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Biocompatibility testing for a new implant material is necessary before clinical use. The materials for bone scaffolding must also go through biocompatibility tests both in vitro and in vivo. The purpose of this study was to compare different staining methods in histological preparations to assess the biocompatibility of the material to tissues. Twenty Wistar rats (n= 20), aged 4 months, males, weighing about 250-350 g were divided into 2 research groups, namely sub-cutaneous and bone implantation for 3, 14, and 30 days. The sample was a biodegradable material with gypsum and calcium carbonate as the basic ingredients. Histological stains were prepared in several ways using Hematoxylin Eosin (HE), Mallory, Toluidine Blue, Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase polyclonal antibody (TRAP), and Chromogen 3,3 diaminobenzidine (DAB) after pre-performing a decalcification process with ethylenedinitril-o-tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). The observation was done using magnification ranging from 10X10 to 100X10 with a light microscope (Nikon eclipse E600) and OptiLab viewer. The results were displayed in the form of descriptions of images generated from different staining methods. Staining by the HE method is most often chosen because it is cheap and easy but the other staining methods such as Toluidine Blue, Mallory, and TRAP show better contrast. Tissue staining techniques with immunohistochemistry (DAB, VEGF) are used to evaluate cell and tissue responses by identifying specific proteins present.

The study of regenerative dentistry receives a fast growing interest. The potential ability of the dentin-pulp complex to regenerate is both promising and perplexing. To answer the challenging nature of the dental environment, scientists have developed various combinations of biomaterial scaffolds, stem cells, and incorporation of several growth factors. One of the crucial elements of this tissue engineering plan is the selection and fabrication of scaffolds. However, further findings suggest that cell behavior hugely depends on mechanical signaling. Nanotopography modifies scaffolds to alter cell migration and differentiation. However, to the best of the author's knowledge, there are very few studies addressing the correlation between nanotopography and dentin-pulp complex regeneration. Therefore, this article presents a comprehensive review of these studies and suggests a direction for future developments, particularly in the incorporation of nanotopography design for dentin-pulp complex regeneration., Highlights • Nanotopographical size and forms affects different dental pulp stem cell's response. • Dental pulp stem cell responses both molecular and mechanical cues from the environment. • The nanotophography of scaffold generates mechanotransduction on dental pulp stem cell. • Mechanotransduction is related to gene expression, arrangement, and morphological changes of dental pulp stem cell. • Smaller size nanotopography tends to enhance cell attachment; the larger one increases differentiation and proliferation.

The main purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of how

Introduction. Regular dental plaque control by means of chemically and mechanically methods are among efforts to improve oral health and hygiene. Mechanical cleansing using toothbrush is still the gold standard for continually removing of dental plaque. But on the other hand, inappropriate selection of toothbrushes type selection promotes alteration on dental material restoration surface. Toothbrushes with different degree of stiffness are readily available on market and are classified as hard, medium, and soft. Mechanical friction due to regular movement of the toothbrush with various degree of stiffness was predicted as factor that related with surface roughness alteration on dental material restoration. Nowadays, resin composite material is still declared as the material of choice to repair dental hard tissue damage due to caries activity. However, it has been found that the irregularity of surface promotes bacterial adhesion and biofilm deposition, whereas the smooth surface does not favor bacterial deposition. The progress of bacterial deposition promotes secondary caries on the margin between material restoration and teeth. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of brushing treatment by means of three different toothbrushes on the surface of resin-based compositesExperimental. Specimens were prepared from experimental RBCs with 5 mm diameter and 2 mm thick. Specimens were divided equally into 3 different groups (group A, B, and C). Each group has 5 numbers of specimens. Group A was treated with hard toothbrush, and group B as well as C were treated with medium and soft toothbrush respectively. The toothbrush was mounted in the customized mechanically brushing machine to control the force and number of cycle during specified time. Brushing cycle and time for all groups was conducted for 1000 times of brushing in 60 minutes. Surface roughness resulted from mechanically brushing is evaluated by means of profilometer device.Results and Discussion. The results of the preliminary study shows that there is a differences of surface roughness between groups. The value of roughness varied among all group, and the highest number of roughness were found in group A (> 0.2 micrometres).Conclusions. This result implies brushing with hard toothbrush preferentially has greater risk of surface damage and become pronounce factor of secondary caries.

One of the major challenges in the development of scaffold for nerve regeneration is enhancing mechanical strength of the material to avoid the scaffold to rapidly degrade during regeneration process in nerve system. The aim of this study was to reveal the effect of freeze-thaw to the properties of gelatin-carbonated hydroxy apatite (CHA) membrane in two ratios 7 to 3 and 6 to 4 for gelatin to CHA respectively. Some variations of freeze-thaw cycles were applied for both ratios, which is referred for its biocompatibility in cells.The CHA was synthesized by wet precipitating method of calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid in gelatin solution at room temperature and open system. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and FTIR analysis was conducted to confirm the formation of type-B CHA in gelatin matrix. The resulted membrane was then subject for membrane characterization.It was known from the study that freeze-thaw treatment during membrane fabrication affects several properties of the membrane. Platelet loading capability decreased when freeze-thaw cycles increased. Meanwhile, the platelet was released more rapidly by freeze-thawed gelatin-CHA membrane compared to non-freeze-thawed one. The degradation percentage of the membrane decreased with the increasing freeze-thaw cycles, showing 4 hours slower degradation in the freeze-thawed membrane compared to the unfreeze-thawed one.Furthermore, it was observed that freeze-thaw improved the tensile strength of the membrane and the modulus elasticity increased simultaneously. Moreover, in general it was observed from this study that freeze-thaw treatment did not affect permeability of the membranes towards glucose transport.

