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ABSTRACT Introduction: The emergence of COVID-19 pandemic that occurred at the end of December 2019 in Wuhan, China, was a health crisis that greatly affected the world. Therefore, dentists and dental nurses are professionals who have a very high risk of being exposed to the droplets and aerosol particles generated during dental procedures. Furthermore, they also have a high risk of cross-infection from exposure to microorganisms in blood, saliva, droplets, and instruments contaminated with blood, saliva, and tissue debris. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of using exhaust fan wall/Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV), HEPA filter, and dental aerosol suction in the dental clinic of Academic Hospital Gadjah Mada University. Methods: The type of the research is analytical observational study. This study measured temperature, humidity, ACH and the microbial load in the 3 dental clinic rooms of Sadewa 1 RSA UGM in September 2020, using an analytical observational method with ANOVA to determine the effect of using a LEV, HEPA filter and dental aerosol suction in the dental clinic. Results: Dental clinic equipped with a LEV, HEPA filter, and dental aerosol suction, was negatively associated with room humidity levels, with a Pearson correlation of (-0.777), air humidity correlated with microbial load (0.242), but the correlation was not large. From the ANOVA results, the use of LEV, HEPA filter and dental aerosol suction against humidity has a significant effect on reducing the humidity in the dental clinic with p value 0.05. Conclusion: The use of an oral LEV, HEPA filter, and dental aerosol suction has an effect on reducing air humidity and decreasing the microbial load, affects the number of particles or droplets in dental clinics, and affects ACH. Keywords: local exhaust ventilation, HEPA filter and dental aerosol suction, microbial load, humidity

The problem of growth and development in thalassemia children is known as Fasies Cooley. Thalassemia is a genetic disease, the characteristic symptom is anemia, protrusion of upper dentition and maxilla hypertrophy. To prevent this disfigurement, the first step is to identify dental growth and development disorder. Data was collected from 143 thalassemia children in RSCM, thalassemia β mayor: 74 subjects and thalassemia HbE: 69 subjects. The population was deutero melayu and 6-18 years old. The observation was done clinically and from dental cast. The dental growth and development of thalassemia children was retarded, it seems one manifestation of the somatic growth retardation. The dental characteristic of thalassemia was spacing, protrusion and deep bite. The frequency of prolong retention and premature loss of primary dentition, the Class I relations of canines and first permanent molars were not different with normal children. The dental characteristic was not significant different.

Ectodermal dysplasia is a hereditary disease characterized by a congenital dysplasia of one or more ectodermal structure and their accessory appendeges. The main feature is hypohidrosis, hypotrichosis and hypodontia. Ectodermal dysplasia appear to be ingeritaed as an x-linked recessive trait. Common manifestations include frontal bossing with prominent supraorbital ridges, nasal bridge depression, protuberant lips and defective hair follicles and eyebrows. Intraorally, common findings are hypodontia or anodontia and conical teeth. The treatment is to improve the appearance and oral function included a removable prosthesis. A 5-year-old and 9-year-old male in the same family, described in the case report of ectodermal dysplasia with removable partial dentures

Malformation of the face and cranium can obstacles to the individual's ability to adapt to and function in the environment, since the defect of defects involving structure of the organs of sight, hearing, taste, olfaction, and speech. The incidence of orofacial anomalies and malformation syndromes from Indonesian children is not available. Since the clinician that deals with dental problem in children have the opportunity to observe and detect this growth and development anomal, it is important to recognize the deviations from normal structural and functional int he craniofacial region. In effort to identify the defect or defects of craniofacial syndromes, the mechanisms of craniofacial growth and development, the alterations of the normal sequence and pattern of craniofacial growth should be understood. The deformities of craniofacial are considered rare, it is certain that many of the mild forms go undetected or unrecognized. To be able to recognize the malformation of the face and cranium, the various of craniofacial malformation syndrome was categorized into subgroups. Based on pathogenesis there was malformation, deformation and disruption. The etiology of defect was genetic and nongenetic, and the classification was divided to the location of structures or organs involved and pathomorphogenic.

