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Social media has changed the landscape of adolescence, altering how young people communicate and connect with peers. This study explores how young women of color living in marginalized neighborhoods perceive, manage, and make meaning of social media threats and conflict. Previous research shows that social media narratives tend to reify gender differences and devalue the experiences of conflict among girls and young women. Focus group discussions among 41 youth, living in a disinvested neighborhood of Hartford, CT, and participating in a development program for adolescents at risk for violence involvement, suggest that girls use social media platforms to define, negotiate, and meet their developmental needs and enhance their wellbeing. These adolescents are intentional in their choices to enter the social media world; they use social media to cultivate their identity, protect their reputation, manage relationships, or simply be seen and heard. While corroborating previous findings concerning perceptions of social media conflicts, these girls were not passive consumers of social media; they had a nuanced sense of this tool and used it to resist violence and benefit their image. Identifying adolescent insights about how particular social media features influence conflict is critical to creating effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graciela Olivárez became the first Latina law professor in 1972, thirty-two years after the first Latina was admitted to a state bar in the United States. Fifty years after Graciela Olivárez became a law professor, a group of Latina law professors gathered for the 2022 Inaugural Graciela Olivárez Latinas in the Legal Academy ("GO LILA") Workshop. As a result of the workshop, we learned that we have accomplished much despite many obstacles. We also learned that we lag behind, including in our efforts to organize a collective movement to improve our professional opportunities in the legal academy. There is much work left to do. The GO LILA Workshop will hopefully create a space for Latinas in the Legal Academy ("LILA" or "LILAs") to come together una para todas y todas para una. This paper documents what we hope will be the first of many GO LILA Workshops, to memorialize the event for LILAs who come after. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author examines the disproportional effects of COVID-19 on African Americans. Also cited are the number of Americans who were infected and died due to the disease as of October 2020, the factors affecting African American communities in the U.S. like poor social policies and programs and unfair economic arrangements, and how social rights can advance people's citizenship and participation in society.

This paper investigates how high school students in an introductory computer science (CS) course approach computing in the logic programming (LP) paradigm. This qualitative study shows how novice students operate within the LP paradigm while engaging in foundational computing concepts and skills: students are engaged in a cyclical process of abstraction, reasoning, and creating representations of their ideas in code while also being informed by the (procedural) requirements and the revision/debugging process. As these computing concepts and skills are also expected in traditional approaches to introductory K-12 CS courses, this paper asserts that LP is a viable paradigm choice for high school novices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing inoculation time during Agrobacterium-mediated transformation has been shown to favour transformation efficiency in several plant species. The effect of inoculation time in combination with spermidine (Spd) on efficiency was determined during Agrobaterium-mediated transformation of the Musa cultivar 'Grande naine' (AAA). Banana embryogenic cell suspensions (ECSs) were incubated with the bacterial strain EHA 105 carrying the binary vector pFAJ3000. Six different inoculation conditions (6 h, 6 h+Spd, 12 h, 12 h+Spd, 24 h, 24 h+Spd) were compared based on transient GUS expression and number of embryo colonies formed. Moreover, leaf fragments from 24 randomly chosen regenerated plantlets were assayed presence and expression of the transgenes. Consequently, samples that were inoculated for 24 h in medium supplemented with 1 mM spermidine showed the highest transformation efficiency, expressed as number of blue foci and regenerated colonies after the selection treatment. Here we showed for the first time that longer inoculation times in combination with spermidine enhance the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the banana cultivar 'Grande naine'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), is the key pest of apple production worldwide. Insecticide resistance has been reported in all producing countries, based on five different mechanisms. Codling moth in Chile has resistance to azinphos-methyl and tebufenozide in post-diapausing larvae. However, there are no studies about the susceptibility of these populations to insecticides from other chemical groups. Therefore, the efficacy of azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos-ethyl, esfenvalerate, methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and thiacloprid on neonate and post-diapausing larvae from six field populations was investigated, and identified resistance mechanisms in this species were evaluated. Neonate larvae were susceptible to all insecticides studied, but post-diapausing larvae from four populations were resistant to chlorpyrifos, one of them was also resistant to azinphos-methyl, and another one was resistant to tebufenozide. The acetylcholinesterase insensitivity mutation was not detected, and the sodium channel knockdown resistance mutation was present in a low frequency in one population. Detoxifying enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferases, esterases, and cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases in adults differed among populations, but chlorpyrifos resistance was associated only with a decreased esterase activity as shown by a significant negative correlation between chlorpyrifos mortality and esterase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses gender equality in America in relation to the various ways in which man-made professional and workplace norms silence professional women as of 2015. Women’s rights are addressed, along with U.S. federal courts and the author’s personal experiences with adacdemic feminism and the legal academy. Discrimination against women in the workplace is examined, including incidents involving American law professor Anita Hill and Libyan attorney Iman al-Obeidi.

