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BACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is preceded by a heterogenous pre-clinical phase, islet autoimmunity (IA). We aimed to identify pre vs. post-IA seroconversion (SV) changes in DNAm that differed across three IA progression phenotypes, those who lose autoantibodies (reverters), progress to clinical T1D (progressors), or maintain autoantibody levels (maintainers). METHODS: This epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) included longitudinal DNAm measurements in blood (Illumina 450K and EPIC) from participants in Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) who developed IA, one or more islet autoantibodies on at least two consecutive visits. We compared reverters - individuals who sero-reverted, negative for all autoantibodies on at least two consecutive visits and did not develop T1D (n=41); maintainers - continued to test positive for autoantibodies but did not develop T1D (n=60); progressors - developed clinical T1D (n=42). DNAm data were measured before (pre-SV visit) and after IA (post-SV visit). Linear mixed models were used to test for differences in pre- vs post-SV changes in DNAm across the three groups. Linear mixed models were also used to test for group differences in average DNAm. Cell proportions, age, and sex were adjusted for in all models. Median follow-up across all participants was 15.5 yrs. (interquartile range (IQR): 10.8-18.7). RESULTS: The median age at the pre-SV visit was 2.2 yrs. (IQR: 0.8-5.3) in progressors, compared to 6.0 yrs. (IQR: 1.3-8.4) in reverters, and 5.7 yrs. (IQR: 1.4-9.7) in maintainers. Median time between the visits was similar in reverters 1.4 yrs. (IQR: 1-1.9), maintainers 1.3 yrs. (IQR: 1.0-2.0), and progressors 1.8 yrs. (IQR: 1.0-2.0). Changes in DNAm, pre- vs post-SV, differed across the groups at one site (cg16066195) and 11 regions. Average DNAm (mean of pre- and post-SV) differed across 22 regions. CONCLUSION: Differentially changing DNAm regions were located in genomic areas related to beta cell function, immune cell differentiation, and immune cell function.

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic disease affecting camels and humans. The live attenuated vaccine represents a candidate human vaccine because it can induce strong immune responses in immunized hosts. The attenuated vaccine strain of the highly pathogenic virus can also be used to produce a cell-based vaccine in the BSL2 GMP facility. In this study, we evaluated the reversion potential of pathogenicity to pathogenic wild-type virus to ensure the safety of the live attenuated vaccine strain. We passaged our previously developed cold-adapted live attenuated MERS-CoV vaccine strain at 22 °C (EMC2012-CA22°C) in Vero cells at 37 °C as often as 15 times to determine the potential of pathogenicity reversion in hDPP4 (human dipeptidyl peptidase 4)-transgenic mice, K18-hDPP4. The serial passage of EMC2012-CA22°C in Vero cells at 37 °C up to 15 times did not result in pathogenicity reversion to wild-type MERS-CoV. In K18-hDPP4 mice infected with this virus, no weight loss or mortality was observed, and no virus was detected in tissues such as the lung, kidney, brain, and nasal turbinate. In addition, mice immunized with this virus produced a robust neutralizing antibody response and were fully protected from lethal challenge with wild-type MERS-CoV. The cold-adapted attenuated MERS-CoV vaccine strain (EMC2012-CA22°C) was not reverted to wild-type pathogenic virus after 15 passages in Vero cells at 37 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the ruling of the Supreme Court on July 8, 2024, which deals with the contentious-administrative appeal filed by IBERDROLA GENERACIÓN S.A. against the termination of a water use concession at the Contreras-Mirasol hydroelectric plant. The ruling determines that the demolition of the infrastructure is an obligation that the hydraulic administration can impose at the end of a concession, even if the concession title does not contemplate it. The importance of protecting the public hydraulic domain and conserving water bodies is highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

Vancomycin variable Enterococcus (VVE) bacteria are phenotypically susceptible to vancomycin, but they harbor the vanA gene. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of VVE among clinically isolated vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium (VSE) isolates, as well as elucidate the molecular characteristics of the vanA gene cluster within these isolates. Notably, we investigated the prevalence and structure of the vanA gene cluster of VVE. Between June 2021 and May 2022, we collected consecutive, non-duplicated vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium (VSE) samples. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the presence of vanA, vanB, and vanC. Overlapping PCR with sequencing and whole -genome sequencing were performed for structural analysis. Sequence types (STs) were determined by multilocus sequence typing. Exposure testing was performed to assess the ability of the isolates to acquire vancomycin resistance. Among 282 VSE isolates tested, 20 isolates (7.1%) were VVE. Among them, 17 isolates had partial deletions in the IS1216 or IS1542 sequences in vanS (N=10), vanR (N=5), or vanH (N=2). All VVE isolates belonged to the CC17 complex and comprised five STs, namely ST17 (40.0%), ST1421 (25.0%), ST80 (25.0%), ST787 (5.0%), and ST981 (5.0%). Most isolates were related to three hospital-associated clones (ST17, ST1421, and ST80). After vancomycin exposure, 18 of the 20 VVEs acquired vancomycin resistance. Considering the high reversion rate, detecting VVE by screening VSE for vanA is critical for appropriate treatment and infection control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer’s disease continuum has been described as the progressive stages of the disease over a long period. This progression can be categorized into three main stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. It has been suggested that there is a bidirectional relationship between the preclinical stage and MCI, but not between dementia and the earlier stages. The stage of MCI should be further analyzed, especially in cases where there is a reversion from MCI to a normal cognitive condition. The mechanisms behind this reversion deserve further investigation to differentiate true reversion from compensatory mechanisms. Analyzing reversion in greater detail could help identify potential therapies aimed at preventing or delaying the onset of dementia. As indicated, the primary focus has been on research indicating that MCI can revert to normal cognition. This reversion can occur by addressing risk factors through lifestyle changes, although a novel mechanism involving a transient functional compensation process in response to cognitive impairment should be also taken into account.

Introduction. It has been established that the presence of homologous recombination deficiency in a breast tumor is associated with the effectiveness of treatment. But despite the high chemosensitivity of the tumor to DNA-damaging agents, complete pathological responses to treatment are very rare. And this process may be based on a change in the somatic status of BRCA1, that is, a reversion and return of the wild-type allele occurs and the DNA repair function is restored.Aim. To evaluate changes in the presence of chromosomal aberrations and the expression profile of the main genes of homologous recombination in cell models of breast cancer under the influence of cisplatin and docetaxel.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on breast cancer tumor cell cultures: MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468. A cell model of drug resistance was obtained for two drugs: cisplatin and docetaxel. RNA and DNA were isolated from cell suspension using the RNeasy Plus Mini Kit and QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen, Germany), respectively. The expression level of homologous recombination genes was assessed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To assess the presence of chromosomal aberrations, microarray analysis was performed on DNA chips.Results. Restoration of normal copy number for the BRCA1, CDK12, CHEK1 and RAD51D genes in MCF-7 under the influence of cisplatin was shown. For BRCA2 and PALB2, amplifications were detected. A statistically significant increase in the expression of the BRCA1 (p = 0.04), BRCA2 (p = 0.02), PALB2 (p = 0.01) and RAD51D (p = 0.05) genes was also shown. MDAMB-231 shows that all identified loci with deletions, where the BRCA2, BARD1, CHEK2, PALB2 and RAD54L genes are localized, are restored to normal copy number by cisplatin. The appearance of amplifications was registered for BRCA1, BRIP1, FANCL, RAD51B, PARP1. A similar result was shown for docetaxel. An increase in the expression level is typical for the genes BRCA1 (p = 0.02), BRCA2 (p = 0.02), CHEK2 (p = 0.05), FANCL (p = 0.04), PALB2 (p = 0.05), RAD51C (p = 0.02), PARP1 (p = 0.02), which corresponds to the appearance of amplifications. In the MDA-MB-468 cell culture, an increase in the copy number of only the BRCA1 gene is observed. The effect of docetaxel has no effect on this cell culture. The level of BRCA1 expression increases in direct proportion to the duration of drug action.Conclusion. Thus, the study showed that under the influence of cisplatin, reversion of not only homologous recombination gene mutations, but also other disorders can occur.

