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Ferrites are among the most extensively studied materials, specifically due to their amazing and diverse characteristics. Therefore, we synthesized NixCd1-xAlyFe2-yO4 (NCAF) ferrites using a microwave auto-combustion process, with x varying from 0.0 to 1.0 and y set at 0.1. We conducted a meticulous characterization of their structural, surface morphological, magnetic, molecular vibrational and optical properties. X-ray diffraction confirms the lattice parameter and a single-phase spinel structure. Rietveld refined XRD patterns identified the Fd-3m space group cubic spinel phase. HR-TEM examination shows pseudo-spherical particles with an average size of 40–45 nm. Surface topography exhibits tiny, spherical microstructures. The lognormal histogram showed an average particle size of 56.6 nm–124.8 nm, decreasing with nickel concentration. At a nickel concentration (x) of 0.6, saturation magnetization (Ms) increases and then decreases at 1.0. FTIR confirms no organic phase and spinel development. Absorption measurements determined the band gap energy, which Tauc plot revealed to be 2.5870–2.1657 eV. We used the Kubelka-Munk function to find the band gap energy in the UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS), which was between 2.0027 and 1.6817 eV.

A 17-year-old female, a known case of Marfan syndrome, presented with complaints of diminution of vision in both the eyes for 10 years. Clinical examination revealed that the presence of lens coloboma with advanced retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in the right eye and left eye showed cataractous changes along with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV) on ultrasonography B scan. This report describes the rare association of RP, lens coloboma, and PHPV in Marfan syndrome.

Fungal endogenous endophthalmitis (FEE) is an intraocular infection secondary to the fungemia, spreading through the hematogenous route. We here report a case of a 60-year-old female diagnosed with FEE and culture-proven Aspergillus fumigatus in a chronic kidney disease (CKD) patient, which is a rare and challenging condition to manage. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are the only keys to achieve suitable outcomes. It can be achieved by a multidisciplinary approach involving nephrologists and ophthalmologists. Routine ophthalmology review in CKD patients under hemodialysis may prove to be effective in early diagnosis of the fungal endophthalmitis or even help in ruling out systemic infections.

A novel, portable deep learning-assisted smartphone-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) cost-effective (~10$) sensing platform was developed and used for selective detection of lactate. Low-cost, fast prototyping screen printing and wax printing methods with paper-based substrate were used to fabricate miniaturized single-pair electrode ECL platforms. The lab-made 3D-printed portable black box served as a reaction chamber. This portable platform was integrated with a smartphone and a buck-boost converter, eliminating the need for expensive CCD cameras, photomultiplier tubes, and bulky power supplies. This advancement makes this platform ideal for point-of-care testing applications. Foremost, the integration of a deep learning approach served to enhance not just the accuracy of the ECL sensors, but also to expedite the diagnostic procedure. The deep learning models were trained (3600 ECL images) and tested (900 ECL images) using ECL images obtained from experimentation. Herein, for user convenience, an Android application with a graphical user interface was developed. This app performs several tasks, which include capturing real-time images, cropping them, and predicting the concentration of required bioanalytes through deep learning. The device’s capability to work in a real environment was tested by performing lactate sensing. The fabricated ECL device shows a good liner range (from 50 µM to 2000 µM) with an acceptable limit of detection value of 5.14 µM. Finally, various rigorous analyses, including stability, reproducibility, and unknown sample analysis, were conducted to check device durability and stability. Therefore, the developed platform becomes versatile and applicable across various domains by harnessing deep learning as a cutting-edge technology and integrating it with a smartphone.

Acute mesenteric occlusion is a life-threatening condition with a significant mortality rate and requires prompt diagnosis and revascularization using open repair, a hybrid procedure, or endovascular intervention. The open approach is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, while endovascular procedures are done by the antegrade or retrograde open mesenteric stent technique and have been observed to improve the prognosis and outcomes of mesenteric ischemia. We report three cases of acute-on-chronic mesenteric ischemia secondary to occlusion with failed percutaneous mesenteric artery stenting. They were successfully treated using a novel hybrid technique, without the need for mesenteric arteriotomy or subsequent arterial repair.

