Search

The Cirasea River can provide water for both the Bandung basin and agricultural irrigation. Intensive agriculture, industry, and land use changes could have an impact on water quality. The purpose of this study is to look at the origins of heavy metals in riparian water resources. Heavy metal analysis was performed on 13 groundwater and river water samples. Heavy metals in water sources were compared with sediment and soil. The samples were analyzed for heavy metals using an AAS instrument. The research method employs statistical, geographical, and heavy metal pollution index (HPI). The HPI for river water was 131, whereas groundwater was 93. River water with an HPI value of more than 100 is highly polluted, indicating that it is unsafe for human consumption and has negative health consequences. Data verification with heavy metals in sediments reveals the presence of heavy metals coming from geogenic circumstances in various locations in the upstream area. Heavy metals in downstream areas result from geological factors and anthropogenic activities in the surrounding area. The long-term effects of heavy metal pollution along the riparian zone will become apparent. More research is needed on communities that depend on groundwater supplies along the Cirasea watershed.

Talas Beneng is a type of wild plant that was not originally cultivated but could be processed into worm food using a chopping machine. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a chopper with a dual blade type using Talas Beneng as test material. The analyzed parameters include the effective capacity of the tool, the required power, the amount of material remaining in the machine, the yield, and the level produced by the machine. The average percentage of material loss ranged from 7% to 17%. The second experiment had the highest average yield, which was 93%. The average fuel consumption for the test with 1 kg of material was 40 ml, while with 2 kg and 3 kg of material, the average fuel consumption was 33,333 ml. The highest average level produced by the taro chopping machine was 78.24 dB.

This article explores the fundamental differences between these theological and scientific views through analysis of the text of the Bible and Darwin's theory of evolution which aims to explain the definition of human creation and the theory of evolution and analyze the theory using verses in the Bible. To complete this writing, the researcher used the descriptive-critical analysis method to examine and criticize the theory using a naturalist worldview approach to the ideas presented by Darwin. The result is that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution becomes a new paradigm regarding human origins which denies divinity in its creation. Darwin's theory of evolution is a scientific concept which states that living species experience development through the process of natural selection. In the Book of Genesis it explains that humans were created by God, Adam was formed from the dust of the ground and breathed the breath of life into his nose and created Eve from Adam's rib, this shows that humans were created directly by God and are considered special among other creations.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is a horticultural plant with high economic value, consumed as fresh fruit or a processed product. However, this plant still requires serious handling, especially in tomato seeds. The seeds are coated with quite slimy flesh and need to be separated using a suitable method so that the flesh layer can be cleaned optimally. Tomato seeds have a high water content, causing the seeds to easily damaged and quickly decrease their viability. Therefore, it is necessary to dry the seeds properly to lower the water content while maintaining the seed’s quality. This research aimed to calculate the time needed to reduce the water content of tomato seeds in a dehumidified drying machine, analyze the germination percentage of tomato seeds resulting from dehumidified drying using various separation techniques, and measure the effect of separation techniques. The temperature of dehumidified drying affects the germination and vigor of tomato seeds. The experiment was carried out using a two factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method, namely separation technique (i.e., left for 24 hours, using 2% HCl, and using 10% Na2CO3) and temperature in a dehumidified drying machine (i.e., 30, 40, 50, and 60 °C). The highest germination percentage and vigor index were produced in the treatment with 2% HCl for 2 hours with a drying temperature of 40°C. The separation technique and drying temperature influenced the germination percentage and vigor index, but the interaction between separation techniques had no effect.

The South Bandung basin has had significant population growth in the last ten years, particularly in the regions that border West Java. Consequently, there was an increase in the demand for groundwater, an essential resource for numerous uses. On the other hand, human activities have given impact significantly on the change of groundwater quality in the Bandung basin, the Malabar volcanic area. In the Bandung basin, the Malabar volcanic area has become an important location for urban water supply recharge. Within the current investigation 27 water samples were collected during the dry and wet seasons. The purpose of this study was to analyze the seasonal variability of parameters using different approaches. The comprehensive methods involving the application of multivariate statistics, geographical modelling, and the groundwater quality index. The spatiotemporal variability showed that the dilution effect of precipitation during the rainy season contributed to the significant seasonal variations. The hydrogeochemical facies was determined as Ca-Cl, CaMg-Cl, CaMg-HCO₃, and NaK-HCO₃. The Ground Water Quality Index (GWQI) analysis indicated that physicochemical factors influence water quality classifications from unsuitable to excellent. According to the conceptual model, the upstream area has excellent GWQI; however, the downstream area has decreased GWQI due to anthropogenic influence and the dissolution process. The results suggest that NH₄⁺-N, Fe²⁺, and Mn²⁺ have significant impact on GWQI. The novelties of this research include sensitivity analysis of each parameter to GWQI while conceptual model differentiates its findings from previous research. This conceptual model can be applied in various geographic environments to determine groundwater quality and its distribution regarding seasonal and land use changes.

