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Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) bracatus new species (Figs 17–23, 40) Type host. Arborophila atrogularis (Blyth, 1849) —white-cheeked partridge. Type locality. Myanmar. Diagnosis. Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) bracatus is most similar to R. (F.) formosanus, with which it shares the following characters: frons broadly rounded (Figs 3, 19); male scape not modified except length and width compared from female (Figs 3–4, 19–20); ventral sclerite of mesosome of similar shape (Figs 6, 22); male stylus short, spatulate and distal margin of male abdomen shallowly concave (Figs 40, 42). However, these two species can be separated by the following characters: male flagellomere I expanded distally in R. (F.) formosanus (Fig. 3), but not in R. (F.) bracatus (Fig. 19); male mesosome proportionately larger and with coarser rugosity in R. (F.) formosanus (Fig. 6) than in R. (F.) bracatus (Fig. 22); lateral ends of ventral sclerite of male mesosome of different shape (Figs 6, 22); basal apodeme proportionately longer in R. (F.) bracatus (Fig. 21) than in R. (F.) formosanus (Fig, 5); lateral lobes of female vulval margin generally with more vms in R. (F.) bracatus (19–22; Fig. 23) than in R. (F.) formosanus (15–20; Fig. 8), but there is some overlap between species in this character, and females may be best separated by the shape of the lateral lobes and claspers (Figs 8, 23), as well as by head shape (Figs 2, 18). Description. Preantennal head broadly rounded (Fig. 19). Male scape longer than female (Fig. 20), slightly wider but otherwise not modified; male flagellomere I without distal extension. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 19. Lateral margins of temples rounded in male. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 17–18. Holotype male with pterothoracic chaetotaxy aberrant: left side with only 2 mms macrosetae on posterior margin, but right side with 4 mms macrosetae; we have here illustrated 4 setae; as these are broken in holotype, they are here illustrated tentatively based on comparisons with other species in the group. Paratype female with abdominal segment III aberrant on one side: much reduced in length, distal margin displaced proximally in lateral section, and spiracle opening absent. Female leg II broken off at femur on both sides, and not illustrated. Distal abdomen of male as in Fig. 40; sternal plate VII apparently separate from to subgenital plate; stylus short, spatulate; distal margin of segment XI distinctly concave, lateral corners not extended distally. Male genitalia as in Figs 21–22. Distal rugosity of mesosome fine, limited to near margin. Ventral sclerite with flat anterior margin and two visible gpmes on each side. Gonopore approaches distal margin of mesosome. Parameres broken in single examined male, and not illustrated. Female sternal plate VII without median bulge on distal margin (Fig. 23). Median bulge of vulval margin moderate, with 3–5 vss on each side; lateral lobes with 19–22 long, slender vms on each side. Lateral margin of claspers with 7–8 lateral setae on each side. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Holotype 1♁, Burma [= Myanmar], no date, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 13341, NHMUK010682695 (NHML). Paratype 1♀, same data as holotype (NHML). Etymology. The species epithet is derived from “ bracatus ”, Latin for “wearing trousers”. This refers to the reticulation patterns of femurs II and III, which can be clearly seen in this species, more than in the other species treated here., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, Species of Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Oxylipeurus- complex) parasitic on species of Arborophila, with description of a new subgenus and three new species, pp. 496-520 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on pages 503-504, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929559

Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) longistylus new species (Figs 32–39, 43) Type host. Arborophila rufogularis guttata Delacour & Jabouille, 1928 —rufous-throated partridge. Type locality. “Indochina”. Other hosts. Arborophila rufogularis subspecies (Blyth, 1849). Arborophila rufogularis intermedia (Blyth, 1855). Arborophila rufogularis tickelli (Hume, 1880). Diagnosis. Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) longistylus can be separated from the other species in the subgenus by the following combination of characters: head somewhat slender (Fig. 34); Male pedicel swollen and shortened compared to female (Figs 34–35); male flagellomere I expanded distally (Fig. 34); male mesosome narrow (Fig. 36); ventral sclerite of male genitalia with narrowly rounded anterior margin (Fig. 37); male gonopore almost reaching distal margin of mesosome (Fig. 37); male parameres of distinct shape (Fig. 38); central section of female vulval margin more prominently bulging (Fig. 39); male stylus elongated and slender, not spatulate, and postero-lateral corners of male abdominal segment XI extended slightly posteriorly (Fig. 43). Description. Preantennal head somewhat narrowed (Fig. 34). Male scape longer than female (Fig. 35), much wider but not otherwise modified; male pedicel short and stout; male flagellomere I with distal extension. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 24. Lateral margins of temples more or less parallel in male. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 32–33. Distal abdomen of male as in Fig. 43; sternal plate VII apparently fused to from subgenital plate medianly, but this is not clear in examined specimens and plates may be separate; stylus long, elongated; distal margin of segment XI sinuously concave, lateral corners slightly extended distally. Male genitalia as in Figs 36–38. Distal rugosity of mesosome somewhat coarse, extensive. Ventral sclerite with narrowly convex anterior margin and two visible gpmes on each side. Gonopore almost reaching distal margin of mesosome. Parameres broad, curved, with elongated heads; pst1 near distal end of paramere. Female sternal plate VII without median bulge on distal margin (Fig. 39). Median bulge of vulval margin narrow, prominent, with 5–7 vss on each side; lateral lobes with 19–25 long, slender vms on each side. Lateral margin of claspers with 5–8 lateral setae on each side. Specimens from different host subspecies overlap extensively in vulval chaetotaxy. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Ex Arborophila rufogularis guttata [as A. rufogularis laotiana or A. rufogularis laotianae]: Holotype 1♁, “ Indochina ”, 16 Jul. 1930, no collector, Brit. Mus. 1970-558, NHMUK010682710 (NHML). Paratypes. 1♁, skin, locality unknown, no date, coll. R. S. Balter, Brit. Mus. 1971-493, NHMUK010682705 (NHML). Ex Arborophila rufogularis subspecies: 1♀, “Indochina”, 16 Jul. 1930, “spirit mat.”, no collector, NHMUK010682704 (NHML). Non-type material examined. Ex Arborophila rufogularis intermedia: 2♁, 3♀, Burma [= Myanmar], 1898, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3605, NHMUK010682712 (NHML). Ex Arborophila rufogularis tickelli: 4♀, Tenasserim, Myanmar, Oct. 1897, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3601, NHMUK010682716 (NHML). Etymology. The species epithet is formed by “ longus ”, Latin for “long, and “ stylus ”, Latin for “stake”, referring to the relatively long stylus of this species compared to those of other members of the subgenus. Remarks. The type host subspecies has been selected based on the best preserved males, despite the lack of females from this host subspecies. The specimen on slide NHMUK010682704 has the same collection data as those of the holotype and may represent a female from the type host subspecies, but the subspecies is not explicit on the slide label. Specimens from the other two host subspecies are considered conspecific with the type series, as no significant differences have been found among them. Females are illustrated based on specimens from A. rufogularis intermedia.