Purpose The aim of this study was to report the clinical effectiveness and safety of pharmacomechanical thrombectomy (PMT) for acute limb threatening lower extremity arterial thrombosis secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In this retrospective study, the clinical and imaging records of six patients (6 men, mean age 56 years) with COVID-19-related lower extremity arterial thrombosis and treated with PMT using the Angio-Jet device were reviewed. Patients presented with symptoms of acute pain in the affected limb, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, or paralysis. Thrombosis involved below knee arteries in all patients, and above knee arteries in three patients. Reteplase 18 mg was infused into the thrombus using the power pulse mode on the Angio-Jet device. This was followed by rheolytic thrombectomy and then, intra-arterial infusion of urokinase 100,000 IU/hour for 5 hours. All patients received systemic intravenous heparin. Technical success, clinical success, and complications of PMT were analyzed. Results The mean thrombectomy duration was 190.83 ± 99.18 seconds. Adjuvant balloon angioplasty was performed in two patients. The mean hospital stay was 7.67 ± 4.50 days. PMT was technically successful in all (100%) patients. Five patients had excellent clinical outcome with at least one palpable pulse and no tissue loss. One patient required minor amputation. One patient developed self-limiting retroperitoneal hematoma. Conclusion In our series, PMT with supplemental intra-arterial urokinase infusion was highly successful in treating acute peripheral arterial thrombosis secondary to COVID-19.

Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) single crystals along with the incorporated 0.5 and 1% L-lysine, an organic molecule which possesses a good nonlinear response, were grown with the vision to meet the requirements of the optoelectronic industry. The inclusion of the L-lysine molecule in the crystal was confirmed by the XRD and EDX. The experiment not only confirms the inclusion level of the impurity but also the capability of the amino acid molecule to bond hydrogen within the crystal facet. A minor decrease in lattice parameters was reported for all ADP: L-lysine crystals compared with pure ADP. The structures of the grown crystals were identified as tetragonal with the space group I42d by the single-crystal XRD analysis. Vibrational signatures and functional groups were confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. The thermal stability and decomposition temperatures of 0.5 and 1% L-lysine-added crystals were measured by TG/DTA and found to be 203 °C and 207 °C, respectively. The UV–visible transmission spectra prove a higher transparency for doped crystals as compared to pure crystals; therefore, these doped crystals can be considered the best option for the frequency doubling process in a broad range of visible and near-IR spectra. The improved hardness of the doped crystals was confirmed by the Vickers hardness data. The nonlinear optical (NLO) behaviour investigated using a second-harmonic generation (SHG) technique, indicating an efficient quadratic nonlinear coefficient of ADP: Lysine crystals at a 1064 nm initial wavelength, shows about 1.5-fold higher efficiency compared with undoped ADP.

A 41-year-old nulliparous woman presented to the hospital with lower abdominal pain for 15 days and constipation since 1 week and acute retention of urine for 3 days. Ultrasound revealed enlarged uterus with a large posterior wall fibroid with degenerative changes and bilateral mild hydro ureteronephrosis and MRI pelvis with contrast showed 17 × 10 × 12 cm pelvic mass along the posterior wall of the uterus with cystic degeneration and necrosis minimal haemorrhage with multiple fibrotic strands. Enlarged bilateral external internal, right iliac and lymph nodes noted. Laboratory evaluation revealed an elevated urea 101 mg/dl and creatinine levels 9.4 mg/dL with normal myoglobin levels (39 ng/mL). The patient was haemodynamically stable with serum electrolytes and ABG normal. After taking a nephrologist and urologist opinion and proper counselling for exploratory laparotomy +/- hysterectomy, proceeded with total abdominal hysterectomy. Immediate improvement of renal parameters and reversal of renal failure was noted and

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the application and safety of three-dimensional (3D) visualization system in varied anterior segment procedures and Scleral Buckle. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 313 eyes. Patients undergoing phacoemulsification (PE) with intraocular lens (IOL), trabeculectomies, glaucoma triple procedure (GTP), scleral fixated (SF) IOL, and scleral buckle (SB) were included in the study. Cases were randomly distributed in 3D visualization system (learning and post-learning phase) and conventional microscope group. Parameters studied were complications (intraoperative and early postoperative), surgical outcomes, and surgeon's perspective on various parameters (through a validated questionnaire) like surgical time, time lag, learning curve, ease of doing various steps and its value as an educational tool, for both groups [Questionnaires 1 and 2]. Results: Complications rates were not different in two groups. Surgical outcomes (anatomical and physiological) were similar in both the groups. Mean duration of surgery in PE+IOL, Trabeculectomy, GTP in learning stage by 3D was significantly higher than Microscope, which became insignificant in postlearning stage. For, SB and SFIOL, duration between two groups were insignificantly different. There was significant learning struggle in PE+IOL, SB, and Trabeculectomy. Image resolution, depth perception, illumination and postural comfort was graded higher for 3D surgery across the stages. Time lag, poor color contrast, and field of view were appreciated during the learning stage. Educational relevance of 3D was higher, as appreciated by resident and nurses. Conclusion: 3D surgery is as safe, faster, and predictable after initial learning struggle. Even in anterior segment procedure, no apparent lag was appreciated after learning curve.

