by fluorescent activated cell sorting and grown in vitro without feeder cells, giving pure cultures of melanocytes. The Schwann cells and nestin-positive cells of the piloneural collars were FACS-isolated based on their weak expression of GFP. Thus Pax3GFP can discriminate distinct populations of cells in the skin.