Forcipurellus new subgenus Type species: Lipeurus formosanus Uchida, 1917. Diagnosis. Members of the subgenus Forcipurellus can be separated from members of the nominate subgenus by the following combination of characters [see Gustafsson et al. (2020b) for illustrations of the nominate subgenus]: male stylus subterminal in R. (Reticulipeurus), but terminal in R. (Forcipurellus) (e.g. Fig. 43); distal end of female abdomen with prominent, typically medianly curved, “claspers” in R. (Forcipurellus) (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23), but without such structures in R. (Reticulipeurus); female vulval margin in R. (Forcipurellus) with distinct lateral lobes and more or less convex median section (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23), whereas in the nominate subgenus the vulval margin is either gently concave without distinct lateral lobes and median convex section, or if lateral sections are lobe-like, then median section is not convex. In general, reticulation patterns in R. (Forcipurellus) are not as extensive as in some species of the nominate subgenus, but this varies among species in R. (Reticulipeurus). Description. Both sexes. Generally small, slender species with oblong heads (Fig. 3). Frons rounded, marginal carina uninterrupted. Internal sinuous thickenings present near frons. Dorsal preantennal suture present, reaching anterior dorsal seta. Head chaetotaxy as in nominate subgenus, except that head sensilla s1–4, s6–8 all present, and s2 is farther anterior to s1 than in nominate subgenus; mandibular seta as mesosetae. Coni small. Antennae sexually dimorphic: male scape, pedicel and flagellomere I enlarged, not in female, but degree of male modification variable among species. Pronotum with 1 pronotal marginal-lateral seta (pmls) and 1 pronotal post-spiracular seta (ppss) on each side; pronotal dorsal anterior seta (pdas) may be present as in nominate subgenus, but if present too small to see in examined specimens. Pteronotum with 1 anterior and 1 posterior submarginal meso-metanotal seta (asmns and psmns, respectively), 1 pterothoracic trichoid seta (ptrs) and 1 pterothoracic thorn-like seta (pths) on each side. Marginal mesometathoracic setae (mms) in single group of four setae on each side, widely separated medianly (Figs 1–2). Leg chaetotaxy largely as in nominate subgenus, but setae fII-d1, fII-a3, fIII-d1, and fIII-a3 more marginal, and tbII-p3 and tbIII-p3 hyaline; tI-v3 not clearly visible in examined specimens, but may be present. Abdomen slender, with tergopleurites II–VIII medianly divided and tergopleurites IX–XI fused (Figs 1–2). Central sternal plates present on segments II–VI or II–VII (males of some species), but poorly sclerotised. Abdominal chaetotaxy sparse, identical in all species. Male. Antennal scape swollen, about twice as long as female and much wider in some species, with basal modifications (e.g. Fig. 11); pedicel may be modified in shape compared to that of female (e.g. Fig. 12), but roughly similar in size; flagellomere I may be swollen or extended distally (e.g. Fig. 3), but not in all species (Fig. 19); flagellomere I may also be elongated and slightly curved (Fig, 11). Distal end of abdomen concave (e.g. Figs 40–44). Subgenital plate with terminal stylus that reaches beyond distal margin of abdomen (e.g. Figs 40–44); fusion of subgenital plate and sternal plate VII not clearly visible, and may be variable between species as illustrated here (e.g. Figs 40–44). Genitalia: Basal apodeme slender; mesosome with hooked antero-lateral extensions overlapping with basal apodeme; distal margin of mesosome rugose; ventral sclerite proportionately larger than is normal in nominate subgenus, but structurally similar, with lateral extensions bearing 1–2 gonoporal posterior mesosomal setae (gpmes) visible at sensilla on each side; gonopore elongate, not fused distally; parameres slender, with blunt or somewhat elongated heads with parameral seta 1 (pst1) as sensillus and parameral seta 2 (pst2) as microseta near apical end of paramere (e.g. Figs 5–7, 13–15). Female. Abdominal segments IX–XI fused, with distal end forming medianly curved “claspers” (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23). Anal setae divided into 1 dorsal and 2 ventro-marginal on each side. Sternal plate VII generally rectangular but may bulge distally in median section (Fig. 2); however, sternal and subgenital plates are generally poorly sclerotised and outlines are illustrated approximately. Subgenital plate with medianly divided cross-pieces on each side, following the vulval margin laterally. Vulval margin medianly convex (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23), with small number of slender vulval submarginal setae (vss); laterally; the vulval margin forms a distinct rounded lobe on each side, with numerous slender vulval marginal setae (vms) on each side. One, rarely two, short setae on each side situated between subgenital plate and vulval margin may represent the vulval oblique setae (vos). Vulval margin laterally with sclerotised cross-piece, which is not fused medianly, and may be reticulated partially. Subvulval plates not visible, but may be poorly sclerotised. Host distribution. All known species of Forcipurellus parasitise species of the genus Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (Galliformes: Phasianidae). Geographical range. Most of the known species of Forcipurellus span the range of the host genus, from Taiwan and Sumatra to Sikkim in India. Etymology. The name Forcipurellus is constructed by “ forcipatus ” Latin for “pincer”, “ ourá ” Greek from “tail”, and ellus ” Latin for “small”. The first two words refer to the prominent claspers of the distal female abdomen, which separate all members of this subgenus from other species of Reticulipeurus, with the addition of “ ellus ” referring to the size of Forcipurellus species, generally smaller than those of the nominate subgenus., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, Species of Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Oxylipeurus- complex) parasitic on species of Arborophila, with description of a new subgenus and three new species, pp. 496-520 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on pages 497-498, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929559, {"references":["Uchida, S. (1917) Mallophaga from birds of Formosa. Journal of the College of Agriculture, 3, 171 - 188, 2 pls."]}

Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) nitzschi Kéler, 1958 (Figs 9–16, 44) Reticulipeurus nitzschi Kéler, 1958: 333, figs 14, 16, 43, 52. Oxylipeurus nitzschi (Kéler, 1958); Price et al. 2003: 204. Type host. Arborophila torqueola torqueola (Valenciennes, 1825) —hill partridge. Type locality. Sikkim, India. Other host. Arborophila torqueola millardi (Baker, 1921), new host record. Description. Preantennal head broadly rounded (Fig. 11). Male scape longer than female (Fig. 12), much wider and with basal section bulging; male pedicel slightly curved; male flagellomere I with distal extension. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 11. Lateral margins of temples more or less parallel in male. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 9–10. Distal abdomen of male as in Fig. 44; sternal plate VII apparently completely fused to subgenital plate; stylus short, spatulate; distal margin of segment XI slightly concave, lateral corners not extended distally. Male genitalia as in Figs 13–15. Distal rugosity of mesosome fine, extensive. Ventral sclerite with concave anterior margin and two visible gpmes on each side. Gonopore does not approach distal margin of mesosome. Parameres slender, slightly divergent distally, with somewhat rectangular heads; pst 1 in distal third of paramere. Female sternal plate VII without median bulge on distal margin (Fig. 16). Median bulge of vulval margin slight, with 3–6 vss on each side (3 in specimen from type host subspecies, 4–6 in specimens from A. t. millardi); lateral lobes with 17–25 long, slender vms on each side (apparently 17–20 in single specimen from type host subspecies, but partially obscured by gut content; 22–25 in specimens from A. t. millardi). Lateral margin of claspers with 7–9 lateral setae on each side (no difference in specimens from different host subspecies). Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Ex Arborophila torqueola torqueola. Paratypes: 2♁, Sikkim [India], May 1896, R. Meinertzhagen, 3611, NHMUK010682524 (NHMUK). 1♀, Assam [India], Nov. 1896, R. Meinertzhagen, 3608, NHMUK010682523 (NHML). Non-type material examined. Ex A. torqueola millardi: 2♀, Central Himalayas [= India?], Nov. 1900, R. Meinertzhagen, 3606, NHMUK010682718 (NHML). Remarks. Specimens from both host subspecies are very similar, but many measurements of females from the different host subspecies do not overlap; moreover, there are differences in the female genital chaetotaxy. More specimens need to be examined to establish whether these size differences fall within the range of intraspecific variation, or if populations from different host subspecies should be regarded as different species. We here tentatively include lice from both host subspecies in the same species. All illustrations are based on specimens from the type host., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, Species of Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Oxylipeurus- complex) parasitic on species of Arborophila, with description of a new subgenus and three new species, pp. 496-520 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on page 503, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929559, {"references":["Keler, S. von (1958) The genera Oxylipeurus Mjoberg and Splendoroffula Clay and Meinertzhagen (Mallophaga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, 5, 300 - 347.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication, 24, i - x + 1 - 501 pp."]}

Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) longistylus new species (Figs 32–39, 43) Type host. Arborophila rufogularis guttata Delacour & Jabouille, 1928 —rufous-throated partridge. Type locality. “Indochina”. Other hosts. Arborophila rufogularis subspecies (Blyth, 1849). Arborophila rufogularis intermedia (Blyth, 1855). Arborophila rufogularis tickelli (Hume, 1880). Diagnosis. Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) longistylus can be separated from the other species in the subgenus by the following combination of characters: head somewhat slender (Fig. 34); Male pedicel swollen and shortened compared to female (Figs 34–35); male flagellomere I expanded distally (Fig. 34); male mesosome narrow (Fig. 36); ventral sclerite of male genitalia with narrowly rounded anterior margin (Fig. 37); male gonopore almost reaching distal margin of mesosome (Fig. 37); male parameres of distinct shape (Fig. 38); central section of female vulval margin more prominently bulging (Fig. 39); male stylus elongated and slender, not spatulate, and postero-lateral corners of male abdominal segment XI extended slightly posteriorly (Fig. 43). Description. Preantennal head somewhat narrowed (Fig. 34). Male scape longer than female (Fig. 35), much wider but not otherwise modified; male pedicel short and stout; male flagellomere I with distal extension. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 24. Lateral margins of temples more or less parallel in male. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 32–33. Distal abdomen of male as in Fig. 43; sternal plate VII apparently fused to from subgenital plate medianly, but this is not clear in examined specimens and plates may be separate; stylus long, elongated; distal margin of segment XI sinuously concave, lateral corners slightly extended distally. Male genitalia as in Figs 36–38. Distal rugosity of mesosome somewhat coarse, extensive. Ventral sclerite with narrowly convex anterior margin and two visible gpmes on each side. Gonopore almost reaching distal margin of mesosome. Parameres broad, curved, with elongated heads; pst1 near distal end of paramere. Female sternal plate VII without median bulge on distal margin (Fig. 39). Median bulge of vulval margin narrow, prominent, with 5–7 vss on each side; lateral lobes with 19–25 long, slender vms on each side. Lateral margin of claspers with 5–8 lateral setae on each side. Specimens from different host subspecies overlap extensively in vulval chaetotaxy. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Ex Arborophila rufogularis guttata [as A. rufogularis laotiana or A. rufogularis laotianae]: Holotype 1♁, “ Indochina ”, 16 Jul. 1930, no collector, Brit. Mus. 1970-558, NHMUK010682710 (NHML). Paratypes. 1♁, skin, locality unknown, no date, coll. R. S. Balter, Brit. Mus. 1971-493, NHMUK010682705 (NHML). Ex Arborophila rufogularis subspecies: 1♀, “Indochina”, 16 Jul. 1930, “spirit mat.”, no collector, NHMUK010682704 (NHML). Non-type material examined. Ex Arborophila rufogularis intermedia: 2♁, 3♀, Burma [= Myanmar], 1898, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3605, NHMUK010682712 (NHML). Ex Arborophila rufogularis tickelli: 4♀, Tenasserim, Myanmar, Oct. 1897, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3601, NHMUK010682716 (NHML). Etymology. The species epithet is formed by “ longus ”, Latin for “long, and “ stylus ”, Latin for “stake”, referring to the relatively long stylus of this species compared to those of other members of the subgenus. Remarks. The type host subspecies has been selected based on the best preserved males, despite the lack of females from this host subspecies. The specimen on slide NHMUK010682704 has the same collection data as those of the holotype and may represent a female from the type host subspecies, but the subspecies is not explicit on the slide label. Specimens from the other two host subspecies are considered conspecific with the type series, as no significant differences have been found among them. Females are illustrated based on specimens from A. rufogularis intermedia., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, Species of Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Oxylipeurus- complex) parasitic on species of Arborophila, with description of a new subgenus and three new species, pp. 496-520 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on pages 504-514, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929559, {"references":["Keler, S. von (1958) The genera Oxylipeurus Mjoberg and Splendoroffula Clay and Meinertzhagen (Mallophaga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, 5, 300 - 347.","Uchida, S. (1917) Mallophaga from birds of Formosa. Journal of the College of Agriculture, 3, 171 - 188, 2 pls."]}

Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) formosanus (Uchida, 1917) (Figs 1–8, 42) Lipeurus formosanus Uchida, 1917: 179, fig. 1. Oxylipeurus formosanus (Uchida), 1917; Clay 1938: 181. Reticulipeurus formosanus [(Uchida, 1917)]; Kéler 1958: 327, figs 15, 33. Type host. Arborophila crudigularis (Swinhoe, 1864) — Taiwan partridge. Type locality. Mount Arisan, Nantou County, Taiwan. Description. Preantennal head broadly rounded (Fig. 3). Male scape longer than female (Fig. 4), but not much wider and not otherwise modified; male flagellomere I with distal extension. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 3. Lateral margins of temples more or less parallel in male. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 1–2. Distal abdomen of male as in Fig. 42; sternal plate VII apparently separate from subgenital plate; stylus short, spatulate; distal margin of segment XI only barely concave, lateral corners not extended distally. Male genitalia as in Figs 5–7. Distal rugosity of mesosome somewhat coarse. Ventral sclerite with slightly concave anterior margin and only one visible gpmes on each side. Gonopore does not approach distal margin of mesosome. Parameres slender, convergent, with slightly bulging heads; pst 1 in distal fourth of paramere. Female sternal plate VII may have median bulge on distal margin (Fig. 8), but this is not clear due to poor sclerotisation. Median bulge of vulval margin pronounced, with 4–6 vss on each side; lateral lobes with 15–20 long, slender vms on each side. Lateral margin of claspers with 5–7 lateral setae on each side. Measurements as in Table 1. Non-type material examined: Ex Arborophila crudigularis: 5♀, Taiwan [as Formosa], Nov. 1898, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3595, NHMUK010682415 (NHML). 