The extraction methods of genomic DNA are usually laborious and hazardous to human health and the environment by the use of organic solvents (chloroform and phenol). In this work a protocol for in situ extraction of genomic DNA by alkaline lysis is validated. It was used in order to amplify regions of DNA in four species of plants and fungi by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). From plant material of Saccharum officinarum L., Carica papaya L. and Digitalis purpurea L. it was possible to extend different regions of the genome through PCR. Furthermore, it was possible to amplify a fragment of avr-4 gene DNA purified from lyophilized mycelium of Mycosphaerella fijiensis. Additionally, it was possible to amplify the region ap24 transgene inserted into the genome of banana cv. 'Grande naine' (Musa AAA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African-American and Latino voter turnout during the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections hit record numbers. Polls show that the immigration debate influenced Latino voter turnout and preference. Presidential candidate Barack Obama's voiced support of comprehensive immigration reform strengthened his lead among Latino voters in 2008 and, once in office, his executive policy of granting temporary protection to DREAMers solidified his lead among Latino voters in 2012. Both elections showed the power that minority groups can exert when they vote in support of the same candidate. If the demographic changes continue as currently estimated, African Americans and Latinos will contribute in large part to the making of the United States into a "majority-minority" nation and will play an increasingly important role in local and national politics. Therefore, it is important for Americans to become more inclusive of all minority groups and to expand discussions of race relations beyond the Black-White paradigm and discussions about immigration beyond the Latino-White paradigm. Av the polarized reactions to the Zimmerman verdict showed, there is much work to be done as the people of the United States continue the project of forming "a more perfect Union. Honest assessments of how individuals and groups interact are crucial to opening borders and encouraging exchanges beyond socially constructed boundaries, like race, and racialized politics. African Americans and Latinos often compete with each other for political representation and other resources. In addition, the political consideration of immigration law and policy includes a racial dimension that is often camouflaged, but denial and silence about this reality do nothing to move the country forward. Therefore, immigration provides an opportunity to examine race relations and the potential for inter-group coalitions between African Americans and Latinos. For this reason, this Article also explores, through the lens of immigration, the role that race may play in the attitudes of African Americans and Latinos toward each other. One of the goals of this Article is to spark a candid dialogue that promotes a better understanding of race and its impact on interactions between African Americans and Latinos in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic and herbicide resistance genes have been used in transgene technology as powerful selection tools. Nonetheless, once transgenic events have been obtained their presence is no longer needed and can even be undesirable. In this work, we have developed a system to excise the selectable marker and the cre recombinase genes from transgenic banana cv. 'Grande Naine' ( Musa AAA). To achieve this, the embryo specific REG- 2 promoter was isolated from rice and its expression pattern in banana cell clumps, somatic embryos and regenerated plantlets was characterized by using a pREG2::uidA fusion construct. Subsequently, the REG- 2 promoter was placed upstream of the cre gene, conferring Cre functionality in somatic embryos and recombination of lox sites resulting in excision of the selectable marker and cre genes. PCR analysis revealed that 41.7 % of the analysed transgenic plants were completely marker free, results that were thereafter confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using developmentally controlled promoters to mediate marker excision in banana. This system does not require any extra handling compared to the conventional transformation procedure and might be useful in other species regenerating through somatic embryogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses U.S. immigration law and the role of judicial discretion in the removal of lawful permanent residents as of March 2012, focusing on the U.S. Supreme Court case United States v. Booker which deals with the nation's Sentencing Guidelines and reportedly returned judicial discretion back to the federal judges. The relationship between immigration law and removal (deportation) is analogized with the relationship between criminal law and punishment.

Genetic breeding of bananas by genetic transformation requires an efficient selection system. One of the selection markers most widely used is the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus, which encodes phosphinothricin acetyltransferase and confers resistance to phosphinothricin and glufosinate-ammonium, the active ingredients in several commercial herbicides such as BASTA®, Finale® and Liberty®. The present investigation was aimed to determine the minimum lethal concentration of glufosinate-ammonium (Finale®) on embryogenic cell aggregates, in vitro cultured shoots and plants grown in greenhouse of banana cv. 'Grande naine' (Musa AAA). Different concentrations of this herbicide were used in the culture embryogenic cell clusters (5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 20.0, 25.0 mg l-1), in vitro cultured shoots (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg l-1). This was also applied to the foliage of plants in greenhouse (0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, 40.0 g l-1). Results showed that the minimum lethal concentration in embryogenic cell clusters was 20.0 mg l-1 glufosinate ammonium,in in vitro shoots 3.0 mg l-1 and in plants in greenhouse 30.0 g l-1. Results also demonstrated that the use of glufosinate ammonium as a selective agent of transformants carrying the bar gene is possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]