Syringodium isoetifollium is seagrass a marine plant which is mostly found in Indonesian sea waters. Phenol is a kind of sensitive heat compound which will damage at high temperatures. This research aimed to study the effect of temperature using a dehumidified drying machine on the quantity of phenol content and testing of this antioxidant activity and the evaluation of drying characteristics of seagrasses such as decrease of moisture content, the distribution of temperature drying relative humidity, and energy consumption. In this research, the independent variaable were tempeartures (30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C) and the independent variable were the content of phenol and antioxidant activity of the seagrasses. The phenol content of each extract was measured with a microplate reader using a Follin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was measured with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The result showed that the highest content of phenolic compounds (80.42766 ± 0.409a) and antioxidant activity (88.4185 ± 32.0709a) was found in the dehumidified dryer at a temperature of 40 °C. There were significant differences between temperatures of 30 °C and 50 °C. Dehumidifier drying at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C required 13 hours, 12 hours, and 7.5 hours to reach the final moisture content of seagrass 18-20% from the initial moisture content of 89.4% ± 0.04% (wb). The total phenol content and antioxidant activity with a temperature treatment of 40 °C dehumidifier drying machine showed the best results compared to temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C, and oven at 40 °C. Based on the same temperature treatment, dehumidifier drying requires a faster time (12 hours) than oven drying (17 hours). The appropriate temperature and time of drying can produce the optimal total phenol and antioxidant activity.

Antibody production is becoming a trend, especially during a pandemic like now, although there have been many developments in antibody production in previous research. Antigen synthesis and characterization is one of the determining factors for the success of antibody production. This research developed a method of antigen characterization using the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) method. The research conducted in these 4 stages begins with antigen synthesis, then continues with antigen characterization using NMR, then antibody production, and the last stage is antibody characterization using the Enzyme Linked ImmunoAssay (ELISA) method. The results of antigen characterization using NMR show that NAS has been perfectly conjugated with BSA and produces a NAS-BSA conjugate. This is shown by the presence of 1 methylene (CH2) olefinic at δH chemical shift of 6.27 ppm with an integral of 4 and having 1 piece of methine (CH) sp2 at δH chemical shift of 5.73 ppm with an integral of 2. NAS-BSA antigens have been shown to successfully produce antibodies. This is shown from the anti-NAS-BSA, NAS, and Acrylamide antibodies that begin to appear in the second, third and fourth boosting (respectively)

Sebagian besar masyarakat Desa Ngawonggo Kabupaten Malang bekerja disektor pertanian dan peternakan. Peternakan yang dikembangkan adalah peternakan ayam (25 usaha) dan perikanan (20 usaha kolam ikan lele). Permasalahan utama dalam usaha peternakan dan perikanan ini adalah pakan, karena biaya pakan bisa mencapai 75% produksi, harga pakan sangat berfluktuasi, pakan harus diimpor. Permasalahan lain dari pakan adalah ketersediaannya yang tidak pasti di pasaran. Tujuan dari kegiatan Doktor Mengabdi ini adalah mendesimasi teknologi pengolahan pakan ayam dan lele dengan memanfaatkan bahan baku lokal di UKM Forum Nusantara Mandiri Desa Ngawonggo Kecamatan Tajinan Kabupaten Malang. Kegiatan ini meliputi implementasi mesin produksi pakan, pembimbingan teknis, pendampingan pemasaran dan evaluasi/ monitoring. Hasil kegiatan mesin bisa berproduksi dalam pembuatan pelet ikan dan ayam, anggota kelompok sudah bisa menerapkan pemasaran secara online. Kegiatan Doktor Mengabdi ini dapat memecahkan permasalah pakan ayam dan lele melalui pengoptimalan sumber daya lokal sehingga bisa meningkatkan pendapatan petani/peternak.

This study aims to examine the role of FinTech literacy and trust on the intention of using e-wallet. The sample is 84 respondents who use at least 3 times a month one of the e-wallet applications. The 5-point Likert scale was used to determine respondents' responses to the question items contained in the questionnaire. The collected data was then analyzed using the SPSS program. The results show that FinTech literacy is not a factor that is considered by Generation Z to use e-wallet applications. However, trust in e-wallet is a factor that can increase the interest of Generation Z to continue using e-wallet applications. Next, this paper will be able to contribute to the development of behavioral financial science.

Energi matahari sebagai sumber energi terbarukan dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi energy termal untuk proses pengeringan. Pengeringan menggunakan instalasi solar water heater, penukar panas, dan ruang pengering bahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui data temperatur air keluar dari solar water heater dan menghitung energi dan efisiensi penyerapan panas pada kolektor solar water heater. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengukur temperatur, intensitas cahaya matahari, debit air dan kecepatan angin selama proses pengeringan. Penelitian dilakukan selama 7 hari dimulai pada pukul 08.00-16.00 WIB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai rata-rata temperatur fluida air keluar dari solar water heater sebesar 51.3 °C, rata-rata temperatur yang didapatkan ruang pengering sebesar 36.7 °C. Hasil energi rata-rata tertinggi pada sistem solar water heater terjadi pada hari pertama dengan nilai 927.5 J. Energi rata-rata tertinggi pada kolektor terjadi pada hari pertama dengan nilai 478.2 J dengan efisiensi kolektor 41.94%.