1♁, 1♀, Taiwan [as Formosa], Apr. 1912, no collector, 16, NHMUK010682414 (NHML). Remarks. Price et al. (2003: 203) listed Arborophila brunneopectus (Blyth, 1855) and Arborophila cambodiana Delacour & Jabouille, 1928 as hosts of “ Oxylipeurus formosanus ”, citing Emerson & Elbel (1957) as a source for A. brunneopectus, but none for A. cambodiana. We have not examined any specimen from A. cambodiana, but our specimens examined from A. brunneopectus are not conspecific with R. (F.) formosanus (see below under Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) species 1 ). Therefore, these two hosts are not included here., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, Species of Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Oxylipeurus- complex) parasitic on species of Arborophila, with description of a new subgenus and three new species, pp. 496-520 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on page 499, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929559, {"references":["Uchida, S. (1917) Mallophaga from birds of Formosa. Journal of the College of Agriculture, 3, 171 - 188, 2 pls.","Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108, 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Keler, S. von (1958) The genera Oxylipeurus Mjoberg and Splendoroffula Clay and Meinertzhagen (Mallophaga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, 5, 300 - 347.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication, 24, i - x + 1 - 501 pp.","Emerson, K. C. & Elbel, R. E. (1957) New species and records of Mallophaga from gallinaceous birds of Thailand. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 59 (5), 232 - 243"]}

Forcipurellus new subgenus Type species: Lipeurus formosanus Uchida, 1917. Diagnosis. Members of the subgenus Forcipurellus can be separated from members of the nominate subgenus by the following combination of characters [see Gustafsson et al. (2020b) for illustrations of the nominate subgenus]: male stylus subterminal in R. (Reticulipeurus), but terminal in R. (Forcipurellus) (e.g. Fig. 43); distal end of female abdomen with prominent, typically medianly curved, “claspers” in R. (Forcipurellus) (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23), but without such structures in R. (Reticulipeurus); female vulval margin in R. (Forcipurellus) with distinct lateral lobes and more or less convex median section (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23), whereas in the nominate subgenus the vulval margin is either gently concave without distinct lateral lobes and median convex section, or if lateral sections are lobe-like, then median section is not convex. In general, reticulation patterns in R. (Forcipurellus) are not as extensive as in some species of the nominate subgenus, but this varies among species in R. (Reticulipeurus). Description. Both sexes. Generally small, slender species with oblong heads (Fig. 3). Frons rounded, marginal carina uninterrupted. Internal sinuous thickenings present near frons. Dorsal preantennal suture present, reaching anterior dorsal seta. Head chaetotaxy as in nominate subgenus, except that head sensilla s1–4, s6–8 all present, and s2 is farther anterior to s1 than in nominate subgenus; mandibular seta as mesosetae. Coni small. Antennae sexually dimorphic: male scape, pedicel and flagellomere I enlarged, not in female, but degree of male modification variable among species. Pronotum with 1 pronotal marginal-lateral seta (pmls) and 1 pronotal post-spiracular seta (ppss) on each side; pronotal dorsal anterior seta (pdas) may be present as in nominate subgenus, but if present too small to see in examined specimens. Pteronotum with 1 anterior and 1 posterior submarginal meso-metanotal seta (asmns and psmns, respectively), 1 pterothoracic trichoid seta (ptrs) and 1 pterothoracic thorn-like seta (pths) on each side. Marginal mesometathoracic setae (mms) in single group of four setae on each side, widely separated medianly (Figs 1–2). Leg chaetotaxy largely as in nominate subgenus, but setae fII-d1, fII-a3, fIII-d1, and fIII-a3 more marginal, and tbII-p3 and tbIII-p3 hyaline; tI-v3 not clearly visible in examined specimens, but may be present. Abdomen slender, with tergopleurites II–VIII medianly divided and tergopleurites IX–XI fused (Figs 1–2). Central sternal plates present on segments II–VI or II–VII (males of some species), but poorly sclerotised. Abdominal chaetotaxy sparse, identical in all species. Male. Antennal scape swollen, about twice as long as female and much wider in some species, with basal modifications (e.g. Fig. 11); pedicel may be modified in shape compared to that of female (e.g. Fig. 12), but roughly similar in size; flagellomere I may be swollen or extended distally (e.g. Fig. 3), but not in all species (Fig. 19); flagellomere I may also be elongated and slightly curved (Fig, 11). Distal end of abdomen concave (e.g. Figs 40–44). Subgenital plate with terminal stylus that reaches beyond distal margin of abdomen (e.g. Figs 40–44); fusion of subgenital plate and sternal plate VII not clearly visible, and may be variable between species as illustrated here (e.g. Figs 40–44). Genitalia: Basal apodeme slender; mesosome with hooked antero-lateral extensions overlapping with basal apodeme; distal margin of mesosome rugose; ventral sclerite proportionately larger than is normal in nominate subgenus, but structurally similar, with lateral extensions bearing 1–2 gonoporal posterior mesosomal setae (gpmes) visible at sensilla on each side; gonopore elongate, not fused distally; parameres slender, with blunt or somewhat elongated heads with parameral seta 1 (pst1) as sensillus and parameral seta 2 (pst2) as microseta near apical end of paramere (e.g. Figs 5–7, 13–15). Female. Abdominal segments IX–XI fused, with distal end forming medianly curved “claspers” (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23). Anal setae divided into 1 dorsal and 2 ventro-marginal on each side. Sternal plate VII generally rectangular but may bulge distally in median section (Fig. 2); however, sternal and subgenital plates are generally poorly sclerotised and outlines are illustrated approximately. Subgenital plate with medianly divided cross-pieces on each side, following the vulval margin laterally. Vulval margin medianly convex (e.g. Figs 8, 16, 23), with small number of slender vulval submarginal setae (vss); laterally; the vulval margin forms a distinct rounded lobe on each side, with numerous slender vulval marginal setae (vms) on each side. One, rarely two, short setae on each side situated between subgenital plate and vulval margin may represent the vulval oblique setae (vos). Vulval margin laterally with sclerotised cross-piece, which is not fused medianly, and may be reticulated partially. Subvulval plates not visible, but may be poorly sclerotised. Host distribution. All known species of Forcipurellus parasitise species of the genus Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (Galliformes: Phasianidae). Geographical range. Most of the known species of Forcipurellus span the range of the host genus, from Taiwan and Sumatra to Sikkim in India. Etymology. The name Forcipurellus is constructed by “ forcipatus ” Latin for “pincer”, “ ourá ” Greek from “tail”, and ellus ” Latin for “small”. The first two words refer to the prominent claspers of the distal female abdomen, which separate all members of this subgenus from other species of Reticulipeurus, with the addition of “ ellus ” referring to the size of Forcipurellus species, generally smaller than those of the nominate subgenus.

