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Syrian Golden hamsters develop more severe emphysema than Sprague-Dawley rats after intratracheal instillation of the same dose of elastase/body weight. Although species variations in antielastase defenses may largely explain these results, other variables, such as differences in lung antioxidants, cannot be overlooked since oxidative stress modulates antiprotease activity. We propose that elastase instillation might affect lung glutathione (GSH) metabolism differently in these species. Our aim was to study in hamsters and rats, lung glutathione metabolism at different times, from the stage of diffuse alveolar damage to advanced emphysema. We measured total and oxidized glutathione content as well as activity and expression of enzymes related to GSH synthesis and redox cycling: [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase. Whereas rats showed no significant changes in these measurements, hamsters showed significant derangement in GSH metabolism early after elastase instillation: 25% fall in total GSH (P < 0.05) with no increase in oxidized glutathione associated with reduced enzyme activities 24 h after elastase [60% for [gamma]-glutamylcysteine synthetase (P < 0.01), 30% for glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01), and 75% for glutathione reductase (P < 0.001)]. GSH homeostasis was restored at the end of the first week, involving transient increased expression of these enzymes. We conclude that elastase induces significant alterations in GSH metabolism of hamster lungs and no overall change in rat lungs. Although differences in disease severity may account for our findings, the hamster becomes vulnerable to functional inhibition of [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin by oxidants and thus, even more susceptible to injury than it would be, considering only its low [[alpha].sub.1]-antitrypsin level. diffuse alveolar damage; [gamma]-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase; glutathione peroxidase; glutathione reductase; lung susceptibility to elastase; pulmonary emphysema

While the importance of moving towards sustainability rises up in public, the presence of strategies to achieve it, in engineering academic frameworks, hardly increase. In particular, tackling environmental, social and technical aspects in conjunct ways remain difficult to teach in engineering education. The goal of this paper is to offer new engineering pedagogical strategies in order to address sustainable issues with a more global and integrated vision. An experiment of a pedagogical situation anchored into society will be presented and analysed thanks to sustainable skills defined by different institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Analysis of circular product design from a strategy implementation perspective. • Six key process factors and 47 factor conditions are presented in a framework. • Alignment of corporate sustainability maturity with VR strategy implementation. • Framework provides management support to implement circular product design. Although recent circular economy literature has emphasized the strategic role played by circular product design in private sector organizations, strategic management literature has so far overlooked the management implications of integrating circular economy strategies into new or existing products. As a result, the implementation of circular product design in private sector organizations remains unclear. The present paper aims to describe the managerial factors necessary for the implementation of value retention strategies during design and to designate a range of conditions under which each factor may arise. Examples of implementation processes (n = 24) were collected via expert interviews and compiled within a comprehensive framework based on general morphological analysis. Hence, implementation processes are represented as a combination of a limited number of process conditions. The framework is also used to describe a taxonomy of process configurations using hierarchical clustering, which indicates a strong influence of corporate sustainability maturity profiles in the implementation configurations observed. The contents of the present work help bridge the gap between strategic management and circular product design literature by providing the building blocks necessary for the integration of value-retention strategies during product planning and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]