Purpose: Rapid worldwide growth in megaprojects has attracted academic interest. In practice, complexity is one of the main causes for the failure of megaprojects. This study proposes a system of project manager leadership to overcome problems of complexity in achieving success with a megaproject. Design/methodology/approach: This study uses configuration analysis, fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), to investigate the combination of complexity and leadership competencies that promote megaproject success. This study analyzes three megaproject manager leadership competencies—technical, emotional–social and adaptive—with three megaproject complexities—structural, social and emergent—to determine the combinations and levels required to ensure a megaproject’s short- and long-term success. Seven Indonesian infrastructure megaprojects were involved in this explorative study. Findings: This study has identified four combinations between complexity and leadership competencies and three necessary conditions that can lead to a successful megaproject. This study also reports that insufficient project manager leadership competence in the technical, emotional-social, and adaptive aspects can lead to lower megaproject performance. Research limitations/implications: By using fsQCA, this study is sufficient to understand the combination of complexity and leadership competencies in the megaproject performance. However, configuration comparative analysis using small samples is unable to explain results that are more rigorous when compared with the statistical approach. Having higher cases and additional analytical approaches that can lead to a more robust quantitative analysis method is strongly needed to address these limitations. Practical implications: For practitioners, this study proposes effective leadership competency combinations for managing various complexities of the megaproject. Originality/value: This study provides an insight into the competencies of megaproject management leadership. This study contributes to the literature by providing fresh perspectives on megaproject management, especially in terms of complexity and leadership. This is an important research area for the development of megaproject management theory as it fills theoretical gaps in megaproject management in terms of the leadership aspect.

Cacao pod husk and rice straw charcoal are potentially transformed into bio-pellet because of their high calorific value. Cocoa pod husk and rice straw charcoal has a calorific value of 4974.837 cal/g and 3569.837 cal/g, respectively. This research aimed to identify the effect of variations in particle size and in the addition ratio of rice straw charcoal on the calorific value of bio-pellet. Randomized block design factorial were employed in this study with factor of the addition ratio of rice straw charcoal and cacao pod husk (i.e. 0%:100%, 20% : 80%, 40% : 60%) and the particle size (i.e. 20, 40, 60 and 80 mesh). The results showed that rice straw charcoal addition resulted bio-pellet with the calorific value of 4111.93 – 4706.57 cal/g, and fulfill the SNI of bio-pellet (SNI 8021-2014). The treatment with addition of 100% cocoa pod husk and 80 mesh particle size generated the superior quality of bio-pellet. The findings confirmed that addition of rice straw charcoal did not enhance the energy potential (i.e. calorific value) of the bio-pellets, hence it is unfavourable option.

Based on the survey, SMEs need technology improvements for the frying process so that the process can be done semi-mechanically. Mechanical fryers have a capacity of 3-4 kg/process, larger than manual which have a capacity of 2 kg of dough/process, so meets the SME production target of 30 kg/day. The frying process takes 15 minutes, faster than the manual frying process for 20 minutes. The level of comfort and safety in the frying process is also better, because the equipment is equipped with a frame so that workers are not affected by heat due to the burner stove heating process. Production results are smooth and meet the production targets, and the quality of the amplang cracker products is the same both before and after the semi-mechanical fryer is applied.

Purpose: Grounded to social identity and information decision theories, the study develops and empirically verifies a fresh theoretical model on the possible mediating effect of emotional and task conflicts toward the associations between diversity (work, social, and ideology) and project performance. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was performed, and 68 Indonesian start-ups provided positive responses accounting for a 57.6% response rate. In total, 102 Indonesian project teams participated, and since multiple team members were inquired for respective teams, 395 individual respondents were involved. An aggregation protocol was utilized to compute team-level datasets. The partial least square (PLS) method was utilized for the main analysis. Findings: The findings suggest a detrimental effect of heightened ideology polarization towards team performance as mediated by emotional conflict. Moreover, work diversity positively affects task conflict, but it does not positively affect team performance. Possible moderating variables such as cultural aspects may lessen the impact. Research limitations/implications: The study offers an updated theoretical model which pertains to diversity, conflict and performance. It also offers unique empirical evidence to examine the theoretical propositions within the setting of Indonesian start-ups. The sample size is rather limited even though it is substantially larger than similar past studies. This could result in a relatively low statistical power. Practical implications: It offers useful practical insights for start-ups to improve their project performance by looking at the intricate association between aspects of team diversity, conflict, and project success. Originality/value: This study extends the contemporary knowledge on diversity studies, by focusing on the project context of Indonesian start-ups.

Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi ssp. equi (S. equi equi), is a highly infectious and frequent disease of equines worldwide. No data are available regarding the molecular epidemiology of strangles in Indonesia. This study aimed to characterize S. equi equi isolates obtained from suspected strangles cases in Indonesia in 2018. Isolates originated from seven diseased horses on four different farms located in three provinces of Indonesia. Whole genome sequences of these isolates were determined and used for seM typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and core genome MLS typing (cgMLST). Genomes were also screened for known antimicrobial resistance genes and genes encoding for the recombinant antigens used in the commercial Strangvac® subunit vaccine. All seven S. equi equi isolates from Indonesia belonged to ST179 and carried seM allele 166. Isolates differed from each other by only 2 to 14 cgSNPs and built an exclusive sub-cluster within the Bayesian Analysis of Population Structure (BAPS) cluster 2 (BAPS-2) of the S. equi equi cgMLST scheme. All isolates revealed predicted amino acid sequence identity to seven and high similarity to one of the eight antigen fragments contained in Strangvac®. Furthermore, all isolates were susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics penicillin G, ampicillin, and ceftiofur. Our data suggest that the horses from this study were affected by strains of the same novel sublineage within globally distributed BAPS-2 of S. equi equi. Nevertheless, penicillin G can be used as a first-choice antibiotic against these strains and Strangvac® may also be protective against Indonesian strains.