Reticulipeurus (Forcipurellus) species 1 Hosts Arborophila brunneopectus brunneopectus (Blyth, 1855) —bar-backed partridge. Arborophila brunneopectus albigula (Robinson & Kloss, 1919). Arborophila brunneopectus henrici (Oustalet, 1896). Remarks. We examined a single male and eight females from three different host subspecies. The male has a partially distorted head, and the female from the same host subspecies has a distorted abdomen. The head outline of the female from A. b. brunneopectus is similar to those of the females from the other host subspecies, indicating that they are likely conspecific. However, as the only male is poorly preserved, we prefer not to describe this species until more specimens become available. These specimens are similar to R. (F.) formosanus, but they have a more pointed preantennal head, different male genitalia shape, and larger vulval lobes with generally more setae on each side (19–23 vms). Price et al. (2003: 324) listed two species of Oxylipeurus under Arborophila brunneopectus (Blyth), i.e. “ Oxylipeurus formosanus ” and “ Oxylipeurus unicolor ” (Piaget, 1880) [now in Megalipeurus], but our material does not appear to belong to either of these species. Specimens examined. Ex Arborophila brunneopectus brunneopectus. 1♁, 1♀, Bam Maea, Lomlo Mountain, Kok Sathon, Dansai, Loei Province, Thailand, 16 Feb. 1955, coll. R. E. Elbel, RE4664, B-31204, Brit. Mus. 1960- 104, NHMUK010682412 (NHMUK). Ex Arborophila brunneopectus albigula. 2♀, South Annam [Vietnam], Aug. 1902, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3666, NHMUK010682697 (NHMUK). Ex Arborophila brunneopectus henrici: 5♀, Laos, May 1901, coll. R. Meinertzhagen, 3665, NHMUK010682696 (NHMUK)., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R. & Zou, Fasheng, 2023, Species of Reticulipeurus Kéler, 1958 (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Oxylipeurus- complex) parasitic on species of Arborophila, with description of a new subgenus and three new species, pp. 496-520 in Zootaxa 5284 (3) on pages 514-515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5284.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7929559, {"references":["Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication, 24, i - x + 1 - 501 pp.","Piaget, E. (1880) Les Pediculines. Essai monographique. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xxxix + 714 pp., 56 pls."]}

Reticulipeurus crossoptilon (Clay, 1938) (Figs 13���14, 28, 54���56, 74, 83) Oxylipeurus baileyi crossoptilon Clay, 1938: 173, pl. X: fig 1. Oxylipeurus crossoptilon Clay, 1938; Hopkins & Clay 1952: 257. Reticulipeurus baileyi crossoptilon (Clay); Złotorzycka 1966: 112. Oxylipeurus crossoptilon Clay, 1938; Price et al. 2003: 203. Type host. Crossoptilon crossoptilon crossoptilon (Hodgson, 1838) ���white eared-pheasant. Type locality. Szechwan [= Sichuan Province, China]. Description. Both sexes. Head broad, frons broadly rounded (Fig. 13���14). Marginal carina slender. Dorsal preantennal suture extends far lateral to ads. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 13. Lateral margins of postantennal head convex. Thoracic and abdominal plates and chaetotaxy as in Figs 13���14. Reticulation extensive across pterosternal plate, metepisternum, tergopleurites, and sternal and female subgenital plate. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 28; size of scape tooth-like projection difficult to assess, as antennae of all examined males are slightly twisted; rugose area of flagellomere I extensive. Accessory sternal plates absent; stylus broad, lateral margins slightly concave; reticulation of subgenital plate absent (Fig. 83). Basal apodeme relatively broad (Fig. 54). Mesosome large, distal margin convergent, with median section concave, rugose areas broadening laterally; antero-lateral hooks prominent. Gonopore large (Fig. 56). Ventral sclerite as in Fig. 56, with square-shaped median extension on anterior margin; two pores visible on each side sublaterally on posterior margin, no submedian pores visible. Parameres stout, parameral heads large (Fig. 55); pst1���2 close together near apical end of paramere. Measurements as in Table 1. Female. Tergopleurites IX+X and XI separate (Fig. 14). Subgenital plate diffuse, but seemingly shaped as in Fig. 74, separated medianly but with each part large; reticulation of subgenital plate weak. Vulval margin deeply and broadly concave (Fig. 74), with 20���21 short setae marginally on each side. Posterior lobes of abdomen slender and slightly extended. Subvulval plates broad, tapering somewhat anteriorly; proximal end reaching anterior to vulval margin. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Paratypes: 2♂, 1♀, Szechwan [= Sichuan province, China], no date, R. Meinertz- hagen, 1814, NHMUK010682385 (NHML). 1♂, same locality and collector, Apr. 1913, 3760, NHMUK010682386 (NHML)., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on page 223, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Hopkins, G. H. E. & Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera & species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 362 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118844","Zlotorzycka, J. (1966) Systematische Bemerkungen uber der Gattung Reticulipeurus Keler mit Beschreibung von R. tetraonis minor ssp. n. (Mallophaga, Lipeuridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 36 (9), 111 - 115.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp."]}

Reticulipeurus robustus (Rudow, 1869) (Figs 7���8, 25, 45���47, 71, 80, 89, 93) Lipeurus robustus Rudow, 1869: 32. Oxylipeurus mesopelios robustus (Rudow, 1869); Clay 1938: 177. Oxylipeurus robustus (Rudow), 1869; Hopkins & Clay 1952: 260. Reticulipeurus mesopelios robustus (Rud.); Złotorzycka 1966: 112. Oxylipeurus robustus (Rudow, 1869); Price et al. 2003: 204. Type host. Lophura leucomelanos lineata (Vigors, 1831) ���Kalij pheasant. Type locality. None given. The natural range of the type host spans the Himalayas and Myanmar, but this host is common in captivity. Other host. Lophura nycthemera (Linnaeus, 1758) ���silver pheasant. Description. Both sexes. Head slender, frons broadly rounded (Fig. 7). Marginal carina relatively wide. Dorsal preantennal suture extends far lateral to ads. Head chaetotaxy as in Figs 7 and 93. Lateral margins of postantennal head parallel or slightly concave. Thoracic and abdominal plates and chaetotaxy as in Figs 7���8. Reticulation extensive across pteronotum, pterosternal plate, metepisternum, tergopleurites, and sternal and subgenital plates. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 25; only rudimentary tooth-like projection on scape (in some specimens slightly larger than illustrated); rugose area of flagellomere I extensive. Accessory sternal plates present on segment VIII (Fig. 80). Stylus short, of roughly equal width throughout (Fig. 80). Basal apodeme slender (Fig. 45). Mesosome small, distal margin converging to median point, rugose area broadening slightly laterally; antero-lateral hooks small. Gonopore long, wide (Fig. 47). Ventral sclerite as in Fig. 47, lateral ends widening; one sublateral pore and two submedian microsetae on each side on posterior margin. Parameres slender, tapering, parameral heads slender, acute; pst1 much proximal to pst2. Measurements as in Table 1. Female. Antennae broken off in all examined specimens, and here illustrated approximately. Tergopleurites IX+X and XI fused (Fig. 8). Subgenital plate seemingly widely separated medianly, but diffuse and here illustrated approximately. Vulval margin deeply concave, with 22���26 setae marginally on each side. Posterior lobes of abdomen elongated (Fig. 71). Subvulval plates tapering distally, proximal end reaching anterior to vulval margin. Measurements as in Table 1. Non-type material examined. Ex Lophura nycthemera: 4♂, 4♀, Fokien [= Fujian Province], China, Oct. 1904, R. Meinertzhagen, 3844, NHMUK010682579 (NHML). Remarks. In common with Clay (1938), we were not able to examine any specimen from the type host of Reticulipeurus robustus. Clay & Hopkins���s (1955) summary of material available in the Rudow Collection held in the Zoologisches Institut und Zoologisches Museum (Hamburg, Germany) does not include any specimen of R. robustus. The conclusion is that Rudow���s type specimens were destroyed in 1943, during World War II (Clay & Hopkins 1955: 50). New material from the type host is needed to confirm if the two host species listed above harbour the same louse species. Until such time, we follow Clay (1938) in regarding R. robustus as parasitic on both hosts., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on page 218, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Rudow, F. (1869) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Mallophagen oder Pelzfresser. Neue exotische Arten der Familie Philopterus. Inaugural-Dissertation, Universitat zu Leipzig. Wilh. Plotz, Halle, 47 pp.","Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Hopkins, G. H. E. & Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera & species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 362 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118844","Zlotorzycka, J. (1966) Systematische Bemerkungen uber der Gattung Reticulipeurus Keler mit Beschreibung von R. tetraonis minor ssp. n. (Mallophaga, Lipeuridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 36 (9), 111 - 115.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp.","Clay, T. & Hopkins, G. H. E. (1955) Notes on the Rudow collection of Mallophaga at Hamburg. Mitteilungen der Hamburger Zoologische Museum Institut, 53, 49 - 73."]}