Abstract Background Prediabetes is a condition preceding the development of diabetes and is associated with an increased risk of a number of complications. The primary mode of management is thought to be lifestyle modification. Pharmacological therapy, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), were not well addressed in the literature and were only evaluated in trials as secondary and exploratory outcomes with a limited sample size. Here, GLP-1RAs are evaluated as a comprehensive therapy approach for patients with prediabetes. Methods A comprehensive search of Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Cochrane was performed on May 5, 2023, to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of GLP-1RAs to placebo and/or lifestyle modification on prediabetes reversion to normoglycemia, prevention of overt diabetes, glycemic control, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles. Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4 was used. The quality of RCTs was assessed using the revised version of the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. GRADE was performed to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results Twelve trials involving 2903 patients in the GLP-1RAs group and 1413 in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. Low quality of evidence revealed that GLP-1RAs significantly increased the incidence of prediabetes reversion to the normoglycemic state [RR = 1.76, 95% CI (1.45, 2.13), P

Spontaneous reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) is little known. Based on the data of the Genetics of Personality Consortium and MCI participants from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, the authors investigate the effect of polygenic scores (PGS) for personality traits on the reversion of MCI to NC and its underlying neurobiology. PGS analysis reveals that PGS for conscientiousness (PGS‐C) is a protective factor that supports the reversion from MCI to NC. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and tissue‐specific enrichment analysis indicate that the protective effect of PGS‐C may be attributed to affecting the glutamatergic synapses of subcortical structures, such as hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus. The structural covariance network (SCN) analysis suggests that the left whole hippocampus and its subfields, and the left whole amygdala and its subnuclei show significantly stronger covariance with several high‐cognition relevant brain regions in the MCI reverters compared to the stable MCI participants, which may help illustrate the underlying neural mechanism of the protective effect of PGS‐C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[2π + 2π]‐photocycloadditions and their ability to trigger controlled and reversible photoligation through disparate wavelengths provide an attractive platform to unlock advanced functionalities in soft materials. Yet, among the limited amount of functional motifs enabling reversible photoreactions, cyclability is often overlooked due to poor reaction yield and orthogonality. In this study, the advantageous photocharacteristics of the previously underexplored N‐methyl‐quinolinone photoresponsive motif are leveraged to create a covalent gated system, enabling controlled formation and cleavage of covalent bonds on demand. A systematic evaluation of individual cycloadditions and reversions on the molecular scale, including reaction rates, conversions, and photoproducts, allows identification of the required conditions for generating controlled photoreactions with a remarkable degree of cyclability; while, maintaining high reaction yields. Ultimately, these controlled and cyclable reactions are translated to a macromolecular scale, showcasing a comparable performance in initiating reversible photoligation, as observed at the molecular level. In addition, it is also shown that this progressive methodology can be leveraged to gain a comprehensive understanding of cyclability and clarify the factors contributing to its decreasing yield. Overall, unlocking the potential of quinolinone derivatives through this step‐by‐step approach lays the foundation for the development of highly controlled and responsive polymer materials with unprecedented potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is preceded by a heterogenous pre-clinical phase, islet autoimmunity (IA). We aimed to identify pre vs. post-IA seroconversion (SV) changes in DNAm that differed across three IA progression phenotypes, those who lose autoantibodies (reverters), progress to clinical T1D (progressors), or maintain autoantibody levels (maintainers). Methods: This epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) included longitudinal DNAm measurements in blood (Illumina 450K and EPIC) from participants in Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) who developed IA, one or more islet autoantibodies on at least two consecutive visits. We compared reverters - individuals who sero-reverted, negative for all autoantibodies on at least two consecutive visits and did not develop T1D (n=41); maintainers - continued to test positive for autoantibodies but did not develop T1D (n=60); progressors - developed clinical T1D (n=42). DNAm data were measured before (pre-SV visit) and after IA (post-SV visit). Linear mixed models were used to test for differences in pre-vs post-SV changes in DNAm across the three groups. Linear mixed models were also used to test for group differences in average DNAm. Cell proportions, age, and sex were adjusted for in all models. Median follow-up across all participants was 15.5 yrs. (interquartile range (IQR): 10.8-18.7). Results: The median age at the pre-SV visit was 2.2 yrs. (IQR: 0.8-5.3) in progressors, compared to 6.0 yrs. (IQR: 1.3-8.4) in reverters, and 5.7 yrs. (IQR: 1.4-9.7) in maintainers. Median time between the visits was similar in reverters 1.4 yrs. (IQR: 1-1.9), maintainers 1.3 yrs. (IQR: 1.0-2.0), and progressors 1.8 yrs. (IQR: 1.0-2.0). Changes in DNAm, pre- vs post-SV, differed across the groups at one site (cg16066195) and 11 regions. Average DNAm (mean of pre- and post-SV) differed across 22 regions. Conclusion: Differentially changing DNAm regions were located in genomic areas related to beta cell function, immune cell differentiation, and immune cell function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prediabetes is a condition preceding the development of diabetes and is associated with an increased risk of a number of complications. The primary mode of management is thought to be lifestyle modification. Pharmacological therapy, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), were not well addressed in the literature and were only evaluated in trials as secondary and exploratory outcomes with a limited sample size. Here, GLP-1RAs are evaluated as a comprehensive therapy approach for patients with prediabetes. Methods: A comprehensive search of Web of Science, SCOPUS, PubMed, and Cochrane was performed on May 5, 2023, to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of GLP-1RAs to placebo and/or lifestyle modification on prediabetes reversion to normoglycemia, prevention of overt diabetes, glycemic control, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles. Review Manager (RevMan) version 5.4 was used. The quality of RCTs was assessed using the revised version of the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. GRADE was performed to evaluate the certainty of evidence. Results: Twelve trials involving 2903 patients in the GLP-1RAs group and 1413 in the control group were included in the meta-analysis. Low quality of evidence revealed that GLP-1RAs significantly increased the incidence of prediabetes reversion to the normoglycemic state [RR = 1.76, 95% CI (1.45, 2.13), P < 0.00001] and moderate quality of evidence showed that GLP-1RAs significantly prevented new-onset diabetes [RR = 0.28, 95% CI (0.19, 0.43), P < 0.00001]. Significant reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, body weight, waist circumference, triglycerides, and LDL were observed in the GLP-1RAs arm (P < 0.05). However, higher incidences of gastrointestinal disorders were reported in the GLP-1RAs group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: GLP-1RAs combined with lifestyle modification proved to be a more effective therapy for managing prediabetic patients than lifestyle modification alone, with a tolerable safety profile. Future guidelines should consider GLP-1RAs as an adjunct to lifestyle modification in the management of prediabetic patients to provide better management and improve treatment adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase transformations in cold-rolled (CR) 304L austenitic stainless steel were studied using different techniques, including dilatometry, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. During continuous annealing, the dilatometric measurements indicated that the evolution of the deformed microstructures led to an important anomaly constituted of two contractions. Quantitative processing of the X-ray diffraction results allowed the determination of the temperature-dependence of α′-martensite and austenite (γ), phase fractions, dislocations density and lattice strains on heating to 900°C. It is demonstrated that the first contraction is due to the recovery of α′- and γ-phases. In this temperature range, it is suggested that the recovery in CR γ has caused the growth of surrounding α′ particles which competes with the reversion of the smallest α′ particles. The second contraction, on the other hand, has been attributed to the α′ reversion and recrystallization in CR γ regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En Ecuador, la administración pública se enfrenta al complejo desafío de equilibrar la utilidad pública con la figura de reversión de bienes inmuebles. Esta situación emerge en el contexto de la implementación de resoluciones administrativas que legitiman la expropiación, exigiendo una justa valoración e indemnización para los propietarios afectados. La capacidad del Estado para gestionar adecuadamente estos procesos es crucial para preservar la confianza en las instituciones públicas y asegurar la equidad en la distribución de recursos. La resolución administrativa que declara la utilidad pública e interés social conlleva una responsabilidad inherente para el Estado, que debe utilizar los bienes expropiados conforme a los fines establecidos. En caso de incumplimiento, la reversión del bien se convierte en un mecanismo que permite al propietario recuperar su propiedad, fortaleciendo así la protección del derecho de propiedad y garantizando la legalidad en las expropiaciones. Esta interacción resalta la importancia de un marco normativo sólido que asegure la correcta aplicación de estos principios. La reversión no establece si la restitución del bien debe ser obligatoria o depender del consentimiento de las partes involucradas. Además, la falta de directrices claras sobre los efectos económicos para la Administración Pública y el propietario complica aún más el panorama. El estudio de esta figura legal, en el contexto de la declaratoria de utilidad pública e interés social, resulta no solo relevante desde una perspectiva jurídica, sino también desde un enfoque ético y social, enfatizando la necesidad de un Estado que actúe con transparencia y en el mejor interés de sus ciudadanos.

