Search

[EN] The percentage of legitimate abandoned infants have been used as an indicator of different types of recourses in foundling hospitals. This article introduces a proposal to quantify and qualify this sub-population of infants in the foundling hospital of Madrid, La Inclusa at the beginning of the 20th century. We use a combination of classification and statistical estimation techniques on the database of the foundlings of La Inclusa de Madrid for the period 1890-1935. The percentage of the total number of legitimates could have reached 50% among those not abandoned through the Lying in Hospital and 22% considering all abandonments. Legitimate infants were not an anecdotal case within the abandoned population but they were a key part of the phenomenon with an increasing weight during the period of study, [ES] El porcentaje de niños legítimos entre los abandonados ha sido utilizado como un indicador de los distintos tipos de recursos de las casas de expósitos. Este artículo ofrece una propuesta de cuantificación y cualificación del componente de niños legítimos en la Inclusa de Madrid a principios del siglo XX. Se utiliza una combinación de técnicas de clasificación y de estimación estadística sobre la información de la base de datos de abandonos de La Inclusa de Madrid para el periodo 1890-1935.El porcentaje total de legítimos podría haber alcanzado al menos el 50% de aquellos no admitidos a través de la Maternidad y el 22% si se consideran todos los abandonos. Los niños legítimos no eran un caso anecdótico de la población abandonada, sino que formaban parte esencial del fenómeno y con un peso creciente a lo largo de todo el periodo de estudio, [FR] Le pourcentage d’enfants légitimes parmi les abandonnés a été utilisé comme un indicateur des différents types de maisons ressources enfants trouvés. Cet article propose une proposition pour la quantification et la qualification de composante légitime des enfants à l’hôpital Foundling de Madrid au début du XXe siècle. Une combinaison de techniques de classification et d’estimation statistique de la base de données Dropout Le Foundling Hospital de Madrid pour la période 1890-1935 est utilisée. Le pourcentage total de légitime atteint au moins 50% de ceux qui ne sont pas admis par la maternité et 22% lors de l’examen tous les décrocheurs. Les enfants légitimes étaient pas un cas anecdotique de la population abandonnée, mais a formé une partie essentielle d’un phénomène croissant et sur le poids entier de la période d’étude

Understanding tree recruitment is needed to forecast future forest distribution. Many studies have reported the relevant ecological factors that affect recruitment success in trees, but the potential for genetic-based differences in recruitment has often been neglected. In this study, we established a semi-natural reciprocal sowing experiment to test for local adaptation and microenvironment effects (evaluated here by canopy cover) in the emergence and early survival of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton), an emblematic Mediterranean forest tree. A novel application of molecular markers was also developed to test for family selection and, thus, for potential genetic change over generations. Overall, we did not find evidence to support local adaptation at the recruitment stage in our semi-natural experiment. Moreover, only weak family selection (if any) was found, suggesting that in stressful environments with low survival, stochastic processes and among-year climate variability may drive recruitment. Nevertheless, our study revealed that, at early stages of recruitment, microenvironments may favor the population with the best adapted life strategy, irrespectively of its (local or non-local) origin. We also found that emergence time is a key factor for seedling survival in stressful Mediterranean environments. Our study highlights the complexity of the factors influencing the early stages of establishment of maritime pine and provides insights into possible management actions aimed at environmental change impact mitigation. In particular, we found that the high stochasticity of the recruitment process in stressful environments and the differences in population-specific adaptive strategies may difficult assisted migration schemes.