Mesiodens is supernumerary teeth which is commonly found and located in midline premaxilla. The supernumerary teeth may cause clinical disorders, such as delayed eruption and malposition of permanent teeth, therefore early diagnosis and intervention is very important. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a congenital heart disease which frequently occurred in children. Dental treatment in children with heart diseases should be done carefully since there is higher risk of developing on bacterial endocarditis. Dentist should know the contraindication of dental treatment that needs prophylactic antibiotics as suggested by American Heart Association. A 6 years 8 months boy who suffered from VSD came to Pediatric Dental Clinic at Faculty of Dentistry University of Indonesia. In the examination we found impacted mesiodens with inverted position which has conical shape at regio 51. The possible etiology of mesiodens in this patient is x-linked dominant with incomplete penetration. After consultation with Pediatric Cardiologist and Oral Surgeon, the odontectomy was conduted with prophylactic cephadroxyl. There was no signs of bacterial endocarditis after the odontectomy.

The competence of dentist among other is to predict the dental and occlusion developement in the period of growth and development, and to identify dentofacial disorders in the purpose of early detection, diagnose, treatment planning and management of malocclusion and dentofacial anomaly. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the concept of growth and development, the growth pattern, the anomaly and growth development disorders, and the relevance of study dentocraniofacial growth and development in dentistry.

The purpose of this study was to observe the correlation between duration of bottle feeding and dental arch measurement in deciduous dentition. Duration of bottle feeding was divided into 4 groups: ≤ 24 months, 25 – 36 months, 37 – 48 months, and > 48 months. The subjects were 120 kindergarten pupils, aged 3 – 5 years old. Measurements was done on the models of maxilla and mandible with digital caliper for the width and length of dental arch and using flexible curve for dental arch circumference. Pearson correlation showed a weak association for anterior arch width (r=0.206), posterior arch width (r=0.195), and anterior circumference (r=0.206) of maxilla and posterior arch width (r=0.279), anterior circumference (r=0.226) of mandible. One-way Anova was performed to analyze the differences of dental arch measurements among duration of bottle-feeding groups. The results showed that there were significant differences of dental arch measurements for anterior arch width of maxilla, posterior arch width of mandible, and anterior circumference of mandible (p

Cleft lip and cleft palate caused problems in esthetic, swallowing, and spelling. This present case was a case of a four year old girl referred to Department of Pediatric Dentistry Universitas Indonesia after having a labioplasty. She was received an obturator and a denture. The obturator was aimed to close the cleft in the palate while the denture was aimed to correct the alveolar and lip contour. It was revealed that a team was required to manage this case especially during the period of dental and facial growth and the parent played an important role in maintaining oral hygiene and diet control.DOI: 10.14693/jdi.v15i3.31

The function of dentition is not only for mastication, the other function is to coordinate the growth of maxilla, midface and mandible. This important function was done through occlusal contact during occlusion. The occlusal surfaces become a link of stomato-gnathic system. This case report showed the midface growth was affected by agenesis. The first case was 10-years old girl with congenital missing 16 and 26. The relationship of upper and lower arch erior was edge to edge and crossbite. In posterior, the occlusal contact were found between upper second primary molars and lower first permanent molars. The second and third cases were 5 and 9-years old boys. They were siblings with ectodermal dysplasias and partial anodontia. The facial profile of these children were concave. The relationship of maxilla and mandible was class III. The manifestation of growth retardation was shown by cephalometric measurement, SN, Ans-Pns, Ptm-A, N-Me, Ans-Me, S-Go were smaller than standard normal children.

Bottle-feeding period more than one year may influence the occlusion and will disturb the formation of strong muscle jaw. This effect will give an adverse result to permanent teeth. The type of malocclusion resulted from bad oral habit, may vary, depends on the type of oral habit, intensity, duration and frequency. The purpose of this study was to observe the relationship between duration of bottle-feeding and occlusion of primary teeth. The following occlusion relationships examined were overbite, overjet, canine relationship, and terminal plane. The design of this was cross-sectional analytic, which was carried out in pre-school children aged between 3-5 years old. The duration of bottle-feeding was categorized in 24 months, 25-36 months, 37-48 months, and >48 months. Overbite and overjet were measured from the cast using a digital caliper. Canine relationship and terminal plane were also measured from the cast. The result of Pearson Correlation test revealed a weak relationship between the period of bottle-feeding and overbite (0,329) and overjet (r=0,372), whereas the result of Chi-Square test, used to investigate the correlation between canine (r=0,111) and terminal plane was not statistically significant (r=0,170). Anova test was carried out to observe the difference of overbite and overjet affected by duration of bottle-feeding. The result demonstrated an increase of overbite and overjet if duration of bottle-feeding was prolonged. Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration and overbite shows significant differences between group of ≤ 24 months, 25-36 months, and group of 37-48 months. Meanwhile Tukey HSD test result on bottle-feeding duration on overjet shows significant differences between group of ≤ 24 months, group of 37-48 months, and >48 months duration.