Objective To explore the effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the clinical outcome of patients with persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, and to construct a systematic psychological intervention treatment program for persistent HR-HPV infection patients with emotional disorders. Methods A total of 96 patients with persistent HR-HPV infection complicated with emotional disorder admitted in our hospital from September 2021 to March 2022 were recruited, and then randomly divided into an intervention group (n=44) and a control group (n=45) after 5 of them were excluded due to personal reason. The control group received health education and follow-up monitoring, and the intervention group received group CBT intervention additionally. Their clinical outcomes and psychological scale scores were compared between the 2 groups. Results In a follow-up for 6 and 12 months, the regression rate of HR-HPV infection was higher, and the sustained infection rate and progression rate of HR-HPV in the intervention group than the control group (P < 0.05). The intervention group also obtained lower scores of Nine-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and generalized anxiety scale (GAD-7) immediately after the intervention, and 6 and 12 months in follow-up for when compared with the control group (P < 0.05). And the scores at above time points were statistically lower than those before intervention in the intervention group (P < 0.05), but no such differences were observed in the control group (P>0.05). Conclusion Systematic psychological intervention treatment is beneficial to HR-HPV infection subside for patients with persistent HR-HPV infection. [Key words] human papillomavirus , cognitive behavioral therapy , cervix, reversion ,

Reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) is not uncommon and indicates a better cognitive trajectory. This study aims to identify predictors of MCI reversion and develop a predicting model. A total of 391 MCI subjects (mean age = 74.3 years, female = 61 %) who had baseline data of magnetic resonance imaging, clinical, and neuropsychological measurements were followed for two years. Multivariate logistic analyses were used to identify the predictors of MCI reversion after adjusting for age and sex. A stepwise backward logistic regression model was used to construct a predictive nomogram for MCI reversion. The nomogram was validated by internal bootstrapping and in an independent cohort. In the training cohort, the 2-year reversion rate was 19.95 %. Predictors associated with reversion to NC were higher education level (p = 0.004), absence of APOE 4 allele (p = 0.001), larger brain volume (p < 0.005), better neuropsychological measurements performance (p < 0.001), higher glomerular filtration rate (p = 0.035), and lower mean arterial pressure (p = 0.060). The nomogram incorporating five predictors (education, hippocampus volume, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive score, the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test-immediate score, and mean arterial pressure) achieved good C-indexes of 0.892 (95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.859–0.926) and 0.806 (95 % CI, 0.709–0.902) for the training and validation cohort. Observational duration is relatively short; The predicting model warrant further validation in larger samples. This prediction model could facilitate risk stratification and early management for the MCI population. • The 2-year reversion rate from MCI to NC was 19.95%. • Predictors of reversion included education, APOE4 allele, brain volume, neuropsychological tests performance, eGFR, and MAP. • The predicting model achieved good performance for the training and validation cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live-attenuated virus vaccines provide long-lived protection against viral disease but carry inherent risks of residual pathogenicity and genetic reversion. The live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine was developed to protect Argentines against lethal infection by the Argentine hemorrhagic fever arenavirus, Junín virus. Despite its safety and efficacy in Phase III clinical study, the vaccine is not licensed in the US, in part due to concerns regarding the genetic stability of attenuation. Previous studies had ident ified a single F427I mutation in the transmembrane domain of the Candid#1 envelope glycoprotein GPC as the key determinant of attenuation, as well as the propensity of this mutation to revert upon passage in cell culture and neonatal mice. To ascertain the consequences of this reversion event, we introduced the I427F mutation into recombinant Candid#1 (I427F rCan) and investigated the effects in two validated small-animal models: in mice expressing the essential virus receptor (human transferrin receptor 1; huTfR1) and in the conventional guinea pig model. We report that I427F rCan displays only modest virulence in huTfR1 mice and appears attenuated in guinea pigs. Reversion at another attenuating locus in Candid#1 GPC (T168A) was also examined, and a similar pattern was observed. By contrast, virus bearing both revertant mutations (A168T+I427F rCan) approached the lethal virulence of the pathogenic Romero strain in huTfR1 mice. Virulence was less extreme in guinea pigs. Our findings suggest that genetic stabilization at both positions is required to minimize the likelihood of reversion to virulence in a second-generation Candid#1 vaccine. IMPORTANCE Live-attenuated virus vaccines, such as measles/mumps/rubella and oral poliovirus, provide robust protection against disease but carry with them the risk of genetic reversion to the virulent form. Here, we analyze the genetics of reversion in the live-attenuated Candid#1 vaccine that is used to protect against Argentine hemorrhagic fever, an often-lethal disease caused by the Junín arenavirus. In two validated smallanimal models, we find that restoration of virulence in recombinant Candid#1 viruses requires back-mutation at two positions specific to the Candid#1 envelope glycoprotein GPC, at positions 168 and 427. Viruses bearing only a single change showed only modest virulence. We discuss strategies to genetically harden Candid#1 GPC against these two reversion events in order to develop a safer second-generation Candid#1 vaccine virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits Fleeming Jenkin's anonymous review of Charles Darwin's Origin of Species, published in the North British Review in June 1867. This review is usually revered for its impact on Darwin's theory of descent with modification. Its classical interpretation states that Jenkin, a Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh, made a compelling case against natural selection based on the fact of "blending inheritance" and the "swamping" of advantageous variations. Those themes, however, are strikingly absent from Jenkin's text. They were later read into Jenkin's text by scholars trying to explain how Darwinian selection was reconciled with Mendelian genes and the birth of the Modern Synthesis. While many scholars have tried to measure Jenkin's effect on Darwin, the value of the 1867 review remains unclear. This paper re-examines its content and concludes that Jenkin's "able review" was in fact written by an engineer whose competencies in biology were very low. Focusing on the figure of the shipwrecked white sailor isolated on an island inhabited by Black people, this paper also underlines the racial assumptions behind Jenkin's review. "Blending inheritance" is thus a theme linked to theoretical reworkings on the question of race and skin colors, taking its root in Galton's typology of heredity. Darwin was probably mostly unimpressed by Jenkin's review. The problems raised by the review were not so much "blending inheritance" and "swamping" but a conundrum of problems related to the effects of intercrossing on variation and reversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Spontaneous reversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to normal cognition (NC) is little known. Based on the data of the Genetics of Personality Consortium and MCI participants from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, the authors investigate the effect of polygenic scores (PGS) for personality traits on the reversion of MCI to NC and its underlying neurobiology. PGS analysis reveals that PGS for conscientiousness (PGS‐C) is a protective factor that supports the reversion from MCI to NC. Gene ontology enrichment analysis and tissue‐specific enrichment analysis indicate that the protective effect of PGS‐C may be attributed to affecting the glutamatergic synapses of subcortical structures, such as hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and caudate nucleus. The structural covariance network (SCN) analysis suggests that the left whole hippocampus and its subfields, and the left whole amygdala and its subnuclei show significantly stronger covariance with several high‐cognition relevant brain regions in the MCI reverters compared to the stable MCI participants, which may help illustrate the underlying neural mechanism of the protective effect of PGS‐C.