Rabies is a zoonotic disease. Rabies protection level detection was performed using antibody titration. Blood sampling activities in the field require special handling to avoid blood lysis, the sample delivery requires a cold chain with a stable temperature. Alternative method forwhole blood sample delivery using filter paper were carried out on 48 samples from susceptible animals (dogs and cats) transpored through the Soekarno Hatta Agricultural Quarantine Center. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of filter paper sampling of blood at temperature of 26 °C to detect of rabies antibodies using indirect method of ELISA. The results of statistical analysis of Randomized Block Design and Tukey's test showed that the antibody titres of whole blood extracted from filter paper diluted in the PBS T 100 μl were equivalent to antibody titres of serum. Assesment of filter paper capability has sensitivity and specificity as much as 96% and 76%, positive predictive value of 67%, negative predictive value of 94% and reliability level of filter paper were 0.5 is moderate category. This indicates that the filter paper can be used as an alternative method of blood transport medium for rabies ELISA test.

Objective: To produce, purify, and characterize a polyclonal antibody against acrylamide (anti-AA) for an application to immunochromatographic strip tests for AA. Material and Methods: Polyclonal anti-AA was prepared by injecting N-acryloxysuccinimide-conjugated bovine serum albumin hapten-antigen into New Zealand white rabbits. The antibody was purified using protein A, characterized using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel elec¬trophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNP). The conjugated antibody was then characterized using UVVis and FTIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Immunochromatographic strip tests were performed using sample pads, conjugated pads, test zones, control zones, and absorbent pads. Strip tests were finally validated using standard AA solutions followed by the application of various concentrations of coffee samples. Results: Using SDS-PAGE, the purified anti-AA antibody was resolved at 50 and 25 kDa, indicat¬ing the presence of heavy and light chains, respectively. The conjugation of anti-AA with AuNP was confirmed using wavelength shifts in UVVis and FTIR spectra, and TEM analyses revealed increased diameters of AuNPs after conjugation. The immunochromatographic strip test was sen-sitive to 1 mgml−1 standard AA. Various concentrations of coffee samples resulted in red color differences in the test zone. High and low coffee concentrations produced thick and thin red lines, respectively. Conclusion: Purified anti-AA can be conjugated with AuNP to produce strip tests for detecting AA in coffee samples. The present immunochromatographic strip tests quantitatively showed increasing intensities of red lines with increasing AA concentrations. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 366-375]

Limbah buah kakao yang dihasilkan berupa kulit kakao yang bekum bisa termanfaatkan denga baik. Pengolahan kulit buah kakao yang kurang tepat seperti didiankan dalam waktu yang lama akan menimbulkan masalah baru untuk lingkungan yaitu pembusukan Karen adanya penguraian karbon oleh mikroorganisme. Solusi penanganan limbah kulit kakao adalah dnegna menjadikannya sebagai biobriket. Biobriket kulit kakao dapat dibuat karena berbahan keras dan 90% mengandung bahan kering. Pembuatan kulit kakao menjadi briket sangat mudah dengan empat tahapan yaitu pengeringan bahan, penggerusan, pencampuran dengan perekat dan pencetakan menjadi biobriket. Biobriket yang dihasilkan ini dapat digunakan sebagai energi alternatif menggantikan kayu bakar atau LPG untuk memasak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh gaya teka terhadap karakteristik biobriket kulit kakao sebagai salah satu bahan bakar alternatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan 3 perlakuan yaitu gaya tekan 100 kg, 150 kg, dan 200 pada masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan 3 kali pengulangan. Pada masing-masing gaya tekan berat adonan yang akan dicetak yaitu 0,5 kg. Biobriket mempunyai ukuran diameter dalam 10,7 cm tinggi 10 cm dengan jari-jari tengah pada pengempa dengan diameter dalam 1,9 cm. Karakterisasi biobriket kulit kakao meliputi pengujian kadar air, kadar abu, kadar karbon, densitas, laju pembakaran briket, nilai kalor dan efisiensi pembakaran biobriket. Dari penelitian diperoleh data kadar air briket setelah dikeringkan selama 24 jam, briket dengan gaya tekan 100 kg, 150 kg dan 200 kg kadar airnya adalah 14,607 %, 14,232 % dan 13,834 %. Gaya tekan tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar abu briket dan kadar karbon, yang masing-masing bernilai 27,89 % dan 60,55 %. Densitas briket kulit kakao yang dihasilkan pada gaya tekan 100 kg, 150 kg dan 200 kg masing-masing yaitu 0,96 kg/cm3, 0,99 kg/cm3, dan 1,04 kg/cm3. Laju pembakaran terbesar adalah pada briket dengan gaya tekan 200 kg, sebesar 6 g/menit. Semakin besar laju pembakaran maka akan mempercepat waktu briket habis terbakar. Biobriket gaya tekan 200 kg memiliki kadar air yang rendah dan nilai kalor tertinggi sehingga briket cepat habis terbakar. Pada briket gaya tekan 150 kg memiliki laju pembakaran rendah dari yang lain karena pada gaya tekan tersebut terdapat batas kekuatan maksimal pada butiran. Gaya tekan berpengaruh terhadap nilai kalori pada briket, semakin tinggi gaya tekan nilai kalori semakin meningkat. Densitas 0,96 kg/cm3 menghasilkan nilai kalori 4187,11 kal/g, densitas 1,044 kg/cm3 menghasilkan nilai kalori 4509,30 kal/g. Perlakuan gaya tekan dapat memperlihatkan kelebihan pada briket yang diberikan gaya tekan adapun kelebihan briket diberi gaya tekan berbeda diantaranya dapat meningkatkan densitas, nilai kalori briket, menurunkan kadar air.