Abstract Graphite pencil stroked electrodes for paper-based Microfluidic devices are gaining immense attention due to their electrochemical properties, cost efficiency, and ease-of-use. However, their widespread use has been hindered by the challenges associated with their manual fabrication such as non-uniformity in graphite deposition, applied pressure, etc. This work presents the design and development of an automated graphite pencil stroking device for graphite electrode fabrication with high efficiency through a compact, inexpensive and automatic process, with reduced fabrication time and human intervention leading to more uniformity. The motion platform of Graphtec plotter was used to create multiple strokes with the help of the proposed device. Such inexpensive graphite electrodes (less than the US $1) have been observed to be porous in nature, acting as diffusion agents. The automated graphite electrodes were used to study the performance of microfluidic paper fuel cells (MPFCs) with formic acid, oxygen, and sulphuric acid acting as fuel, oxidising agent and electrolyte respectively. From this configuration, the maximum current density and power density were measured to be 1,305.5 µA cm−2 and 135.5 µW cm−2, respectively at 0.3 V stable OCP at 100 strokes. Overall, the study enumerates the development of an automated pencil stroke device for fabricating graphite electrodes, which can potentially be harnessed in numerous miniaturized paper based applications.

Background: Laparoscopic techniques have been used during pregnancy by obstetricians since the 1970's, primarily to diagnose and treat ectopic and heterotopic pregnancies. Pregnancy was considered as an absolute contraindication to laparoscopy by surgeons as recently as 1991, and a few still doubt the safety of minimal access in gravid patients. When an emergent operation is indicated, the surgery should not be withheld on the sole basis of patient's gravid state. On the contrary, the alleviation of maternal disease is thought to take priority because the health of the foetus is dependant on the mother. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of a case series of 18 obstetric patients who presented with non-obstetric causes of acute abdomen requiring surgical intervention. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) along with other laboratory investigations were carried out to reach the diagnosis. Laparoscopic surgery was considered as the modality of treatment. All the patients were given the necessary care post-surgery and were followed up till parturition to look for any complications. Results: The data were analysed considering the presentation, diagnostic variations and the surgical modifications statistically. Conclusion: The decision of surgery should be prompt and should be weighed against complications of conserving the patient. Due to the diagnostic limitations of ultrasonography, MRI should be coupled to confirm the diagnosis. Laparoscopy offers less analgesic requirements and shorter hospital stay. The operative time is highly subjective to the experience and training of the surgeon and the laparoscopic set-up itself.

The development of microfluidic and nanofluidic devices is gaining remarkable attention due to the emphasis put on miniaturization of conventional energy conversion and storage processes. A microfluidic fuel cell can integrate flow of electrolytes, electrode-electrolyte interactions, and power generation in a microfluidic channel. Such microfluidic fuel cells can be categorized on the basis of electrolytes and catalysts used for power generation. In this work, for the first time, a single microfluidic fuel cell was harnessed by using different fuels like glucose, microbes and formic acid. Herein, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) acted as electrode material, and performance investigations were carried out separately on the same microfluidic device for three different types of fuel cells (formic acid, microbial and enzymatic). The fabricated miniaturized microfluidic device was successfully used to harvest energy in microwatts from formic acid, microbes and glucose, without any metallic catalyst. The developed microfluidic fuel cells can maintain stable open-circuit voltage, which can be used for energizing various low-power portable devices or applications.