BackgroundType 1 diabetes (T1D) is preceded by a heterogenous pre-clinical phase, islet autoimmunity (IA). We aimed to identify pre vs. post-IA seroconversion (SV) changes in DNAm that differed across three IA progression phenotypes, those who lose autoantibodies (reverters), progress to clinical T1D (progressors), or maintain autoantibody levels (maintainers).MethodsThis epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) included longitudinal DNAm measurements in blood (Illumina 450K and EPIC) from participants in Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY) who developed IA, one or more islet autoantibodies on at least two consecutive visits. We compared reverters - individuals who sero-reverted, negative for all autoantibodies on at least two consecutive visits and did not develop T1D (n=41); maintainers - continued to test positive for autoantibodies but did not develop T1D (n=60); progressors - developed clinical T1D (n=42). DNAm data were measured before (pre-SV visit) and after IA (post-SV visit). Linear mixed models were used to test for differences in pre- vs post-SV changes in DNAm across the three groups. Linear mixed models were also used to test for group differences in average DNAm. Cell proportions, age, and sex were adjusted for in all models. Median follow-up across all participants was 15.5 yrs. (interquartile range (IQR): 10.8-18.7).ResultsThe median age at the pre-SV visit was 2.2 yrs. (IQR: 0.8-5.3) in progressors, compared to 6.0 yrs. (IQR: 1.3-8.4) in reverters, and 5.7 yrs. (IQR: 1.4-9.7) in maintainers. Median time between the visits was similar in reverters 1.4 yrs. (IQR: 1-1.9), maintainers 1.3 yrs. (IQR: 1.0-2.0), and progressors 1.8 yrs. (IQR: 1.0-2.0). Changes in DNAm, pre- vs post-SV, differed across the groups at one site (cg16066195) and 11 regions. Average DNAm (mean of pre- and post-SV) differed across 22 regions.ConclusionDifferentially changing DNAm regions were located in genomic areas related to beta cell function, immune cell differentiation, and immune cell function.

The study for the first time endeavours to elucidate the distinct conceptual nuances of AI-driven journalism, exploring how it reshapes the core technological and communicative attributes of the field while influencing societal dynamics. The crisis within AI-driven human-machine interaction in journalism rooted in the essence and processing of information is defined. Despite the paradigm of journalism is rooted in a human-centered approach, its AI-driven paradigm is the same - but in a reversible mode. Journalism involves the translation of personal perspectives and experiences through the filter of memory. Algorithms function without the nuances of personal and social memory, thereby undermining the core principles of the journalistic profession. The loss of genuine, “analog” memory among journalists and their audiences, alongside the digital “memory” of algorithms, jeopardizes the fundamental societal role of journalism-upholding social order. Re-thinking the AI phenomenon as artificial communication, the authors propose the term “artificial journalism”. At the basic technological level it is based on various forms of automation and embedded within digital infrastructures; at the societal level it is designed for the central purpose of journalism and entangled with human practices. Both the levels are reversible. The term could serve as an umbrella term for all the AI-driven journalism activities. Also it removes contradictions not only in human-machine communication but clarify the essence of AI performance in journalism and media studies, and for the users. The emergence of AI-driven media practices opens the basic crisis conceptual contradictions which provokes new realms of research and necessitates the establishment of critical AI media studies.

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Aims: To investigate the impact of endovascular (EV) treatment on liver cirrhosis in Chinese patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS). Methods: From September 2011 to March 2022, 97 patients from four hospitals in China who were diagnosed with primary BCS complicated with liver cirrhosis and received EV treatment were retrospectively enrolled in this study for clinical analysis. In addition, liver tissues for basic research were acquired from 25 patients between June 2022 and March 2023, including six with benign liver tumors, 11 with BCS before EV treatment, and eight with EV‐treated BCS. Liver cirrhosis was assessed by clinical outcomes, histological studies, and the expression of related genes at the mRNA and protein levels. Results: The patients with BCS had better liver function after EV treatment, evidenced by an increased albumin level and reduced total bilirubin, ALT, and AST. The imaging findings suggested an amelioration of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension, including increased portal vein velocity (13.52 ± 8.89 cm/s vs. 17.51 ± 6.67 cm/s, p < 0.001) and decreased liver stiffness (30.37 ± 6.39 kPa vs. 23.70 ± 7.99 kPa, p < 0.001), portal vein diameter (14.97 ± 3.42 mm vs. 13.36 ± 2.89 mm, p < 0.001), and spleen volume (870.00 ± 355.61 cm3 vs. 771.36 ± 277.45 cm3, p < 0.001). Furthermore, histological studies revealed that EV treatment resulted in a restoration of liver architecture with reduced extracellular matrix deposition. Meanwhile, hepatic angiogenesis and inflammation, which have a close relationship with cirrhosis, were also inhibited. In addition, the state of hepatocytes switches from apoptosis to proliferation after EV treatment. Conclusions: BCS‐induced liver cirrhosis could be reversed by EV treatment from macroscopic to microscopic dimensions. Our study may provide further insights into understanding BCS and treating cirrhosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural aging (NA) undesirably hardens 6xxx series aluminum alloys and hampers subsequent paint‐bake (PB) hardening, thus limiting the use of material after prolonged storage. It is presented that a refreshment treatment for seconds at a temperature between 230 and 290 °C can effectively lower the hardness/strength of two commercial alloys that have experienced NA for ≈3.5 years and enhance their PB hardening, thus enabling the reuse of the material with minimal energy input. The treatment is based on dissolving solute clusters formed during prior aging, but precipitation during refreshment can compromise its efficacy. The dependence of cluster dissolution and precipitation on the refreshment parameters as well as on the alloy composition is analyzed. A higher temperature is suggested for refreshing AA6014 alloy than for AA6016 alloy due to a higher thermal stability of the clusters in the former. Natural secondary aging (NSA) is investigated and it is proposed that the remaining undissolved clusters play an important role in controlling the mobile vacancy concentration. Refreshment experiments utilizing various heating media demonstrate that the treatment is hardly sensitive to the heating rate which facilitates its industrial implementation. The refreshed alloy can undergo further preaging to enhance the NSA stability and PB hardening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau in reversion and conversion in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the influence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ and tau on reversion and conversion and the temporal sequence of their pathogenicity in MCI patients. Methods: 179 MCI patients were recruited from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative database and classified into two groups based on cognitive changes after follow-up: reversal group (MCI to cognitively normal) and conversion group (MCI to Alzheimer's disease). CSF biomarkers and cognitive function were measured at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Partial correlation was used to analyze the association between CSF biomarkers and cognitive function, and multivariable logistic regression to identify independent risk factors for cognitive changes at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were utilized to evaluate the predictive ability of these risk factors for cognitive changes. Results: The differences in cognitive function and CSF biomarkers between the two groups remained consistent with baseline after 2-year follow-up. After controlling for confounding variables, there was still a correlation between CSF biomarkers and cognitive function at baseline and 2-year follow-up. Multivariable regression analysis found that at baseline, only Aβ level was independently associated with cognitive changes, while Aβ and tau were both predictive factors after 2-year follow-up. ROC curve analysis revealed that the combination of Aβ and tau [area under the curve (AUC) 0.91, sensitivity 84%, specificity 86%] in predicting cognitive changes after 2-year follow-up had better efficacy than baseline Aβ alone (AUC 0.81). Conclusion: Aβ may precede Tau in causing cognitive changes, and the interaction between the two mediates cognitive changes in patients. This study provides new clinical evidence to support the view that Aβ pathology precedes tau pathology, which together contribute to the changes in cognitive function.

Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), caused by cassava mosaic geminiviruses (CMGs), is a major constraint to the cassava crop in Africa and southeastern Asia. Here, we investigated the ability of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a functional analog of salicylic acid (SA), to trigger systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against two CMGs, namely African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCV) in Nicotiana benthamiana. ASM treatment delayed the time to first viral symptoms appearance, reduced virus infection rate, and attenuated symptoms. Furthermore, ASM caused an enhanced recovery from symptoms of both viruses and inhibited plant death observed in N. benthamiana plants infected by EACMCV. This study further showed that ASM induced resistance to the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the vector of CMGs, in cassava. Notably, we observed that ASM treatment affected adult whitefly feeding preference and oviposition in cassava under both choice and no-choice conditions. A significant reduction in whitefly adult, egg, and nymph populations was observed irrespective of ASM treatment. The results of this study show that ASM has the potential to control both CMGs and their whitefly vector which is an important first step toward managing whitefly and cassava viruses.

Cell-based therapies using corneal stromal stem cells (CSSC), corneal keratocytes, or a combination of both suppress corneal scarring. The number of quiescent keratocytes in the cornea is small; it is difficult to expand them in vitro in quantities suitable for transplantation. This study examined the therapeutic effect of corneal fibroblasts reversed into keratocytes (rCF) in a mouse model of mechanical corneal injury. The therapeutic effect of rCF was studied in vivo (slit lamp, optical coherence tomography) and ex vivo (transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence staining). Injection of rCF into the injured cornea was accompanied by recovery of corneal thickness, improvement of corneal transparency, reduction of type III collagen in the stroma, absence of myofibroblasts, and the improvement in the structural organization of collagen fibers. TEM results showed that 2 months after intrastromal injection of cells, there was a decrease in the fibril density and an increase in the fibril diameter and the average distance between collagen fibrils. The fibrils were well ordered and maintained the short-range order and the number of nearest-neighbor fibrils, although the averaged distance between them increased. Our results demonstrated that the cell therapy of rCF from ReLEx SMILe lenticules promotes the recovery of transparent corneal stroma after injury.

Austenite reversion has been widely used in the traditional heat treatment of steels, and recently, it has been used in the fabrication of advanced high-strength steels. The microstructure of reverted austenite significantly influences the final microstructure and properties of steel; thus, it is crucial to understand the formation of globular austenite to accurately grasp its reversion behavior. In this paper, an Fe–2.5Mn–1.5Si–0.35C alloy was chosen as the research object, and the evolution of intragranular globular austenite and finally transformed austenite grain size were studied under different pre-tempering conditions using a metallographic optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, and electron backscatter diffraction. It was found that as the pre-tempering temperature was increased from 350 ℃ to 650 ℃, the volume fraction of intragranular globular austenite first increased and then rapidly decreased. At the pre-tempering temperature of 400 ℃, the volume fraction of intragranular globular austenite initially increased and remained stable thereafter, when the pre-tempering duration was increased from 1 to 10 h. Fine cementite particles were primarily formed immediately before the reversion in the non-tempered or low-temperature pre-tempered initial structures. This provided less effective nucleation sites for the formation of intragranular globular austenite. Therefore, lesser intragranular globular austenite grains were formed, thereby resulting in relatively coarse finally transformed austenite grains after reversion. The cementite particles were gradually coarsened as the pre-tempering temperature was increased to 550 ℃, thereby increasing the number of effective nucleation sites for the formation of intragranular globular austenite. Conversely, when the martensite samples were pre-tempered at a high temperature of 650 ℃, Mn is seriously enriched into the cementite particles before the reversion, largely reducing the driving force for reversion. This resulted in the growth of intragranular globular austenite under the partitioning local equilibrium mode, with a slow growth rate, resulting in a low volume fraction. Therefore pre-tempering can effectively promote the formation of intragranular globular austenite. Owing to its multiple orientations, increased intragranular globular austenite formation resulted in significantly refined austenite grains after reversion. This study provided a new strategy to regulate the formation of intragranular globular austenite and finally transformed austenite grain size by controlling the size and composition of cementite particles through pre-tempering without changing the chemical composition of the steel.

In recent years, due to the exponential increase in the use of electric vehicles and microgrids, many studies have been conducted on bidirectional converters. However, laboratories are not always able to validate the bidirectionality results due to cost and complexity. Then, in this paper a new didactic platform to prove the bidirectional power flux in bidirectional power converters is presented. This platform works alongside with the control system to ensure a current injection and guarantee the power flux reversion in bidirectional converters. Besides that, also are presented the principle of operation, control system, mathematical modeling and instrumentation system. Finally, to validate the theoretical analysis the simulation and experimental results are presented proving the bidirectionality of two power converters working in 500 W.