Reticulipeurus reevesi (Clay, 1938) (Figs 9���10, 26, 48���50, 72, 81) Oxylipeurus mesopelios reevesi Clay, 1938: 176, pl. XI: fig. 5. Oxylipeurus reevesi Clay, 1938; Hopkins & Clay 1952: 260. Reticulipeurus mesopelios reevesi (Clay); Złotorzycka 1966: 112. Oxylipeurus reevesi Clay, 1938; Price et al. 2003: 204. Type host. Syrmaticus reevesi (J.E. Gray, 1829) ���Reeves���s pheasant. Type locality. China, in the original publication, but some paratype slides also include ��� Shensi ��� [= Shaanxi Province, China]. Description. Both sexes. Head slender, frons narrowly rounded (Fig. 9) but broader in female (Fig. 10). Marginal carina slender. Dorsal preantennal suture extending far lateral to ads. Head chaetotaxy as in Figs 9���10. Lateral margins of post-antennal head slightly convex. Thoracic and abdominal plates and chaetotaxy as in Figs 9���10. Reticulation limited to lateral margins of tergopleurites III���IX+X. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 26; tooth-like projection of scape small; no significant rugose area on flagellomere I. Accessory sternal plates absent. Stylus short, with slightly concave lateral margins (Fig. 81). Basal apodeme slender (Fig. 48). Mesosome small, distal margin concave, but mesosomal lobes rounded; rugose area restricted to distal margin, median section not rugose; antero-lateral hooks slender. Gonopore short and broad (Fig. 50). Ventral sclerite with slightly convex anterior margin; two pores sublaterally on each side on posterior margin, but no submedian pores visible. Parameres stout, with small parameral heads (Fig. 49); pst1 situated far proximal to pst2. Measurements as in Table 1. Female. Third leg pair absent or distorted in all examined females, and not illustrated. Tergopleurites IX+X and XI not fused (Fig. 10). Subgenital plate seemingly widely separated medianly, but diffuse and illustrated approximately (Fig. 72). Vulval margin deeply and narrowly concave, with 13���15 setae marginally on each side (9 on one side in one specimen, but there is significant gap in setal row, suggesting some setae are artificially absent). Posterior lobes of abdomen short (Fig. 72). Subvulval plates distorted, but of roughly equal width throughout; proximal ends reached anterior to vulval margin. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Paratypes: 4♂, 12♀, Shensi [= Shaanxi Province], China, Apr. 1901, R. Meinertz- hagen, 4435, NHMUK010682563���6 (NHML)., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 218-221, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Hopkins, G. H. E. & Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera & species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 362 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118844","Zlotorzycka, J. (1966) Systematische Bemerkungen uber der Gattung Reticulipeurus Keler mit Beschreibung von R. tetraonis minor ssp. n. (Mallophaga, Lipeuridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 36 (9), 111 - 115.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp.","Rudow, F. (1869) Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Mallophagen oder Pelzfresser. Neue exotische Arten der Familie Philopterus. Inaugural-Dissertation, Universitat zu Leipzig. Wilh. Plotz, Halle, 47 pp."]}

Reticulipeurus ithaginis (Clay, 1938) (Figs 15���16, 29, 57���59, 75, 84) Oxylipeurus baileyi ithaginis Clay, 1938: 173, pl. XIII: fig 1. Oxylipeurus ithaginis Clay, 1938; Hopkins & Clay 1952: 258. Reticulipeurus baileyi ithaginis (Clay); Złotorzycka 1966: 112. Oxylipeurus ithaginis Clay, 1938; Price et al. 2003: 203. Type host. Ithaginis cruentus cruentus (Hardwicke, 1821)���blood pheasant. Type locality. None given in the original description, but labels of some paratypes read Sikkim [India]. Other host. Ithaginis cruentus clarkei Rothschild, 1920���blood pheasant. Description. Both sexes. Head broad, frons broadly rounded (Fig. 15). Marginal carina slender. Dorsal preantennal suture not extending far lateral to ads. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 15. Thoracic and abdominal plates and chaetotaxy as in Figs 15���16. Reticulation limited to lateral ends of tergopleurites II���VII in male and II���XI in female and subgenital plates of both sexes. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 29; tooth-like projection of scape moderate; no rugose area of flagellomere I. Accessory sternal plates absent. Stylus short, of roughly equal width throughout (Fig. 84). Basal apodeme slender (Fig. 57). Mesosome large, distal margin rounded, median section concave; antero-lateral hooks slender (Fig. 59). Gonopore short, very narrow distally. Ventral sclerite broad, shaped as in Fig, 59; one submedian microseta and one sublateral pore visible on each side on posterior margin; in addition one pore visible postero-lateral to ventral sclerite on each side. Parameres short, slender, with stout, irregular heads (Fig. 58); pst1 much proximal to pst2. Measurements as in Table 1. Female. Tergopleurites IX+X and XI separate (Fig. 16). Subgenital plate diffuse, shaped as in Fig. 75, medianly divided; reticulation of subgenital plate with net-like structures near lateral ends (Fig. 75). Vulval margin deeply and narrowly concave, with 16���21 setae marginally on each side; median setae more widely spaced than lateral setae. Posterior lobes of abdomen slender and extended. Subvulval plates slender in distal half, broader in proximal half; proximal ends reach anterior to vulval margin. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Paratypes: Ex Ithaginis cruentus cruentus: 1♂, 5♀, Sikkim [India], Dec. 1925, R. Meinertzhagen, 3751, NHMUK010682457 (NHML). Ex Ithaginis cruentus clarkei: 3♂, NW Yunnan [China], Feb. 1922, R. Meinertzhagen, 3641, NHMUK010682463 (NHML). 1♀, Yunnan [China], Oct. 1922, R. Meinertzhagen, 66, NHMUK010682462 (NHML). Non-type material examined. Ex Ithaginis cruentus cruentus: 3♂, 2♀, Sikkim [India], Dec. 1925, R. Meinert- zhagen, 3750, NHMUK010682464 (NHML)., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 223-226, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Hopkins, G. H. E. & Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera & species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 362 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118844","Zlotorzycka, J. (1966) Systematische Bemerkungen uber der Gattung Reticulipeurus Keler mit Beschreibung von R. tetraonis minor ssp. n. (Mallophaga, Lipeuridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 36 (9), 111 - 115.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp."]}