Kebutuhan energi yang semakin meningkat merupakan salah satu penyebab peningkatan konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfir. Penelitian tentang penangkapan CO2 telah banyak dilakukan, beberapa material dapat dipakai sebagai adsorben CO2. Kegiatan yang dilakukan meliputi pembuatan bahan penyerap yang berasal dari beberapa material/mineral, yaitu zeolit sintetik dan aktivasi serpentin; perancangan alat simulasi dan uji coba penyerapan CO2. Kedua material tersebut kemudian diujikan sebagai material penyerap/adsorben gas CO2 pada alat simulasi penyerapan CO2. Hasil serapan tertinggi gas CO2 menggunakan zeolit sintetik adalah 13.98% (3.92 g/g) dengan jumlah zeolit yang digunakan sebesar 5 g, sedangkan bila menggunakan serpentin teraktivasi adalah 14.3 % (5.13 g/g) dengan jumlah serpentin yang digunakan sebesar 5 g, keduanya dapat digunakan sebagai bahan penyerap CO2.

Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic Listeria species, especially for high-risk groups and it that can be transmitted through contaminated food. Goat milk produced by traditional milking process and storage has a high risk of contamination. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of L. monocytogenes in fresh goat milk in Puworejo regency, Central Java. This study used 60 samples of raw goat milk that were obtained from seven farms by disease detection sampling method. All of the used method in this research refer to Indonesian National Standard (SNI) ISO 11290-1: 2012 about Microbiology of food and feed for detection and enumeration of Listeria monocytogenes. A total of 60 samples of raw goat milk that used in this study were not contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that all the samples of raw goat milk were free from L. monocytogenes and have fulfilled the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) ISO No. 7388: 2009 about Limit of Microbial Contamination in Food.

ABSTRACT Streptococcus agalactiae has emerged as an important pathogen that affects Nile tilapia in Indonesia aquaculture. Vaccination is one of the most effective tools for enhancing host defense and protecting fish from pathogens. DNA vaccine is a third generation of vaccines based on the gene encoding a vaccine antigen rather than the antigen itself. Mga is DNA-binding protein that activates expression of several important virulence gene, including those encoding M protein (emm), C5a peptidase (SCPA) and mga. The goals of this study were to isolate and molecular characterize the mga gene of local isolate of S. agalactiae to support the development of DNA vaccine. Local bacterial strain was isolated from Nile tilapia farming in West Java, Indonesia. Bacterial identification was accomplished by PCR, using 16S rRNA primers, which revealed the 1,500 bp PCR product. Mga gene isolation was accomplished by PCR using mga gene S. agalactiae SAF and SAR- specific primers, which revealed the 1,494 bp PCR product. Mga gene was cloned into pGEM T-easy and sequenced using M13 primers. SalI and NotI restriction enzymes were used to digest the pGEM T-easy vector containing mga gene. Mga gene was cloned into pMBA containing beta actin promoter of Japanese medaka. The 16S rRNA sequence analyses confirmed that the local bacteria was 97% similarity with S. agalactiae strain 15-92MPnew. The nucleotide sequence analyses confirmed that the clones were contained 98% similarity with M protein mga S. agalactiae. The mga gene controlled by MBA promoter has constructed successfully as a candidate of DNA vaccine to against S. agalactiae infection in Nile tilapia. Keywords: DNA Vaccine, Streptococcus agalactiae, mga gene, Oreochromis niloticus, recombinant DNA ABSTRAK Streptococcus agalactiae merupakan patogen penting yang mempengaruhi budidaya ikan nila di Indonesia. Vaksinasi merupakan salah satu metode yang paling efektif untuk meningkatkan pertahanan dan melindungi ikan dari patogen. Vaksin DNA adalah vaksin generasi ketiga yang mengandung gen penyandi antigen vaksin. Mga adalah protein DNA-binding yang mengaktifkan ekspresi beberapa gen virulensi, termasuk M protein (emm), C5a peptidase (SCPA) dan mga. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi dan karakterisasi secara molekuler gen mga dari isolat lokal S. agalactiae untuk mendukung pengembangan vaksin DNA. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan PCR, menggunakan primer 16S rRNA dengan produk PCR 1.500 bp. Isolasi gen mga dilakukan dengan metode PCR menggunakan primer SAF dan SAR dengan ukuran target 1.494 bp. Gen mga dikloning ke vektor pGEMT–easy dan disekuensing menggunakan primer M13. Enzim Sal I dan Not I digunakan untuk memotong gen mga dari vektor pGEMT- easy, selanjutnya gen mga dikloning ke vektor pMBA yang mengandung promoter beta-aktin ikan medaka Jepang. Berdasarkan analisis menggunakan gen 16S rRNA diperoleh bahwa sampel memiliki kesamaan 97% sebagai S. agalactiae. Analisis sekuen nukleotida menunjukkan bahwa klon mengandung gen mga dengan 98% kesamaan dengan M protein mga S. agalactiae. Konstruksi mga gene yang dikendalikan oleh promoter MBA telah berhasil dibuat dan ini merupakan kandidat vaksin DNA untuk mengendalikan infeksi S. agalactiae pada ikan nila. Kata kunci: Vaksin DNA, Streptococcus agalactiae, gen mga, Oreochromis niloticus, DNA rekombinan