One of the growth indicators that can be used to assess a child’s developmental growth is through skeletal maturation. Skeletal maturity can be evaluated by using anatomical changes of the cervical vertebral bones observed on the lateral cephalometric radiographs. The purpose of this study was to determine the stage of cervical vertebrae maturation of Hb E β thalassemia patients by comparing the shape changes of the second to fourth cervical vertebrae bodies with a control group. The design of this study was cross sectional. The subjects were children with Hb E β thalassemia aged 9 – 14 years. The results showed that the retarded maturation of the cervical vertebrae in Hb E β thalassemia was not found in the subjects of pre-puberty age (9 – 11 years old), but in those of puberty age (12 – 14 years old).

Obstruction of Upper Respiratory Tract (OURT) may developed a various symptoms on certain children, which during the development period might cause dentocraniofacial deviation, and furthermore low self esteem. The characteristic of patients with OURT are mouth breathing (MB), sleep with snoring loudly, and on certain children may occur Obstruction Sleep Apnea (OSA). The correlation between snoring and OSA with OURT. Across sectional design study was done with 285 OURT subjects. All subjects were divided into two groups, 9-12 years, and 12-15 years group. Data obtained from cephalometric analyses and questionnaire, and analysed with chi quadrate analyses. The results showed Fujioka ratio on OURT subjects experience apnea and snoring, both for two different age categories (age 9-11 years and 12-15 years) were approximately the same with subjects no experience (p>0.05). McNamara modification line on both age group showed no difference (p>0.05) between experience and no experience apnea during sleep, but there was a significant difference (p<0.05) on subjects experience snoring during sleep. There was no relation between Fujioka ratio and McNamara modification line with the apnea suffered by OURT subjects in the two age groups. There was no relation between snoring with Fujioka ratio in the two age groups. Meanwhile, there was a relation between McNamara modification line with snoring experienced by OURT subjects in age group 12-15 years. McNamara modification line on OURT subjects showed significant difference between snoring and no snoring during sleep, both in age category of 9-11 years and 12-15 years. There was a relation between McNamara modification line with snoring experienced by OURT subjects in age group 12-15 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obstruction of the upper respiratory structure at nose and pharynx may reduce air flow and will cause mouth breathing habit (MB). If this obstruction of upper respiratory tract (OURT) occurs for a long period of time during the development phase of a child will result morphologic deviation of the dentocraniofacial (DCF).Patients suffering from OURT usually have adenoid face and low self esteem.Purpose:To get the DCF morphology characteristic data of OURT patients and to determine the critical age when deviation of the DCF morphology occurs in patients of OURT. Methods:A cross sectional design study was done with189 case subjects, 96 control subjects, and 60 normal subjects. All subjects were divided into two groups, 9-12 years, and 12-15 years group. Data obtained from cephalometric analyzes and questionnaire. Result:DCF deviation of case group was shown at the angle of normal SNA, higher SNB (p 0.00), ANB (p 0.00), NA-APg (p 0.00), SN-SGn (p 0.00), and SN-GoGn (p 0.00),but lower Facial Ratio (p<0.05)and Bijugulare (p 0.045, only for age group 9-11 years). Age 8 was the critical point for the occurrence of dentocraniofacial deviation (DCF) in patients with OURT. DCF morphology characteristics of OURT subjects with MB showed vertical growth pattern, Class II Angle skeletal relation with convex facial profile, narrow Bijugulare, and critical age was 8 years where DCF deviation occurs in patients suffering from OURT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]