Copyright of Public Art is the property of Shanghai Fine Arts Publisher Ltd. co. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fibroblasts isolated and expanded from ReLEx SMILE lenticules can be a source of human keratocytes. Since corneal keratocytes are quiescent cells, it is difficult to expand them in vitro in suitable numbers for clinical and experimental use. In the present study, this problem was solved by isolating and growing corneal fibroblasts (CFs) with a high proliferative potential and their reversion to keratocytes in a selective serum-free medium. Fibroblasts reversed into keratocytes (rCFs) had a dendritic morphology and ultrastructural signs of activation of protein synthesis and metabolism. The cultivation of CFs in a medium with 10% FCS and their reversion into keratocytes was not accompanied by the induction of myofibroblasts. After reversion, the cells spontaneously formed spheroids and expressed keratocan and lumican markers, but not mesenchymal ones. The rCFs had low proliferative and migratory activity, and their conditioned medium contained a low level of VEGF. CF reversion was not accompanied by a change with the levels of IGF-1, TNF-alpha, SDF-1a, and sICAM-1. In the present study, it has been demonstrated that fibroblasts from ReLEx SMILE lenticules reverse into keratocytes in serum-free KGM, maintaining the morphology and functional properties of primary keratocytes. These keratocytes have a potential for tissue engineering and cell therapy of various corneal pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poliovirus (PV), the virus that causes both acute poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome, is classified within the Enterovirus C species, and there are three wild PV serotypes: WPV1, WPV2 and WPV3. The launch of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in 1988 eradicated two of the three serotypes of WPV (WPV2 and WPV3). However, the endemic transmission of WPV1 persists in Afghanistan and Pakistan in 2022. There are cases of paralytic polio due to the loss of viral attenuation in the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), known as vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV). Between January 2021 and May 2023, a total of 2141 circulating VDPV (cVDPV) cases were reported in 36 countries worldwide. Because of this risk, inactivated poliovirus (IPV) is being used more widely, and attenuated PV2 has been removed from OPV formulations to obtain bivalent OPV (containing only types 1 and 3). In order to avoid the reversion of attenuated OPV strains, the new OPV, which is more stable due to genome-wide modifications, as well as sabin IPV and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines, is being developed and offers promising solutions for eradicating WP1 and VDPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When vulcanized with sulfur, the natural rubber (NR) usually accompanies reversion, and the proportion of polysulfidic crosslinks decreases considerably, leading to significantly performance decay. In the rubber industry, hexamethylene‐1, 6‐bis(thiosulfate) disodium salt (HTS) is used as a multifunctional agent to improve not only the reversion and fatigue properties of NR, but also the adhesive properties between NR and steel cords. However, there is few research about the working mechanism of HTS. In this work, HTS is added to belt compounds in doses of 0 to 5 phr. The cure characteristics, crosslinking structures, physical‐mechanical properties, dynamic viscoelastic behavior, and T‐pull adhesion forces of the NR composites are investigated. The results show that the total crosslinking density and T‐pull adhesion forces of the composites both pass through a maximum and then decrease with the increasing dosage of HTS. Meanwhile, the formation of hybrid crosslinks during the prolonged cure time enhances the thermal stability and retention of the polysulfidic crosslinks of the NR composites. Surprisingly, the reduction in the proportion of polysulfidic crosslinks from optimum cure time (Tc90) to 60 min just reaches 15.9% with the addition of 5 phr HTS, whereas that value is 30.9% without adding HTS, which shows the excellent antireversion ability of the HTS in the belt compound. Our work reveals some new features of HTS, which can lead to a more profound understanding of HTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prophylaxis strategy for hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with resolved HBV infection remains unclear. In this hospital-based retrospective cohort study, consecutive KTRs with resolved HBV infection were screened from the years 2000 through 2020. After excluding confounding conditions, 212 and 45 patients were respectively recruited into Anti-HBs positive and Anti-HBs negative groups. Cumulative incidences of, and sub-distribution hazard ratios (SHRs) for HBV reactivation were analyzed after adjusting the competing risk. During a median 8.3 (mean 8.4 ± 4.9) years of follow-up, the 10-year cumulative incidence of HBV reactivation was significantly higher in Anti-HBs negative group when compared to that in Anti-HBs positive group (15.2%, 95% CI: 3.6–26.7 vs. 1.3%, 95% CI: 0.0–3.0; p < 0.001). In multivariable regression analysis, absence of anti-HBs (SHR 14.2, 95% CI: 3.09–65.2; p < 0.001) and use of high-dose steroids, i.e., steroid dose ≥20 mg/day of prednisolone equivalent over 4 weeks (SHR 8.96, 95% CI: 1.05–76.2; p = 0.045) were independent risk factors related to HBV reactivation. Accordingly, the 10-year cumulative incidence of HBV reactivation occurring in patients with two, one and zero risk factors was 42.7% (95% CI: 0.0–87.1), 7.9% (95% CI: 1.2–14.7) and 0%, respectively (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the strategy of HBV antiviral prophylaxis may be defined according to the risk stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe low mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to cognitively normal (CN) reversion rate in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2-3%) suggests the need to examine reversion by other means. We applied comprehensive neuropsychological criteria (NP criteria) to determine the resulting MCI to CN reversion rate.MethodsParticipants with CN (n = 641) or MCI (n = 569) were classified at baseline and year 1 using NP criteria. Demographic, neuropsychological, and Alzheimer's disease biomarker variables as well as progression to dementia were examined across stable CN, reversion, and stable MCI groups.ResultsNP criteria produced a one-year reversion rate of 15.8%. Reverters had demographics, Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, and risk-of-progression most similar to the stable CN group and showed the most improvement on neuropsychological measures from baseline to year 1.DiscussionNP criteria produced a reversion rate that is consistent with, albeit modestly improved from, reversion rates in meta-analyses. Reverters' biomarker profiles and progression rates suggest that NP criteria accurately tracked with underlying pathophysiologic status.

IntroductionWe examined reasons for low mild cognitive impairment (MCI)-to-cognitively normal (CN) reversion rates in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI).MethodsCN and MCI participants were identified as remaining stable, progressing, or reverting at 1-year of follow-up (Year 1). Application of ADNI's MCI criteria at Year 1 in addition to Alzheimer's disease biomarkers by group were examined.ResultsThe MCI-to-CN reversion rate was 3.0%. When specific components were examined, 22.5% of stable MCI participants had normal memory performance at Year 1 and their Alzheimer's disease biomarkers were consistent with the stable CN group. At Year 1, when all MCI criteria were not met, the more subjective Clinical Dementia Rating rather than objective memory measure appeared to drive continuation of the MCI diagnosis.DiscussionResults demonstrate an artificially low 1-year MCI-to-CN reversion rate in ADNI-diagnosed participants. If the Logical Memory cutoffs had been consistently applied, the reversion rate would have been at least 21.8%.