Implemented Mocaf flour processing on SMEs still has a weakness in the process of drying cassava chips.The drying process is using natural sun drying. In hot conditions in full sun drying takes 2 to 3 days while in the rainy season between November and April the SMEs unproductive because of the delay time of drying, the chip mocaf grow mushrooms with the consequences of the whole production must be discarded. Thus most of the cluster chose not to produce in the rainy season.Application of forced convectionmechanical dryer is an alternative of drying technology in the fermented cassava chips drying process due have a good quality and a longer storability. Forced convectionmechanical dryer is designed with indirect heating system consisting of a heat exchanger unit, the drying chamber, shelves, blower and frames. Cassava chips drying machine capacity is 40-80 kg/batch is divided into 80 shelves. Fuel is LPG. The results of machine performance test showed an effective drying cassava chips is 3.5 hours by the end of the temperature distribution between 31.9 to 47.6 ° C and a water content of 12.1 to 12.9%, with the desired optimum water content of the cassava chips for further processing into flour mocaf is 12-13%.

The Mx gene is an antiviral gene used to determine the resistance or the susceptibility to different types of viruses, including the Avian Influenza (AI) virus subtype H5N1. The AI virus subtype H5N1 infection in chickens causes Mx gene polymorphism. The Mx+ gene shows resistant to the AIvirus subtype H5N1, whereas the Mx-gene shows signs of susceptible. The objective of thisresearch was to detect the Mxgene in wild aquatic birds using the Polymerase Chain Reaction Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with the primer pairs F2 and NE-R2/R and the RsaI restriction enzyme. DNA samples were obtained from eight species of wild waterbirds with positive and negative exposure to the AI virus subtype H5N1. DNA amplification results showed that the Mxgene in wild aquatic birds is found in a 100 bp fragment, which is the same as the Mx gene found in chickens. However, unlike chickens, the Mxgene in wild aquatic birds did not show any polymorphism. This study proves that Mx- based resistance to AI virus subtype H5N1 in different in wild birds than in chickens.

Further detailed research is required to obtain deeper information on the role of wild birds on the distribution of Avianinfluenza in Asia. A research has been carried out on February–June 2007 focused on blood sampling (serosurveillance)of wild birds in Pulau Dua Nature Reserves (CAPD), Serang, Banten. The research is aimed to investigate the infectionof AI virus sub-tye H5N1 on the studied wild birds. The blood samples were taken from studied aquatic birds, followedby HI (haemagglutination-inhibition) test. A total of 183 samples represent 7 water bird species were taken i.e Cattleegret Bubulcus ibis, Javan pond-heron Ardeola speciosa, Little egret Egretta garzetta, Intermediate egret Egrettaintermedia, Black-crowned night heron Nycticorax nycticorax, Great egret Casmerodius albus and Grey heron Ardeacinerea. The result revealed that 41 (23.27%) samples showed the present of AIV antibodies serotype H5N1 which isidentified as positive. Data showed 5 positive-test species, including B. ibis (29.27%), E. garzetta (29.27%), E.intermedia (4.88%), Ardeola speciosa (7.32%), and N. nycticorax (29.27%). A total of 41.46% were infected adultindividual, whereas 58.54% were juveniles.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memperoleh informasi infeksi dan sifat-sifat biologis virus Newcastle disease (ND) pada ayam ras maupun ayam buras. Sejumlah 529 sampel usap kloaka dikoleksi dari pasar-pasar tradisional dan peternakan rakyat di daerah Bogor dan Tangerang. Sebanyak 20 sampel terdeteksi positif melalui real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) sedangkan dengan isolasi virus terdeteksi positif sebanyak 11 sampel. Selanjutnya empat isolat representasi lokasi dipilih untuk karakterisasi patogenisitas dengan metode mean death time (MDT) pada telur ayam berembrio (TAB) specific pathogen free (SPF), dan karakterisasi antigenisitas menggunakan metode haemagglutination inhibition (HI) dan virus netralisasi (VN) untuk melihat keragaman antar isolat virus. Uji MDT memperlihatkan dua isolat (kode isolat II dan XIII) adalah mesogenik, satu isolat (kode isolate VIII) termasuk lentogenik, dan satu isolat (kode isolat TW) bersifat velogenic. Tiga dari empat isolat menunjukkan hubungan antigenik dengan virus ND strain Komarov dan G7 (genotipe 7) tetapi tidak dengan strain referensi Lasota, sementara isolat velogenic (kode TW) yang berasal dari ayam kampung menunjukkan reaksi silang tinggi dengan antiserum terhadap tiga strain referensi di atas. Sampel-sampel yang diambil di lapang baik itu berasal dari pasar dan peternakan rakyat meskipun secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala sakit dapat diisolasi virus ND dengan karakteristik yang beragam.