Reticulipeurus baileyi (Clay, 1938) (Figs 11���12, 27, 51���53, 73, 82) Oxylipeurus baileyi Clay, 1938: 172, fig 34, pl. X: fig 4. Oxylipeurus reevesi Clay, 1938; Hopkins & Clay 1952: 256. Reticulipeurus baileyi baileyi (Clay); Złotorzycka, 1966: 112. Oxylipeurus baileyi Clay, 1938; Price et al. 2003: 202. Type host. Crossoptilon auritum (Pallas, 1811) ���blue eared-pheasant. Type locality. Kansu [= Gansu Province, China]. Description. Both sexes. Head broad, frons broadly rounded (Figs 11���12). Marginal carina slender. Dorsal preantennal suture extend far lateral to ads. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 11. Lateral margins of postantennal head slightly convex. Reticulation extensive across parts of dorsal head, pteronotum, pterosternal plate, metepisterna, tergopleurites, and sternal and subgenital plates. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 27; tooth-like projection of scape prominent; rugose area of flagellomere I extensive. Accessory sternal plate absent. Stylus relatively broad and long, narrowing slightly distally (Fig. 82). Basal apodeme relatively broad (Fig. 51), proximal end diffuse and not illustrated. Mesosome large, distal margins converging, median section concave, rugose area broadening laterally; antero-lateral hooks moderate. Gonopore short, wide (Fig. 53). Ventral sclerite as in Fig. 53; one pore visible sublaterally on each side on posterior margin, no pores visible submedianly. Parameres relatively stout, parameral heads slightly expanded (Fig. 52); pst1 situated slightly proximal to pst2. Measurements as in Table 1. Female. Tergopleurites IX+X and XI separate (Fig. 12). Anterior margin of subgenital plate diffuse, and here illustrated approximately (Fig. 73); seemingly separated medianly, but each section large. Vulval margin shallowly concave, on each side with 19���22 (one side in one specimen with 27) short setae marginally. Posterior lobes of abdomen broad and slightly elongated (Fig. 73). Subvulval plates tapering distally; proximal end reaches anterior to vulval margin. Measurements as in Table 1. Type material examined. Paratypes: 6♂, 6♀, Kansu [= Gansu Province, China], Oct. 1914, R. Meinertzha- gen, 3627, NHMUK010682330, NHMUK010682333 (NHML)., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on page 221, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Hopkins, G. H. E. & Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera & species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 362 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118844","Zlotorzycka, J. (1966) Systematische Bemerkungen uber der Gattung Reticulipeurus Keler mit Beschreibung von R. tetraonis minor ssp. n. (Mallophaga, Lipeuridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 36 (9), 111 - 115.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp."]}

Reticulipeurus K��ler, 1958 Reticulipeurus K��ler, 1958: 332. Oxylipeurus; Price et al. 2003: 202, 231 (in partim). Type species: Lipeurus tetraonis Grube, 1851, by original designation. Diagnosis. Reticulipeurus is morphologically similar to Cataphractomimus and Sinolipeurus, all sharing the following characters: (1) the reticulation of several abdominal plates (the exact extent of clearly visible reticulation is variable within Reticulipeurus), (2) morphology of the mesosome (antero-lateral corners with hooked extensions, distal margin rugose, gonopore originating at proximal end), (3) a rounded frons, and (4) an enlarged male scape and pedicel, with the scape bearing a tooth-like projection. Reticulipeurus can be separate from Cataphractomimus by the characters given above, under the diagnosis of Cataphractomimus. Reticulipeurus can be separated from Sinolipeurus by the following characters: (1) dorsal preantennal suture present in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 7), but absent in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 19); (2) male tergopleurites IX+X and XI fused and both medianly continuous in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 7), but separate and tergopleurite XI medianly separate in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 19); (3) differences in postantennal head chaetotaxy (Figs 93, 95); (4) male genitalia proportionately smaller in Reticulipeurus (Figs 42���59) than in Sinolipeurus (Figs 63���68); (5) mesosome with large, lateral rugose nodi in distal end in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 65), but without such nodi in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 47); (6) parameres gently curved or roughly straight in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 46), but S-shaped in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 64); (7) gonopore markedly different in structure (Figs 47, 65); (8) stylus long and slender, arising from center of subgenital plate, with underlying posterior extension of subgenital plate in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 86), but short and blunt, arising subterminally, without underlying extension of subgenital plate in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 80); (9) head setae as2���3 marginal in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 5), but clearly dorsal in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 19); (10) marginal pterothoracic setae grouped in two distinct clusters on each side in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 19), but all in one cluster or in a short row in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 5); (11) mandibular seta present in Reticulipeurus (Fig. 6) (this seta is a microseta and not always clearly visible in all specimens), but absent in Sinolipeurus (Fig. 19). Description. Both sexes. Head slender, frons rounded, either narrowly (Fig. 5) or broadly (Fig. 15). Marginal carina uninter- rupted. Dorsal preantennal suture present, arising at ads and medianly continuous. Extensive internal thickenings present posterior to marginal carina across most of head, in some species in double lines (e.g. Fig. 6). Head chaetotaxy as in Figs 5 and 93 (those of R. polytrapezius are different, see below); as2���3 marginal; avs3 situated far anterior, near vsms1���2; mds present as microsetae which may be hard to see; mts3 macroseta; s1���3, s5, s7 present, sizes as in Fig. 93. Coni short, at most about half-length of female scape. Antennae sexually dimorphic (Figs 5���6): male scape, pedicel and flagellomere I modified. Eyes not prominent. Gular plate indistinct. Prothorax with 1 dorsal anterior seta (pdas), 1 pronotal marginal-lateral seta (pmls) and 1 pronotal postspiracular seta (ppss) on each side. Pterothorax with 1 anterior and 1 posterior submarginal meso-metanotal seta (asmns and psmns, respectively), 1 pterothoracic trichoid seta (ptrs) and 1 pterothoracic thorn-like seta (pths) on each side. Marginal pterothoracic setae in single cluster or short row on each side (Fig. 5). Leg chaetotaxy as in Fig. 89; cII-v3 and cIII-v3 dorsal. Postero-lateral corners of pterothorax not extended into horns. Shape of abdomen and degree of visible reticulation differing among species (Figs 5, 13). Male. In most species, the scape has a prominent tooth-like projection (Fig. 27), but in species without such projection, the scape is much larger than in the female; flagellomere I with hook-shaped extension distally, and may have extensive rugose area on dorsal margin (Fig. 28). Abdominal plates as in Fig. 5; tergopleurites II���VIII separated medianly; tergopleurites IX+X and XI fused, each medianly continuous. Inter-tergal plates absent. Sternal plates present on segments II���VII. Subgenital plate formed by fusion of sternal plates VII���IX+X, not incised laterally between segments; accessory sternal plate may be present on anterior end of segment IX+X (Fig. 5); stylus short, blunt, arising subterminally, typically not extending far beyond distal margin of abdomen (Fig. 80) (the stylus is typically longer, spatulate and arising terminally in species parasitising species of Arborophila Hodgson, 1837). Male genitalia as in Figs 42���59: basal apodeme slender, often with similar width throughout; mesosome seemingly fused to basal apodeme proximally, antero-laterally with prominent hooks on each side and distal section with extensive rugose area (in R. polytrapezius with second rugose area more anteriorly); gonopore short, not approaching distal margin of mesosome, not fused distally; ventral sclerite wider than long, typically with at least one pore near lateral ends on each side; parameres generally slender, tapering gently, either roughly straight or curing gently; pst1���2 typically separated (Fig. 49), but may be close together (Fig. 55). Female. Abdominal plates as in Fig. 6. Tergopleurites II���VIII separated medianly; tergopleurite IX+X medianly continuous, either separate from tergopleurite XI (Fig. 6), or fused with it (Fig. 8). Sternal plates present on segments II���VII. Subgenital plate varying between species, often diffuse and much reduced; either medianly continuous (Fig. 70) or separated medianly (Fig. 71); lateral accessory vulval plates absent; subvulval plates present; vulval margin concave, but shape differing between species and with numerous marginal setae and one submarginal seta on each side (Figs 70���75). In lice parasitising species of Arborophila the vulval margin is folded into large, semicircular lobes. Distal ends of abdomen may be extended into claspers in lice parasitising species of Arborophila. Host distribution. Species of Reticulipeurus are parasitic on members of the families Cracidae, Numididae and Phasianidae in the order Galliformes. Geographical range. Almost cosmopolitan, except Antarctica and unknown from wild, native birds in Australasia, Oceania, and other islands lacking native galliform hosts. Remarks. Besides the species treated here, we have not examined any specimen of most of the species of Reticulipeurus listed below. Therefore, our inclusion of those species in Reticulipeurus is based on Clay���s (1938) Oxylipeurus Group VI, Złotorzycka (1966) and K��ler (1958). A