The cultivation of perennial biomass crops (PBCs) on marginal lands is necessary to provide feedstock for the bio-based EU economy and accrue environmental benefits through carbon (C) sequestration in soil. Short rotation coppice (SRC) species, e.g., willow, black locust, and poplar, and perennial rhizomatous grasses, e.g., miscanthus, switchgrass, and giant reed, have been tested in many EU projects in the last 10 years to investigate their productive potential and contribution to the mitigation of climate change. A major knowledge gap regarding PBCs is the fate of accumulated soil organic carbon (SOC), once PBC plantations are reverted to arable crops. In this study, the effects of PBCs reversion on SOC and carbon-dioxide emission (CO2) were monitored over a 2-year period in a long-term (11-year) multispecies trial of six PBCs: Three SRC species including poplar (Populus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and three herbaceous rhizomatous grasses including miscanthus (Miscanthus x giganteus), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and giant reed (Arundo donax). The SOC change and GHG emissions were then modeled with the ECOSSE model. Two years after the reversion, SOC increased significantly for all PBCs with no significant difference between them. During the PBC cultivation phase, 5.35 Mg SOC ha−1 was sequestered while 10.95 Mg SOC ha−1 was added by reversion, which indicated that 67% of SOC sequestration occurred after the reversion. The ECOSSE model was successfully used to simulate SOC sequestration trajectories (R2 = 0.77) and CO2 emission from soil (R2 = 0.82) after the reversion of the six PBCs. This indicated that the high SOC sequestration rate after the reversion was due to humification of belowground biomass (roots + rhizomes/stumps), which had been mulched and incorporated into the reversion layer (0–30 cm). This occurred in the first 2 months (on average 5.47 Mg SOC ha−1 y−1) and in the first year after the reversion (1.3–1.8 Mg SOC ha−1 y−1). Considering the entire PBCs cultivation cycle (13 years of PBCs + reversion), PBCs showed annual SOC sequestration rates higher than 1 Mg SOC ha−1 y−1, placing PBCs cultivation and reversion as one of the most promising agricultural practices to combine biomass production, with the recovery of marginal lands to agricultural production through increasing the SOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the great problems raised in our country, to the point of having already reached jurisdictional hands, is how to channel the concessions of waterfalls completed in our country, since there is no single and uniform line of action in the same competent administration. To do this, we analyze how this important problem has been treated in the energy sector and in the market economy, in a comparative way, in three countries with important similarities, such as Spain, Italy and France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMild cognitive impairment (MCI) has highly variable cognitive trajectories. Approximately 10% to 15% of MCI patients progress to dementia, and nearly 24% revert to normal cognition each year. There are few studies on the progression and reversion of MCI, especially there version of MCI to normal cognition.ObjectiveTo construct a multi-class classification model of MCI outcomes (reversion, stabilization and progression) and to explore the possible associated factors of these outcomes.MethodsData were collected from the National Alzheimer's Disease Coordinating Center Unified Data Set, involving 397 patients who were initially diagnosed with MCI during 2005—2019 with at least two follow-ups and complete clinical and follow-up data. Patients' demographic information, physical examination, disease history, and measurement results by assessment scales in MCI were selected for analysis. Boruta was used for feature selection. Random forest was used for supporting the classification of MCI outcomes. A stepwise multinomial logistic regression was used to explore the associated factors of different MCI outcomes.ResultsOf the 397 cases, 124 (31.23%) reverted to normal cognition, 77 (44.58%) were in stable condition, and 96 (24.18%) progressed to dementia. In the multi-classification task, the accuracy of direct three-class classification was 67.58%. In multiple binary classifications, the accuracies of reversion and stabilization, and reversion and progression were above 90%. Among the hierarchical three-class classification, the accuracy based on stabilization→ reversion → progression was 84.38%. Stepwise multinomial Logistic regression analysis showed that age ≥80 years 〔OR=0.260, 95%CI (0.117, 0.574) 〕, self-reported cognitive impairment 〔OR=0.295, 95%CI (0.139, 0.623) 〕, and decreased Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores〔OR=0.220, 95%CI (0.092, 0.525) 〕 were associated with decreased risk of MCI progressing to dementia, while history of stroke 〔OR=2.896, 95%CI (1.370, 6.122) 〕, fecal incontinence 〔OR=6.556, 95%CI (1.787, 24.047) 〕, and higher Functional Activities Questionnaire score〔OR=1.048, 95%CI (1.003, 1.095) 〕were associated with increased risk of MCI progressing to dementia. Decreased probability of reversion from MCI to normal cognition was related to age ≥80 years 〔OR=0.289, 95%CI (0.091, 0.914) 〕, obesity 〔OR=0.236, 95%CI (0.075, 0.740) 〕, self-reported cognitive impairment 〔OR=0.289, 95%CI (0.111, 0.757) 〕, and higher CDR scores 〔OR=0.015, 95%CI (0.003, 0.089) 〕, while increased probability of reversion from MCI to normal cognition was related to higher MMSE score 〔OR=1.708, 95%CI (1.428, 2.043) 〕 and higher numbers of correct naming of animals 〔OR=1.139, 95%CI (1.046, 1.240) 〕.ConclusionThe outcome of MCI patients is affected by multiple factors. Advanced age, obesity, history of stroke, fecal incontinence, self-reported cognitive impairment and reduced functional activity were important factors influencing MCI progression and reversion.

Introducción: La obesidad es un problema de salud pública en el que se producen defectos en el sistema endocrino generando en consecuencia enfermedades metabólicas. La cirugía bariátrica (CB) ha demostrado mayor eficacia en la pérdida de peso y reversión de las comorbilidades (especialmente inflamatorio y metabólico). Los mecanismos subyacentes relacionados con la reversión de comorbilidades son aún poco conocidos. Los pacientes sometidos a CB reciben de forma rutinaria suplementos de vitamina D, por lo que su papel en la reversión de comorbilidades puede ser relevante. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre los niveles de 25-OH-vitamina D, la prevalencia de comorbilidades metabólicas antes de la CB y 6 meses tras la misma. Resultados: Se evaluaron 328 pacientes, los cuales mostraron pérdida significativa de peso y masa magra a los 6 meses de la CB. Los niveles séricos de 25-OH-vitamina D se incrementaron de forma paralela a un aumento en la suplementación, sin embargo, no se observaron correlaciones con la presencia de comorbilidades metabólicas basales ni a los 6 meses de la CB. Los niveles séricos de 25-OH-vitamina D se correlacionaron con algunos parámetros de la composición corporal de forma independiente a la reversión de las comorbilidades. Conclusiones: La CB se asoció a mejoría significativa de comorbilidades metabólicas en los pacientes estudiados de forma independiente a los niveles séricos de 25-OH-vitamina D.