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui respons antibodi dalam serum ayam petelur terhadap ekskretori/sekretori, dan ditantang dengan telur infektif Ascaridia galli (A. galli) Sebanyak 12 ekor ayam dibagi dalam empat kelompok. Kelompok pertama adalah ayam yang tidak diimunisasi dan tidak diinfeksi (kontrol), kelompok kedua adalah ayam yang diimunisasi dengan dosis 260 µg ekskretori/sekretori larva A. galli, kelompok ketiga adalah ayam yang diinfeksi dengan dosis 1000 telur infektif A. galli, dan kelompok keempat adalah ayam yang diimunisasi dengan dosis 260 µg ekskretori/sekretori dan satu minggu kemudian ditantang dengan dosis 1000 telur infektif A. galli. Respons antibodi pada masing-masing kelompok dianalisis dengan uji enzymelinkedimmunosorbantassay (ELISA) setiap satu minggu selama 10 minggu pascainfeksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa imunisasi dan atau infeksi dapat memicu peningkatan titer antibodi serum secara signifikan (P0,05) selama 10 minggu pascainfeksi. Titer tertinggi adalah 2,63±1,20 OD (optical density) dicapai pada minggu ke-3 pascainfeksi dan titer terendah adalah 1,51±0,48 OD pada minggu ke-0. Ekskretori/sekretori dapat memicu respons antibodi serum ayam petelur terhadap A. galli.

Dengue Haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is one of fearsome diseases in society. Incidence of the disease isincreasing. Dengue fever is caused by dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito vector.Various chemical controls have been conducted to prevent the spread of the disease, but active contents ofthe chemical controlling substances are suspected causing many negative effect, in environment, such asvector resistance, death of non target living creatures, and environmental contamination.This researchobjective was to find an alternative solution in order to control the dengue vector by using entomopathogenicfungi as biological control agent. This research was conducted by isolation and identification of fungiinfecting mosquito larvae. Macroscopic observation revealed that one of the nine isolation products wasLagenidium giganteum. The effectiveness test in laboratory showed the zoospore LD50 to Ae.aegypti larvaeof instar 2nd was 2,35 x 106 zoospore/ml, while the LD95 value was 1,35 x 107 zoospore/ml. The oosporeeffectiveness test showed LD50 was 6,7 x 102 oospore/ml and LD95 was 1,94 x 103 oospore/ml. Using LPCBdye and blue tolouidin 2,5%, the infection mechanism of L.giganteum fungi in Ae.aegypti mosquito larvawas detected. The research is concluded that the entomophatogen fungi L. giganteum was very prospectiveto be used as a biological control agent against vector of DHF.

The aim of this research was to prepare rabbit Immunoglobulin G as anti-idiotype antibody (Ab2) ofAvian Influenza Virus (AIV) H5N1. A polyclonal antibody was collected from guinea pigs immunized withinactivated AI vaccine H5N1of Legok strain. Antibody of H5N1 AI in serum was detected by Agar gelprecipitation test (AGPT) and an Inhibition Hemmaglutination test (IHT). The highest titre of antibodywas obtained one week after the third immunization. Serum of guinea pigs containing IgG was purifiedusing the Montage Antibody purification kit & spin column with Prosep A media (Millipore). The AI H5N1IgG concentration was 8 mg/ml. AI H5N1 IgG, was then digested with pepsin to obtain F(ab)2 fraction andwas called Ab1. The concentration of IgG and F(ab)2 and purity of IgG were determined by UVspectrophotometer which showed Ab1 concentration 1 mg/ml. Molecular weight was estimated by sodiumdodecyl sulfate- polyacrilamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Ab2 was produced by immunization ofrabbit with Ab1. The first immunization was carried out by subcutaneous injection with 500 ?g of Ab1emulsified in Complete Freund Adjuvant. The immunization was repeated with the same dose of Ab1emulsified in Incomplete Freund Adjuvan at 1 week intervals. One week after the second immunization,rabbit’s serum was harvested and IgG was purified using the Montage Antibody purification kit & spincolumn with Prosep A media (Millipore). The rabbit IgG, called Ab2, was an anti-idiotypic antibody againstAIV-H5N1. In AGPT, a precipitation line appeared between Ab1 and Ab2. A partial reaction appearedbetween Ab2 and the AI H5N1 antigen was also detected. The results indicated that Ab2 is a possiblecandidate of imunogen for protection against an AI virus H5N1 infection.