thorough revision of this genus is necessary to establish whether all the species included below belong to this genus, but that task is beyond the scope of this paper. Louse species from hosts in the Cracidae (including Clay���s ���Group V���) are tentatively included here based on Carriker (1944), K��ler (1958) and Mey (2009), but we have not examined any specimen of any of the species from cracid hosts. Synonyms follow Price et al. (2003). Although Clay (1938) included Oxylipeurus tetraophasis in her Group VI, we consider this species to belong to a separate genus (see below) because it shows significant differences from Reticulipeurus, in particular the structure and chaetotaxy of the head and the morphology of the male genitalia. Furthermore, Clay (1938) included Oxylipeurus agriocharis Clay, 1938, Oxylipeurus corpulentus Clay, 1938, Oxylipeurus ocellatus Clay, 1938 and Lipeurus polytrapezius Burmeister, 1838 in her Group VI. These species are morphologically very distinct and should be grouped in a separate genus. Also, Lipeurus dentatus Sugimoto, 1934 was included in Group VI by Clay (1938), but it is morphologically distinct from all other species in the Oxylipeurus- complex and should be placed in a monotypic genus. However, considering that all these species have not been recorded from China, they are not treated further here. Oxylipeurus forcipatus (Piaget, 1885) may also belong in Reticulipeurus, but we have not examined Piaget���s specimens to confirm its inclusion. In addition to the specimens redescribed below, we have examined four unidentified Chinese specimens of Reticulipeurus deposited at the NHML from three other host species, as follows: one male from Lerwa lerwa (Hodgson, 1833), which is too poorly preserved to be described, two females from Crossoptilon harmani Elwes, 1881 and one female from Arborophila gingica. Considering that many of the useful characters to identify lice of the Oxylipeurus -complex are in the male genitalia, female-only samples cannot be reliably identified at this time. However, when the species of Reticulipeurus parasitising members of the host genus Arborophila have been revised, it might be possible to identify females., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on pages 212-214, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Keler, S. von (1958) The genera Oxylipeurus Mjoberg and Splendoroffula Clay and Meinertzhagen (Mallophaga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, 5, 300 - 347.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp.","Grube, E. (1851) Beschreibung der auf A. Th. Von Middendorff's Sibirische Reise gesammelten. Parasiten. In: A. T. von Middendorff. (Ed.) Reise in den aussersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens wahrend der Jahre 1843 - 1844. St Petersburg. Zoologie, 2 (1), pp. 467 - 497, 516, pls. 31 - 32.","Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Zlotorzycka, J. (1966) Systematische Bemerkungen uber der Gattung Reticulipeurus Keler mit Beschreibung von R. tetraonis minor ssp. n. (Mallophaga, Lipeuridae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne, 36 (9), 111 - 115.","Carriker, M. A. Jr. (1944) Studies in Neotropical Mallophaga (V): The lipeuroid forms of the New World Galliformes. Part 1. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 4, 557 - 585.","Mey, E. (2009) Die Mallophagen (Insecta, Phthiraptera: Amblycera & Ischnocera) der Galloanseres (Aves) - ein Uberblick. Beitrage zur Jagd- und Wildforschung, 34, 151 - 187.","Burmeister, H. (1838) Mallophaga Nitzsch. In: Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweite Abteilung. Besondere Entomologie. Zweite Abteilunf. Lauskerfe. Gymnognatha. (Zweiter Halfte; vulgo Neuroptera). Theod. Chr. Fried Enslin, Berlin, pp. 418 - 443.","Sugimoto, M. (1934) Additional information on the head lice of domestic birds. Taiwan no Chikusan, 2, 1 - 9.","Piaget, E. (1885) Les Pediculines. Essai Monographique. Supplement. E. J. Brill, Leiden, xvi + 200 pp., 17 pls."]}

Reticulipeurus mesopelios (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866) (Figs 5���6, 24, 42���44, 70, 79) Lipeurus mesopelias Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1861: 307. Nomen nudum. Lipeurus mesopelios Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866: 379. Oxylipeurus mesopelios mesopelios (Giebel, 1866); Clay 1938: 174. Oxylipeurus mesopelios (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866); Hopkins & Clay 1952: 258. Reticulipeurus mesopelios; K��ler 1958: 332. Oxylipeurus mesopelios (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866); Price et al. 2003: 204. Type host. Chrysolophus pictus (Linnaeus, 1758) ���golden pheasant. Type locality. None given, but both known hosts are endemic to China, and common in captivity elsewhere. The type locality may be in Germany, from a captive bird. Other host. Chrysolophus amherstiae (Leadbeater, 1829) ���Lady Amherst���s pheasant. Description. Both sexes. Head slender, frons narrowly rounded (Fig. 5). Marginal carina narrow. Dorsal preantennal suture extends only slightly lateral to ads. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 5. Lateral margins of postantennal head more or less parallel. Thoracic and abdominal plates and chaetotaxy as in Figs 5���6. Reticulation not visible, or limited to lateral margins of tergopleurites. Male. Antennae as in Fig. 24; tooth-like projection of scape not prominent; flagellomere I with restricted rugose area. Accessory sternal plates present on segment VIII (Fig. 79). Stylus short, spatulate (Fig. 79). Basal apodeme slender (Fig. 42). Mesosome small, distal section almost rectangular, rugose area broadening slightly laterally; antero-lateral hooks slender. Gonopore short (Fig. 44). Ventral sclerite with concave anterior margin, lateral ends expanding; with two pores submedianly and one pore laterally on each side on posterior margin. Parameres more or less straight, parameral head small; pst1���2 both near apical end. Measurements as in Table 1. Female. Tergopleurites IX+X and XI separate (Fig. 6). Subgenital plate seemingly medianly continuous, but diffuse (Fig. 70). Vulval margin deeply and broadly concave, with 10���15 setae marginally on each side. Posterior lobes of abdomen short (Fig. 70). Subvulval plates narrowing proximally, not reaching vulval margin. Measurements as in Table 1. Non-type material examined. Ex Chrysolophus pictus: 1♂, China, Nov. 1901, R. Meinertzhagen, 4427, NHMUK010682503 (NHML). Ex Chrysolophus amherstiae: 3♂, 12♀, Tibet [China], Apr. 1911, R. Meinertzhagen, 4428, NHMUK010682501���2 (NHML). Remarks. The male from the type host that we have examined is the same described by Clay (1938), which was compared with the type by S. von K��ler (Clay 1938: 175). There are slight differences in the shape of the head and the mesosome between males from the two hosts but, considering the small available samples, these differences may be due to individual variation. Without more males from both hosts and females from the type host, we cannot confirm that the two populations belong to the same species. Therefore, we follow Clay (1938) in regarding them as conspecific., Published as part of Gustafsson, Daniel R., Lei, Lujia, Chu, Xingzhi & Zou, Fasheng, 2020, Review of Chinese species of the Oxylipeurus - complex (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae), with descriptions of two new genera and five new species, pp. 201-255 in Zootaxa 4742 (2) on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4742.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3677719, {"references":["Giebel, C. G. (1866) Die im zoologischen Museum der Universitat Halle aufgestellten Epizoen nebst Beobachtungen uber dieselben. Zeitschrift fur die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, Halle, 28, 353 - 397.","Clay, T. (1938) A revision of the genera and species of Mallophaga occurring on Gallinaceous hosts. - Part I. Lipeurus and related genera. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Series B, 108 (2), 109 - 204, 14 pls. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1938. tb 00026. x","Hopkins, G. H. E. & Clay, T. (1952) A check list of the genera & species of Mallophaga. Trustees of the British Museum, London, 362 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118844","Keler, S. von (1958) The genera Oxylipeurus Mjoberg and Splendoroffula Clay and Meinertzhagen (Mallophaga). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Neue Folge, 5, 300 - 347.","Price, R. D., Hellenthal, R. A., Palma, R. L., Johnson, K. P. & Clayton, D. H. (2003) The chewing lice: world checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural History Survey Special Publication 24. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, x + 501 pp."]}