Introduction: Conventional surgery for parastomal hernia entails primary suture repair or stoma relocation. Laparoscopic surgery has advantages of less pain, faster post-operative recovery and better cosmesis. While the Sugarbaker technique has been valued for least recurrences, however, it exposes the stomal loop to the parietal surface of the mesh exposing it to complications. We report a modification of mesh placement after primary defect repair to improvise the safety of meshplasty and to minimise mesh erosions into the stomal loop of bowel. Patients and Methods: Patients with permanent stoma presenting with a parastomal bulge leading to difficulty with stoma care or abdominal distention or pain were included in the study. A pre-operative computed tomography scan was performed in all patients to rule out any recurrence of primary pathology for which stoma was created and to study the abdominal musculature and defects. Results: Of 14 patients, 12 patients had end-sigmoid stoma, one had end ileostomy following surgery for ulcerative colitis and one had urinary conduit. The size of the defect varied from 4.5 cm to 6 cm in diameter, and the average duration of surgery was 125 min. Pain assessed on VAS score was higher in the first 12 h, and all were started on orals on the next day, and average hospital stay was 4.2 days. The longest follow-up of 7 years and shortest of 15 months did not reveal any complications as recurrence, seroma, mesh infections or erosions into the stoma. Conclusion: Modified placement of composite mesh is safe and helps in minimising mesh-related complications of the Sugarbaker technique for parastomal hernias.

The significant advances in the fascinating field of solid state physics which is largely concerned with crystal world. The growth of crystal was reported along growth zone plane 〈011〉 and 〈101〉 by seed rotating crystal method under specially made constant temperature bath which was observed by Temperature and time control using AVR microcontroller software simulation. The AVR Microcontroller Based Temperature Control System with Real Time Data Logger is designed and developed in our laboratory. The doping concentrations in mother solution were 1.0 mol% and 2.0 mol% and corresponding seed rotation rate 30 rpm and 60 rpm for 15 days to 20 days. A transparent clear crystals has been harvested of size 10 × 12 × 24 mm, 102 × 35 mm. the crystal structure and perfection were determine using powder XRD. The Vickers micro hardness (Hv) for LV doped KDP crystals at constant load at 50 g, was found 120.4 Hv and 122.0 Hv. This shows that the concentration of dopant increases the hardness property of crystals. The Vickers hardness value increases as dopant concentration increases due to stiffness of grown crystal which has low porosity. The dielectric constant decreases for increasing frequencies and remains constant at higher frequencies. The valine doped KDP crystal shows the property of SHG.

Background: Diabetic membranes are always a challenge for a surgeon because of sticky nature and chances of iatrogenic break while removing. Purpose: To demonstrate a safe reverse swiss roll technique to dissect diabetic vitreous membranes. Synposis: Approaches and techniques for membrane dissection are segmentation, delamination and en-bloc dissection using various types of instruments and illumination. With vitreous cutte, picks and scissors, surgical steps are traditionallu performed by using classic lift and shave technique. After identifying the plane, tissue is lifted and then cut, which puts the retina at risk of break because of traction and active suction. Such a threat can be reduced by placing the cutter above the membrane thereby having the membrane itseld acting as a protective cushion to the retina. Port here, unlike lift and shave technique, doesn't face the edge of membrane but is exactly 180 degree opposite and membrane curls into port because of suction. Also, hemostasis is maintained by continuous aspiration and cutting as the instrument is moved side to side, retracting from the edge. Highlights: Reverse swiss roll technique is safer compared to lift and shave because of the safety cushion of the membrane between the port and the retina. There is inherently less chances of retinal break because the active suction from the port is directed away from the retina. The technique also minimises traction and localised pull on the atrophic macula. Video link: https://youtu.be/WNnSsP69ZLw

The present work establishes the cost-effective and miniature microfluidic self-pumping paper based enzymatic biofuel cell (P-EBFC). The developed Y-shaped P-EBFC consists of buckeye composite multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) buckypaper (BP) based bio-anode and bio-cathode that were immobilized with electro-biocatalytic enzymes glucose oxidase (GOx) and laccase, respectively. The electrocatalytic activity of enzymes on electrode surface is confirmed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Such immobilized bio-anode and bio-cathode show exquisite electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and O2, respectively. Most appealingly, P-EBFC can directly harvest energy from widely available beverages containing glucose such as Mountain Dew, Pepsi, 7up and fresh watermelon juice. This could provide potential application of P-EBFC as a portable power device.