A study to detect Coxiella burnetii, an intracellular bacterium causing Q fever in human and livestock animals, was carried out in several ruminants in Bogor and Bali. The methods used for the detection was Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction (Nested-PCR). Two pairs of primers, the first (OMP1 and OMP2) and the second (OMP3 and OMP4) were used to detect the genomic sequences and the conserved specific sequences of Coxiella burnetii, respectively. Organ samples such as liver and lung from 410 livestock ruminants, consisting of cattle (245 samples), sheep (105 samples) and goats (60 samples) were collected from several slaughter houses in Bogor and Bali. As many as 15 (6.12%) out of 245 cattle, 6 (5.71%) out of 105 sheep and none from goat were infected by Coxiella burnetii. Interestingly, 3 out of 15 infected cattle were Bali cattle. The results clearly indicate that Q fever is likely to be widespread among ruminant animals in Indonesia.

The porpuse of study was to explore the potential use of? anti tetanus IgY from eggs yolk as a substitute for anti tetanus serum raised in ?horses. The eggs were collected from chickens which have previously been immunized with tetanus toxoid. Neutralization potency test of anti tetanus IgY determined by ?Spearman-Karber method.? The highest mean titer of anti tetanus of egg yolk was 80.16 ? 33.55 IU/ml and the lowest was 1.69 ? 0.63 IU/ml. The concentration? of purified IgY was 1.644 ? 0.424 mg/ml. Spearman-Karber value of potency of anti tetanus IgY are 35 IU/ml. ?This research concluded that Chickens was capable of produced of anti tetanus in eggs yolk with value of potency are 35 IU/ml.

Yogurt is milk fermented product that becomes popular recently. In yogurt processing, fermenter is the main device. Lactobacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp. are two probiotic bacteria species that are common to be used in yogurt fermentation process. Both bacteria grow well in a specific range of temperature between 40-45 C, so temperature control in fermenter operational becomes one of the important things to ensure speed and quality of fermentation process. Fermentation process is a process with high degree of uncertainty and categorized as non-linear time invariant system. Thus, classical control system method is difficult to be implemented. To overcome this issue, intelligent control system can be implemented to yogurt’s fermenter temperature control. One of intelligent control system method that can be implemented is fuzzy logic-based control system. In this study, fuzzy control system has been designed and implemented for fermenter temperature control. Control system algorithm is integrated in ATMega16 (for On-Off logic control) and ATMega32 (for Fuzzy Logic control) microcontrollers. Experimental results of fermenter control system shows that temperature profile of fermenter with fuzzy logic control system is more stable by settling time around an hour and 15 minutes and error average of -0.36 oC. Fermentation process for 16 hours with fuzzy logic controller produce yogurt with pH value of 3.66, total number of Lactobacillus sp. is 4.85 x 10 cfu/mL and Streptococcus sp. is 1.34 x 106 cfu/mL. Keywords: Fermentation, yogurt, cow milk, fuzzy, temperature control ABSTRAK Yogurt merupakan produk olahan susu terfermentasi yang akhir-akhir ini mulai banyak disukai oleh masyarakat. Pada pengolahan susu menjadi yogurt, fermentor digunakan sebagai alat utama. Lactobacillus sp. dan Streptococcus sp. merupakan dua spesies bakteri yang biasa digunakan dalam proses fermentasi yogurt. Kedua jenis bakteri ini tumbuh dengan baik pada suhu yang spesifik yaitu antara 40–45 C, sehingga pengendalian suhu pada operasi fermentor merupakan hal yang penting agar proses fermentasi dapat berjalan secara cepat dan baik. Proses fermentasi merupakan proses yang memiliki tingkat ketidakpastian yang tinggi dan merupakan sistem non-linear time variant, sehingga desain sistem kontrol klasik akan sulit untuk diterapkan. Untuk mengatasi hal ini sistem kontrol cerdas dapat untuk diimplementasikan pada pengendalian suhu fermentor yogurt. Salah satu dari metode sistem kontrol cerdas yang dapat digunakan adalah sistem kontrol dengan logika fuzzy. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan rancang bangun sistem pengendalian suhu berbasis algoritma fuzzy pada fermentor yogurt. Algoritma sistem kendali diintegrasikan dalam mikrokontroler ATMega16 (untuk logika ON-OFF) dan ATMega32 (untuk logika fuzzy). Hasil uji sistem pengendalian suhu fermentor menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan algoritma fuzzy sistem pengendalian lebih stabil dengan settling time selama 1 jam 20 menit dan rata-rata error sebesar -0,36 oC. Proses fermentasi selama 16 jam menggunakan fermentor dengan kontroler fuzzy menghasilkan yogurt dengan pH sebesar 3,66, jumlah mikroba Lactobacillus sp. sebanyak 4,85 x 108cfu/mL, dan Streptococcus sp. sebanyak 1,34 x 10 6 cfu/mL. Kata kunci: Fermentasi, yogurt, susu sapi, fuzzy, kontrol suhu