Introduction. Long term infection on periodontal tissue, mainly caused by anaerobic microbial, is not only related with tooth loss which lead to functional and esthetical impairment but also with increasing infection risk on other vital organs such as heart. Metronidazole is drug of choice for anaerobic bacterial infection. In this research, Metronidazole delivery system from carbonated apatite-based material was designed to increase the antibiotic therapeutic potential on local application as well as to promote tooth-supporting bone healing as a thin membrane to be applied on narrow periodontal tissue.Experimental. Metronidazole delivery system was prepared using different carbonate apatite composition on gelatin hydrogel system which was freeze-dried then polymerized by thermal treatment. Total 6 gelatin-carbonated apatite compositions were prepared: 10:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4 and 5:5.The membranes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Water-content, air-water contact angle, tensile strength, Metronidazole-loading capacity, degradation profile and Metronidazole-release profile were studied to describe each composition potential as Metronidazole delivery system.Results and Discussion. Study on FTIR spectra and XRD confirmed preparation methods as standard procedures to prepare membrane formed delivery system-containing carbonate apatite. Descriptively from SEM, the film surface porosity was elevated by the increase of carbonate apatite composition. Tensile strength decreased was found by the increase of carbonate apatite composition. Water content, air-water contact angle, Metronidazole-loading capacity was not different significantly (P>0.05). Profile of degradation and Metronidazole-release from the membranes was different between compositions.Conclusions. This study results were essential to support next research on antibiotic potential using different anaerobic bacteria culture as well as bone regeneration potential on periodontal infection in vivo.

Bioceramics represent functional ceramics with significant interest in regenerative medicine area. In orthopedics as well as in oral and maxillofacial surgery, bioceramics have been widely used as bone reconstructive materials. The most common one is hydroxyapatite which have been in the market and clinical applications since the mid of 1970s. Nowadays, a lot of works have been being in the pipeline to develop bioceramics for various clinical applications in regenerative medicine area, including dentistry. Bioceramics have been used and considered promising candidate for periodontal treatment, prevention of relapse, nerve regeneration, vaccine adjuvant, drug delivery technology, even for esthetic medicine and cosmetics. In this chapter, the advantages of bioceramics for regenerative therapy especially in dentistry is discussed. The overview of bioceramics classification is also explained. The future perspective and challenges on the use of bioceramics for next generation regenerative therapy is also discussed.

Sejarah telah mencatat andil penelitian dalam menciptakan kehidupan yang lebih baik. Salah satunya penemuan antibiotik pada 1940an yang diawali dari pengamatan Alexander Fleming pada 1928 terhadap fenomena kematian bakteri Staphylococcus dalam cawan petri yang juga ditumbuhi jamur. Sebelum ditemukan antibiotik, tidak ada obat untuk pneumonia, gonorrhea atau demam rematik sehingga rumah sakit dipenuhi pasien sedangkan tidak banyak yang dapat dilakukan dokter untuk menolong. Tidak mengherankan jika kemudian Alexander Fleming bersama Howard Florey, Ernst Chain yang merupakan tim penemu antibiotik penicillin, dianugerahi Nobel Prize untuk Fisiologi dan Kedokteran pada 1945.

Bioceramics represent functional ceramics with significant interest in regenerative medicine area. In orthopedics as well as in oral and maxillofacial surgery, bioceramics have been widely used as bone reconstructive materials. The most common one is hydroxyapatite which have been in the market and clinical applications since the mid of 1970s. Nowadays, a lot of works have been being in the pipeline to develop bioceramics for various clinical applications in regenerative medicine area, including dentistry. Bioceramics have been used and considered promising candidate for periodontal treatment, prevention of relapse, nerve regeneration, vaccine adjuvant, drug delivery technology, even for esthetic medicine and cosmetics. In this chapter, the advantages of bioceramics for regenerative therapy especially in dentistry is discussed. The overview of bioceramics classification is also explained. The future perspective and challenges on the use of bioceramics for next generation regenerative therapy is also discussed.

In today’s society, axonal regeneration is considered very important because of high incidence of nerve injuries. The injury may cause vast damage of extracellular matrix leading to the condition wherein cell lost their environment to live. In this situation, new strategies by the introduction of scaffold to function as synthetic extracellular matrix are needed. In the field of tissue engineering, a large variety of carriers and matrices have been utilized as a scaffold to direct axonal growth. In this study, a new strategy by the combined application of gelatin hydrogel film and Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) to induce functional recovery of sciatic nerve crushed injury was investigated in Wistar rat model. Assessment of motorist and sensory functions were done to evaluate the recovery processes. It was found that the application of gelatin hydrogel film with controlled release manner combined with PRP results faster axonal regeneration. Further research by different injury model and other investigation factors are needed to confirm the effectiveness of the strategy.