Exploring the responses of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to land use conversion or reversion is significant for taking effective land use measures to alleviate global warming. A global meta‐analysis was conducted to analyze the responses of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions to land use conversion or reversion, and determine their temporal evolution, driving factors, and potential mechanisms. Our results showed that CH4 and N2O responded positively to land use conversion while CO2 responded negatively to the changes from natural herb and secondary forest to plantation. By comparison, CH4 responded negatively to land use reversion and N2O also showed negative response to the reversion from agricultural land to forest. The conversion of land use weakened the function of natural forest and grassland as CH4 sink and the artificial nitrogen (N) addition for plantation increased N source for N2O release from soil, while the reversion of land use could alleviate them to some degree. Besides, soil carbon would impact CO2 emission for a long time after land use conversion, and secondary forest reached the CH4 uptake level similar to that of primary forest after over 40 years. N2O responses had negative relationships with time interval under the conversions from forest to plantation, secondary forest, and pasture. In addition, meta‐regression indicated that CH4 had correlations with several environmental variables, and carbon–nitrogen ratio had contrary relationships with N2O emission responses to land use conversion and reversion. And the importance of driving factors displayed that CO2, CH4, and N2O response to land use conversion and reversion was easily affected by NH4+ and soil moisture, mean annual temperature and NO3−, total nitrogen and mean annual temperature, respectively. This study would provide enlightenments for scientific land management and reduction of GHG emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the early Middle Ages, the border between Christianity and Judaism was comparatively permeable, and baptized Jews, particularly those baptized under duress, frequently returned openly to Judaism. While modern scholars of Jewish-Christian relations often assume that medieval canon law always forbade this, a single norm governing converts' re-conversion, or reversion, did not begin to emerge until the mid-twelfth century with the Decretum Gratiani. The Decretum established the preeminence of the canon that barred Jewish baptizands' reversion and acted as a catalyst for discussions about the limits of consent and coercion, baptism and conversion. These debates provided the foundation for the mandates of the early thirteenth century that did establish the legal boundary between Jew and Christian which lasted into modernity: so long as baptizands consented, even if under duress, they were Christians and could not return to Judaism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the railroad industry wanes, defunct railroad lines cross thousands of miles of property in the United States. If a landowner has a defunct railroad line on their property, a court cannot grant them their reversionary interest in the seemingly abandoned right-of-way. The court will tell them, "go talk to the Surface Transportation Board." But can they go talk to the STB? Recent interpretations of the STB's abandonment statute as amended by the Interstate Commerce Commission Termination Act, including Justice Kavanaugh's concurrence in City of South Bend v. Surface Transportation Board when he sat on the D.C. Circuit, threaten the ability of any third party to petition the STB for abandonment of a railroad line. This practice, called adverse abandonment, is the only way for landowners to exercise reversionary interests in de facto abandoned railroad rights-of-way, since the STB has exclusive jurisdiction over railroad lines' abandonment. Worse yet, without adverse abandonment, de facto abandoned railroad lines would permanently stand between state and local governments and public development projects. This Comment argues that the ICCTA did not extinguish the STB's adverse abandonment authority. It synthesizes the arguments for and against the STB's adverse abandonment authority as articulated by the parties in City of South Bend. It then harmonizes the abandonment statute, the ICCTA's legislative history, and other statutes related to abandonment. Next, it traces adverse abandonment's development back to its decisional-law origins and argues that adjudicators' consistent treatment of adverse abandonment petitions in favor of the STB's purpose to ensure the development and continuation of a sound rail transportation system makes extinguishing the STB's adverse abandonment authority a sheer absurdity. This Comment concludes that the post-ICCTA version of the abandonment statute needlessly threatens a vital tool in the STB's toolbox and calls for legislative change to address this oversight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the process of reversion to Salafism in Pekanbaru, Indonesia in the context of Muslims who have returned to Islam as a solution to their sense of deprivation. This return to Islam is considered by many as an initial solution to a feeling of deprivation which often manifests itself as a form of spiritual 'emptiness', accompanied by anxiety, depression and a lack of direction in life. The analysis in this article is based on extensive reading of relevant literature, participatory observation, and interviews conducted during fieldwork in Pekanbaru from July 2015 to June 2016. The discussion is based on three case studies of Salafi members, detailing their reversion to Salafism and the personal and sociological reasons for their choice to return to Islam, i.e., Salafism, after a certain period of time in their lives. Findings show that those who join the Salafi movement have previously experienced relative deprivation which led to a sense of existential deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamics of adaptation, reversion, and compensation have been central topics in microbial evolution, and several studies have attempted to resolve the population genetics underlying how these dynamics occur. However, questions remain regarding how certain features— the evolution of mutators and whether compensatory mutations alleviate costs fully or partially—may influence the evolutionary dynamics of compensation and reversion. In this study, we attempt to explain findings from experimental evolution by utilizing computational and theoretical approaches toward a more refined understanding of how mutation rate and the fitness effects of compensatory mutations influence adaptive dynamics. We find that high mutation rates increase the probability of reversion toward the wild type when compensation is only partial. However, the existence of even a single fully compensatory mutation is associated with a dramatically decreased probability of reversion to the wild type. These findings help to explain specific results from experimental evolution, where compensation was observed in nonmutator strains, but reversion (sometimes with compensation) was observed in mutator strains, indicating that real-world compensatory mutations are often unable to fully alleviate the costs associated with adaptation. Our findings emphasize the potential role of the supply and quality of mutations in crafting the dynamics of adaptation and reversal, with implications for theoretical population genetics and for biomedical contexts like the evolution of antibiotic resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug Resistance (MDR) can be considered one of the most frightening adaptation types in bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and eukaryotic cells. It allows the organisms to survive the attack of many drugs used in the daily basis. This force the development of new and more complex, highly specific drugs to fight diseases. Given the high usage of medicaments, poor variation in active chemical cores, and self-medication, the appearance of MDR is more frequent each time, and has been established as a serious medical and social problem. Over the years it has been possible the identification of several genes and proteins responsible for MDR and with that the development of blockers of them to reach MDR reversion and try to avoid a global problem. These mechanisms also have been observed in cancer cells, and several calcium channel blockers have been successful in MDR reversion, and the maleimide can be found included in them. In this review we explore the history, mechanisms, reversion efforts, and we specifically focused on the maleimide synthesis as MDR-reversers in co-administration, as well as their biological applications in a urge to expand the available information and explore a very plausible MDR reversion source., (© 2024 Wiley‐VCH GmbH.)

Influenza A H5N1 hemagglutinin (HA) plays a crucial role in viral pathogenesis and changes in the HA receptor binding domain (RBD) have been attributed to alterations in viral pathogenesis. Mutations often occur within the HA which in-turn results in HA structural changes that consequently contribute to protein evolution. However, the possible occurrence of mutations that results to reversion of the HA protein (going back to an ancestral protein conformation) which in-turn creates distinct HA structural patterns across the 1959-2023 H5N1 viral evolution has never been investigated. Here, we generated and verified the quality of the HA models, identified similar HA structural patterns, and elucidated the possible variations in HA RBD structural dynamics. Our results show that there are 7 distinct structural patterns occurring among the 1959-2023 H5N1 HA models which suggests that reversion of the HA protein putatively occurs during viral evolution. Similarly, we found that the HA RBD structural dynamics vary among the 7 distinct structural patterns possibly affecting viral pathogenesis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction. (MTB) infections continue to have a high mortality and morbidity burden globally. Interferon-gamma release assays such as Quantiferon Gold Plus (QFG-Plus) aid in diagnosis of latent TB but diagnosis of pleural TB remains challenging. We present a case of active pleural MTB infection with reversion from positive to negative of IGRA result as well as negative Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra PCR result from tissues obtained from pleural biopsy. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections continue to have a high mortality and morbidity burden globally. Interferon-gamma release assays such as Quantiferon Gold Plus (QFG-Plus) aid in diagnosis of latent TB but diagnosis of pleural TB remains challenging. We present a case of active pleural MTB infection with reversion from positive to negative of IGRA result as well as negative Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra PCR result from tissues obtained from pleural biopsy. Case summary. Despite significant technological advances, microbiological diagnosis of MTB infections remains challenging. We document QFG-Plus reversion during development from latent to active pleural TB. Decline in the ability of CD4 Conclusion. Despite significant technological advances, microbiological diagnosis of MTB infections remains challenging. We document QFG-Plus reversion during development from latent to active pleural TB. Decline in the ability of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to produce interferon gamma in response to TB antigens (ESAT-6 and CFP-10) was likely associated with loss of host control of latent MTB. This case serves as a reminder that despite exhaustive testing with state-of-art diagnostic platforms, MTB infections can still elude discovery., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors.)

Vancomycin variable Enterococcus (VVE) bacteria are phenotypically susceptible to vancomycin, but they harbor the vanA gene. We aimed to ascertain the prevalence of VVE among clinically isolated vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium (VSE) isolates, as well as elucidate the molecular characteristics of the vanA gene cluster within these isolates. Notably, we investigated the prevalence and structure of the vanA gene cluster of VVE. Between June 2021 and May 2022, we collected consecutive, non-duplicated vancomycin-susceptible Enterococcus faecium (VSE) samples. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the presence of vanA , vanB , and vanC . Overlapping PCR with sequencing and whole-genome sequencing were performed for structural analysis. Sequence types (STs) were determined by multilocus sequence typing. Exposure testing was performed to assess the ability of the isolates to acquire vancomycin resistance. Among 282 VSE isolates tested, 20 isolates (7.1%) were VVE. Among them, 17 isolates had partial deletions in the IS 1216 or IS 1542 sequences in vanS (N=10), vanR (N=5), or vanH (N=2). All VVE isolates belonged to the CC17 complex and comprised five STs, namely ST17 (40.0%), ST1421 (25.0%), ST80 (25.0%), ST787 (5.0%), and ST981 (5.0%). Most isolates were related to three hospital-associated clones (ST17, ST1421, and ST80). After vancomycin exposure, 18 of the 20 VVEs acquired vancomycin resistance. Considering the high reversion rate, detecting VVE by screening VSE for vanA is critical for appropriate treatment and infection control.