Reactive crystallization of calcium oxalate has been studied to determine particle size distribution for calcium oxalate precipitation using population balance model with method of moments. The model is formulated and tested for single feed semi-batch reactive crystallization of calcium oxalate with reactants calcium chloride and sodium oxalate with literature data. The simulated results include local supersaturation distribution, number of particle distribution, mass of particle crystallized, particle size, nucleation and growth rate during the process. The model results are in good agreement with available experimental data from literature.

Gallic acid is a major phenolic pollutant present in the wastewater generated from cork boiling, olive mill, and pharmaceutical industries. Experimental and statistical modelling using response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) were carried out for reactive separation of gallic acid from aqueous stream using tri-nbutyl phosphate (TBP) in hexanol. TBP has a more significant effect on extraction efficiency as compared to temperature and pH. The optimum conditions of 2.34 g L–1, 65.65 % v/v, 19 oC, and 1.8 of initial concentration of gallic acid, concentration of TBP, temperature, and pH, respectively, were obtained using RSM. Under optimum conditions, extraction efficiency of 99.45 % was obtained for gallic acid. The ANN and RSM results were compared with experimental unseen data. Error analysis suggested the better performance of ANN for extraction efficiency predictions.

Miniaturized Enzymatic Fuel Cells (EFCs) have attracted great attention due to the possibility of integrating them with various low-powered microelectronic devices. In a flow-through system, harnessing the co-laminar property of microfluidics, membraneless microfluidic EFCs (M-MEFC) can be designed, enhancing the ease of use of bio-devices and offering opportunities for new concepts. This brief review encompasses the development, current challenges and future pathways in the field of M-MEFCs, focusing in particular on some fabrication aspects and related device performance. Keywords: Enzyme, Biofuel cell, Microfluidic, Membraneless, Microfabrication

Globally, health is regarded as a booming industry with greater stress being laid on high quality, accountability, and transparency. Traditional medical curricula rely primarily on clerkships during the clinical period of study to train clinical skills, while the preclinical period is mainly used to teach the basic sciences. In recent years, the early introduction of clinical skills training has received increased attention. This review aims to identify and summarize teaching approaches of clinical skills for medical students during preclinical years, namely, (1) framing objectives (2) learning activities, and (3) evaluation strategies. Although the clinical tutor's role is to ensure that students receive effective preclinical skills through different modes of learning (lectures, presentations, and problem-based learning), the role of advanced technologies, namely, simulation-based learning platforms and gamification are found to be very successful. To improve the communication skills, there is strong evidence in support of role plays, and similarly, for enhancing observation skills, an introduction of fine arts in clinical skills training was found to be very useful. Medical schools worldwide should give high priority to conduct faculty development programs on various aspects of training and teaching modalities, evaluation strategies, and improving the evaluation of various clinical skills. Students should be provided with sufficient learning opportunities including a well-equipped clinical skills laboratory and individual attention, and constructive feedback should be given to students for building their confidence level during their learning process.

Introduction: Doppler ultrasound is cost-effective and accurate noninvasive method for evaluation of peripheral arterial disease. However, there is difficulty in detection of aortoiliac lesions due to inadequate visualization of aortoiliac arteries in many patients. The Doppler waveform changes occurring distal to significant stenosis or occlusion are well documented. Accordingly, common femoral artery (CFA) Doppler waveform analysis may be used to predict haemodynamically significant proximal aortoiliac lesions. Aim To evaluate the accuracy of Doppler waveform analysis at the CFA for diagnosing haemodynamically significant aortoiliac stenosis or occlusion in patients of peripheral arterial disease. Materials and Methods: A total of 67 patients (114 aortoiliac segments) with suspected peripheral arterial disease were retrospectively evaluated and labeled as normal or abnormal by analysing the Doppler waveform of CFA. The triphasic waveform with normal reversal pattern was categorized as normal, while low velocity biphasic or monophasic waveform were labeled as abnormal and indirect diagnosis of normal or diseased (>50% stenosis or occlusion) aortoiliac segment was made. The results were compared to intra-arterial angiography, considered as the gold standard. Results: The Doppler waveform analysis of CFA was abnormal in 41 out of 114 common femoral arteries, while intra-arterial angiography showed significant stenosis (21 arteries) or occlusion (26 arteries) in 47 (41%) of 114 aortoiliac segments in 67 patients. Out of 67 normal aortoiliac segments seen on angiography, the CFA waveform analysis was interpreted as normal in 62 segments. An abnormal CFA waveform could diagnose significant aortoiliac lesion with 87% sensitivity, 92% specificity, 89% Positive Predictive Value (PPV), 91% Negative Predictive Value (NPV) and 90% accuracy using angiography as the gold standard. The low velocity monophasic waveform which was seen in 38 (33%) of 114 segments was reliable predictor of significant aortoiliac disease with 93% positive predictive value. Conclusion: CFA Doppler waveform pattern analysis is a sensitive and accurate technique for the prediction of haemodynamically significant aortoiliac stenosis or occlusion.

Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane subdomains abundant in most cell types that participate in endocytosis. Caveola formation and functions require membrane proteins of the caveolin family, and cytoplasmic proteins of the cavin family. Cationic peptide dendrimers are non-vesicular chemical carriers that can transport pharmacological agents or genetic material across the plasma membrane. We prepared a panel of cationic dendrimers and investigated whether they require caveolae to enter into cells. Cell-based studies were performed using wild type or caveola-deficient i.e. caveolin-1 or PTRF gene-disrupted cells. There was a statistically significant difference in entry of cationic dendrimers between wild type and caveola-deficient cells. We further unveiled differences between dendrimers with varying charge density and head groups. Our results show, using a molecular approach, that (i) expression of caveola-forming proteins promotes cellular entry of cationic dendrimers and (ii) dendrimer structure can be modified to promote endocytosis in caveola-forming cells.

Multislice Spiral CT (Computed tomography) has become the modality of choice for evaluation of maxillofacial and mandibular pathologies in the recent years. The development of dental CT reformatting programs has completely revolutionized and changed the fashion to radiographically evaluate the jaw today. The study is based on the prospective evaluation of 60 patients with symptomatology related to mandible, using MDCT (Multidetector Computed Tomography) with its special Denta scan software and 3-D display techniques. The study aims at studying the imaging spectrum of various mandibular pathologies by MDCT to formulate a diagnosis and to assess the extent and involvement of adjacent structures thereby to substantiate the utility of MDCT in the management of these pathologies.

Fatty acid profile using Sherlock system is a technique in which unique fatty acid is matched with Sherlock micro-organism library. In the current investigation, the bacterial species degrading 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) were isolated from soil and monitored for their ability to degrade herbicide. These species were cultivated on Bushnell Hass Agar (BHA) and Bushnell Hass Broth (BHB) with increasing concentration of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) as a sole carbon source. The growth of organisms and percentage degradation of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2, 4-D) was studied by turbidometric method. In the given study, by using FAME based analysis system, two species were obtained which degrade herbicides and they were confirmed on the basis of fatty acid profile as Escherichia coli and Citrobacter koseri. Hence from the current investigation one may conclude that, these two species can be used in the field for purpose of bioremediation in near future.

The superconducting current feeder system consists of 20 numbers 10 kA current leads assembled inside a specially designed cryostat, superconducting bus bars assembled in a vacuum duct with bends and the joint box interface in cryogenic environment at 4.5 K. The design, mechanical properties and hydraulic analysis of the Current Feeder System are described.

The faeces of 82 donkeys irrespective of sex and age were collected and examined for any parasitic ova. The faecal sample of68 donkeys were infected with: Strongylus sp. (54.87%), Parascaris sp. (29.26%), Strongyloides sp. (24.39%), Trichonema sp. (15.85%),Oxyuris sp. (8.53%), Gastrodiscus sp. (8.53%), Entamoeba sp. (8.53%), Dictyocaulus sp. (3.65%), and Triodontophorus sp. (2.43%). [Vet World 2009; 2(6.000): 224-224]

Survey of gastrointestinal helminth parasites in camel migrated from U.P., M.P., and Rajasthan at Nagpur region was carried out in early summer, 2008. Total 28 samples (12 males and 16 females) were collected from different places of Nagpur region. They revealed parasites as Trichuris sp.(50%), Strongyloides sp.(32.14%), Trichostrongylus sp.(10.71%), Nematodirus sp.(10.71%), Haemonchus sp.(14.28%), Eurytrema sp.(21.42%) ,Eimeria sp.(25%), Entamoeba sp.(17.85%) and Balantidium sp.(7.14%).All were found positive for mixed helminthic infection. [Vet World 2009; 2(7.000): 258-258]