Epidemiological perspectives applied to the study of socioeconomic inequalities in health are characterized by a one-dimensional approach to social differences, as income, occupation, and education are used as interchangeable variables to capture social inequalities. This paper calls into question this assumption by exploring the impact of parent?s education and occupation on their newborns? health status, using the low birth weight indicator. We show that occupation and education, although related, should not be used as interchangeable. This study also challenges the traditional perspective in epidemiology of studying perinatal outcomes focusing exclusively on mother?s information, as it shows that, despite the slightly higher infl uence of the mother?s socioeconomic information, both parents have a key role on their newborn?s birthweight, El enfoque epidemiológico aplicado al estudio de las desigualdades sociales en salud se caracteriza por una aproximación unidimensional a la realidad social, utilizando indistintamente la información sobre ingresos, ocupación y educación para identifi car las diferencias sociales. Este trabajo cuestiona dicha asunción; analiza el impacto de la educación y la ocupación de los padres en la salud de sus hijos, utilizando el indicador del bajo peso al nacer. Demostramos que la ocupación y la educación, aunque relacionadas, no deben ser utilizadas de manera intercambiable. Asimismo, este trabajo cuestiona el enfoque tradicional de la epidemiología, que considera exclusivamente la información materna en el estudio de la salud perinatal. Comprobamos que, aunque infl uya ligeramente más la información socioeconómica de la madre, ambos padres tienen un papel fundamental en el peso al nacer de sus hijos.

[EN] Evidence suggests that educational differences in perinatal outcomes have increased in some countries (Eastern Europe) while remained stable in others (Scandinavian countries). However, less is known about the experience of Southern Europe. This study aims to evaluate the association between maternal education and perinatal outcomes derived from birthweight (low birthweight and macrosomia) and gestational age (pre-term and post-term births) among Spaniards living in the Autonomous Community of Andalusia during the period 2001-2011 (around 19 % of births in Spain); and to evaluate whether the educational differences narrowed or widened during that period, which includes both an economic boom (2001-2008) and the global economic crisis (2009-2011). This study uses the Andalusian Population Longitudinal Database and the Vital Statistics Data provided by the Spanish National Statistics Institute. We study live and singleton births of Spanish mothers who lived in Andalusia at the time of delivery (n = 404,951). ORs with 95 % confidence intervals (crude and adjusted) were estimated using multinomial regression models. A negative educational gradient is observed in all perinatal outcomes studied (i.e., the higher the educational status, the lower the risk of negative perinatal outcomes). However, when disaggregating the sample in two periods, the gradient is only statistically significant for pre-term birth during 2001-2008, while a full gradient is observed in all perinatal indicators in the period 2009-2011 with an increase in the educational inequalities in macrosomia and post-term. Further studies are needed in order to confirm whether there is a causal association between the widening of the educational differences in perinatal outcomes and the onset of the economic crisis in Spain, or the widening can be explained by other factors, such as changes in childbearing patterns and the composition of women accessing motherhood.

Esta tesis doctoral aborda el estudio del abandono infantil en la Inclusa de Madrid a principios del siglo XX (1890-1935). El objetivo ha sido doble: estudiar el depósito de niños en la Inclusa y analizar las experiencias vitales de éstos tras su admisión. Para ello, se ha utilizado un enfoque interdisciplinar, entre la historia y la demografía, que ha permitido una renovación teórica y metodológica del estudio del abandono infantil. Este enfoque ha permitido anclar la demografía en la historia y ofrecer respuestas desde la demografía a preguntas que la historia no ha podido plantear. Se han analizado el contexto y las características del abandono infantil desde un punto de vista histórico y se han abordado las vidas de los expósitos en la Inclusa con un análisis demográfico y estadístico, no sólo centrándose en su mortalidad, sino también en la recuperación por sus padres. La relevancia de esta tesis viene avalada también por el estudio de una cronología poco explorada pero llena de transformaciones, tanto sociales como de la propia institución; por el uso de una riquísima base de datos individuales; y por la utilización del análisis longitudinal para extraer la experiencia expósita de la imagen estática de los análisis tradicionales. Esta tesis no sólo ha puesto la historiografía contemporánea española sobre expósitos en el nivel internacional sino que ha tratado de ir más allá, proponiendo marcos teóricos, buscando explicaciones y mecanismos causales y, en general, estudiando aspectos no abordados hasta el momento.