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The year 1848 brought revolutions to many European monarchies, but that in Andalusia was prevented. This region's democratic optimism was produced by a combination of Democratic leaders in the Carbonari organization, party newspapers, and the leaders' ties with Progressive Liberals and Spanish exiles in Portugal.

Social and political tensions between the working class, the political leaders, and the political organizers preceding the 1905 revolution are discussed. The author examines the events that led up to the revolution, such as the labor strike and terrorist attack that killed the Tsar's uncle.

French contemporaries after the fall of the Bastille blamed Florent-Louis-Marie, duc Du Chatelet-Lemont, colonel of the French Guards, for causing the French Revolution. He had offended his noble officers, alienated his experienced sergeants, infuriated his troops who joined the populace to takeover the Bastille. Although many disagree with this theory, others cite his childhood and career, which was closely connected to some of the most illustrious names of the High Enlightenment.

Like the political events that led to the collapse of the French monarchy, the popular violence of the French Revolution began not in 1789 but in 1787. In two waves [...]

The Spanish Revolution, which took place between 1808 and 1837, was not the outcome of a struggle between the bourgeois who were becoming more powerful and the feudal class whose economic status was declining, but the result of the elite's desire to make Spain's society, economy and politics modern. The main purpose of the Revolutionists was to make Spain as prosperous as France and England.

Patriotism and pleasure in fighting for a cause motivated the people who participated in American and French Revolutions and World War I. These feelings, however, were found only in a few, and the majority participated because they were forced by leaders who had grand plans. Historians in the 19th and early 20th century wrote that the common cause inspired the masses and the leaders merely brought forth the feelings of the people. Twentieth-century historians opine that patriotism was limited to only a few.

The concurrence of economic depression, political instability and inadequate control of Paris resulted in the overthrow of the French monarchies in 1830 and 1848. Parisian artisans initiated both revolutions. Industrialisation in Paris was characterised by cycles of growth and depression. Harvest failures caused food shortages and rural migration which exacerbated unemployment. The location in Paris of a disaffected social group, liberal press and seat of government stimulated the revolutionary climate. Inadequate military forces were unable to control the ensuing demonstrations.

'The method is the same in all cases--in philosophy, in any art or study. We must look for the attributes and the subjects of both our terms, and we must [...]

An analysis of revolution and its causes with reference to history and the works of social thinkers and philosophers. It is noted that the majority of potential revolutionaries are met with nothing but apathy and that it takes the right person to be in the right place at the right time for anything to happen.

An analysis of the causes of revolutions and an examination of whether the conditions for revolution still exist.

Richard and Sally Price, anthropologists, have been living in Martinique since 1987 and have linked a cultural revolution there in 1925 to the ways African cultures have created new art in the Americas. The Prices maintain indigenous African art influenced some of the work of Europeans such as Piet Mondrian and Pablo Picasso.